Magnetic behavior of ferromagnetic
material - Saturation
Electric Machinery 1
Magnetic curve for a typical steel
Electric Machinery 2
A plot of relative permeability mr
Electric Machinery 3
Example 1-4
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Example 1-5
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Ampère’s circuital law
If we apply the “cause” analogy to Kirchhoff’s voltage law
, we obtain the following:
states that the algebraic sum of the rises and drops of the
mmf around a closed loop of a magnetic circuit is equal to
zero; that
is, the sum of the rises in mmf equals the sum of the drops in
mmf around a closed loop.
When it is applied to magnetic circuits, sources of mmf are
expressed by the equation
For calculating the mmf drop, we can use H l
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Applying Ampère’s circuital law
Consider the magnetic circuit appearing in the following Figure, constructed of
three different ferromagnetic materials.
Applying Ampère’s circuital law, we have
All the terms of the equation are known except the magnetizing force for each
portion of the magnetic circuit, which can be found by using the B-H curve if the
flux density B is known
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Exercise 1-14
A two-legged magnetic core with an
air gap is shown in the Figure. The
depth of the core is 5 cm, the length of
the air gap in the core is 0.05 cm, and
the number of
turns on the coil is 1000. The
magnetization curve of the core
material is shown in the next slide.
Assume a 5 percent increase in
effective air-gap area to account for
fringing. How much current is required
to produce an air-gap flux density of
0.5 T?
What are the flux densities of the four
sides of the core at that current? What
is the total flux present in the air gap?
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Solution to Exercise 1-14
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Solution to Exercise 1-14
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Energy loss in ferromagnetic core –
hysteresis loss
Electric Machinery 14
Hysteresis loop – residual flux
Electric Machinery 15
The effect of magnetomotive force on the
hysteresis loop
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Magnetization curve
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Hysteresis
• When an non-magnetised magnetic
N material is placed in a magnetic field it
becomes magnetised
I
• When the external field is removed the
originally non-magnetised material
retains some permanent magnetism
S
• An external magnetic field has to be
applied in the opposite direction to
N remove the residual magnetism
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Hysteresis
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Hysteresis Curve-Explanation
When a magnetic field is applied, the magnetic
molecules inside the material starts aligning and
follows the path 0ab.
Reaching ‘b’, an increase in magnetic field can not
increase ‘B’ further, called Saturation.
From b, if the H is decreased gradually, it follows a
different path and reaches c when the applied field H
is zero. [‘oc’ is the residual magnetism]
An external magnetic field has to be applied in the
opposite direction called coercive force to remove the
residual magnetism.
When the magnetic field is applied in the opposite
direction, the curve follows the path cde till it reaches
saturation at e.
From e, when the magnitude of the applied field is
When the external
decreased, it follows the path ef.
field is removed the
The magnetization does not follow the same path
originally non-
when the value of H is increased or decreased.
magnetised material
The closed area in between the paths is called
retains some
hysteresis. 20
permanent magnetism
Choice of Magnetic Materials
B
Magnetic materials are chosen for
applications based on their hysteresis
H curve
Permanent magnets need materials with a
very broad hysteresis curve
B Transformer cores need materials with a
very narrow hysteresis curve
Energy losses are proportional to width of curve
H
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Quantifying Hysteresis loss
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Hysteresis loss
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Eddy Current Loss
• Another type of loss should be mentioned at this point,
since it is also caused by varying magnetic fields in an iron
core . This loss is the eddy current loss.
• When the core of ferromagnetic material is subjected to
rate of change of flux , a voltage will be induced inside it
just like the voltage induced in the turns of a wire when
changeable flux passes through it.
• This voltage will create swirls of current in the core body
similar to the eddies formed near the edges of river.
• As the core material has resistance, I2R type losses called
‘Eddy current loss’ occurs in the core.
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