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Practical Research Ii Week 1

This document provides an overview of a research methods class. It outlines the class rules, defines what research is, and discusses quantitative research methods. Specifically, it discusses the objectives, characteristics, strengths, weaknesses and different types of quantitative research such as experimental, non-experimental, descriptive, correlational and causal comparative research.

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199 views44 pages

Practical Research Ii Week 1

This document provides an overview of a research methods class. It outlines the class rules, defines what research is, and discusses quantitative research methods. Specifically, it discusses the objectives, characteristics, strengths, weaknesses and different types of quantitative research such as experimental, non-experimental, descriptive, correlational and causal comparative research.

Uploaded by

Jofan Kyle Tvmc
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WELCOME TO

PRACTICAL
RESEARCH II
NATURE OF INQUIRY &
RESEARCH

TEACHER: YLLYSSA C. FORDAN


CLASS RULES

• Keep your cellphones, smartphones away during the class. Put it inside
your bag.
• During the class, no eating of snacks unless you can share it to the whole
class in a systematic manner.
• No taking of power naps.
• If you need to go to the comfort room, raise your hand and ask the teacher
politely.
• If you have any questions, raise your hands and wait for the teacher to
acknowledge it.
• Be cooperative and participative during the discussion.
Don’t be shy!
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
Research is not a mere/merely
• information gathering
• transportation of facts from one location to another
• rummaging for information
• Catchword used to get attention

Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting


data or information for us to increase our understanding of a phenomenon
that we are interested or concerned about (Zhou, 2010).
WEEK I: MODULE I

OBJECTIVES:

 By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:


1. Define quantitative research
2. Identify the characteristics, strengths, weaknesses of quantitative
research
3. Associate a study to the different kinds of quantitative research
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
WEEK I: MODULE I

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

 It is a structured way of collecting and analyzing data obtained


from different sources.
 It involves the use of computational, statistical, and
mathematical tools to derive results
 It tries to quantify the problem and understand how prevalent it
is by looking for projectable results to a larger population.
WEEK I: MODULE I

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

DATA COLLECTION

SURVEYS EXPERIMENTS
WEEK I: MODULE I

CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. The data is usually gathered using structured research


instruments.
Examples of Research
Instruments
- Questionnaire
- Observations
- Interviews
- Experiments
WEEK I: MODULE I
CHARACTERISTICS
OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

2. The results are


based on larger
sample sizes that
are representative of
the population. The
suggested sample
size is at least 30.
WEEK I: MODULE I
CHARACTERISTICS
OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

3. The research study can usually be


replicated or repeated, given its high
reliability
WEEK I: MODULE I
CHARACTERISTICS
OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

4. Researchers has a clearly defined


research questions to which objective
answers are sought.
WEEK I: MODULE I
CHARACTERISTICS
OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

5. All aspects of the study are carefully


designed before data is collected.
WEEK I: MODULE I
CHARACTERISTICS
OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

6. Data are in the form of numbers


and statistics, often arranged in
tables, charts, figures, or other non-
textual forms.
WEEK I: MODULE I
CHARACTERISTICS
OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

7. Result can be used to generalize


concepts more widely, predict future
results, or investigate causal
relationships.
WEEK I: MODULE I
CHARACTERISTICS
OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

8. Researcher uses tools, such as


questionnaires or computer software,
to collect numerical data (Babbie,
2011).
WEEK I: MODULE I

STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES


Of Quantitative Research

STRENGTHS

1. Testing and validating already constructed theories about how


and why phenomena occur

2. Testing hypotheses that are constructed before the data are


collected
3. Can generalize research findings when the data are based on
random samples of sufficient size.
WEEK I: MODULE I

STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES


Of Quantitative Research

STRENGTHS

4. It is useful for studying large number of people.

5. Can generalize research findings when it has been replicated


on many different populations and subpopulations.

6. Useful for obtaining data that allow quantitative predictions


to made.
WEEK I: MODULE I

STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES


Of Quantitative Research

STRENGTHS

7. Data collection using some quantitative methods is relatively


quick (e.g., telephone interviews).

8. Provides precise, quantitative, numerical data

9. Data analysis is relatively less time consuming (using


statistical software)
WEEK I: MODULE I

STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES


Of Quantitative Research

STRENGTHS

10. The research results are relatively independent of the researcher


(e.g. statistical significance)
11. It may have higher credibility with many people in power
(e.g. administrators, politicians, people who fund programs).

12. It is useful for studying large numbers of people.


WEEK I: MODULE I

STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES


Of Quantitative Research

WEAKNESSES

1. The researcher’s categories that are used might not reflect local
constituencies’ understandings.

2. The researcher might miss out on phenomena occurring because


of the focus on theory or hypothesis testing rather than on theory or
hypothesis generation (called the confirmation bias).
WEEK I: MODULE I

STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES


Of Quantitative Research

WEAKNESSES

3. Knowledge produced might be too abstract and general for


direct application to specific local situations, contexts, and
individuals.
WEEK I: MODULE I

KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

❖EXPERIMENTAL ❖NON-EXPERIMENTAL

- -

1. True-Experimental 1. Descriptive
2. Quasi-Experimental 2. Correlational
3. Pre-Experimental 3. Causal Comparative
4. Comparative
5. Evaluative
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 EXPERIMENTAL

➢The sample groups must be assigned randomly.


➢There must be a viable control group.
TRUE ➢Only one variable can be manipulated and
EXPERIMENTAL tested. It is possible to test more than one, but
such experiments and their statistical analysis
tend to be cumbersome and difficult.
➢The tested subjects must be randomly assigned
to either control or experimental groups.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 EXPERIMENTAL

➢Constructions that already exist in the real


world.
QUASI ➢Categories fall short in some way of the
EXPERIMENTAL criteria for the true experimental group.
➢Have some sort of control and experimental
group, but these groups are not necessarily
randomly selected.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 EXPERIMENTAL

➢Employ a single group that receives the


PRE- “treatment”, and there is no control group.
EXPERIMENTAL Pilot studies, one-shot case studies, and most
research using only one group, fall into this
category.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 NON-EXPERIMENTAL

➢Systematic gathering of information from


respondents for the purpose of understanding and/or
predicting some aspects of the behavior of the
DESCRIPTIVE population.
➢Concerned with sampling, questionnaire design,
questionnaire administration and data analysis.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 NON-EXPERIMENTAL

➢There are two or more quantitative variables from


the same group of subjects.
CORRELATIONAL
➢It determines if there is a relationship (or
correlation) between the two variables (a similarity
between them, not a difference between their
means).

CORRELATION ≠ CAUSATION
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 NON-EXPERIMENTAL

➢It is known as “ex post facto” research. The basic


casual-comparative approach involves starting
CASUAL with an effect and seeking possible causes (It
COMPARATIVE starts with cause and investigates its effects on
some variable).
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 NON-EXPERIMENTAL

➢It examines the patterns of similarities and


differences across a moderate number of cases.
COMPARATIVE The typical comparative study has anywhere from
a handful to fifty or more cases.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 NON-EXPERIMENTAL

➢Uses standard social research methods for


evaluative purposes as a specific research
EVALUATIVE methodology, and as an assessment process that
employs special techniques unique to the
evaluation of social programs.
WHY IS RESEARCH IMPORTANT?

THINK OF A RESEARCH RELEVANT TO


YOUR FIELD OF STUDY USING
EXPERIMENTAL AND NON-EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN. (LIST ONE FOR EACH EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN)
GUESS THE WORD!
GUESS THE WORD!

1. SSTMEITYAC
GUESS THE WORD!

ANSWER: SYSTEMATIC
GUESS THE WORD!

2. QNATUIFY
GUESS THE WORD!

ANSWER: QUANTIFY
GUESS THE WORD!

3. XEEPIMNERLAT
GUESS THE WORD!

ANSWER: EXPERIMENTAL
GUESS THE WORD!

4. QTTTIVAANIUE
GUESS THE WORD!

ANSWER: QUANTITATIVE
GUESS THE WORD!

4. RSRCEEAH
GUESS THE WORD!

ANSWER: RESEARCH

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