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Module 1 Lesson 3 Abstraction Part UTS

William James conceptualized the self as having two aspects - the "I" and the "me". The "I" is the thinking, acting self while the "me" refers to one's physical and psychological characteristics. Jean Piaget developed a theory of cognitive development consisting of four stages - sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational - which children progress through as they acquire and construct knowledge from birth to adulthood. Piaget described the processes of assimilation and accommodation that allow individuals to adapt to new information. Carl Rogers and Susan Harter further expanded on the development of self-concept across childhood and adolescence.

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51 views

Module 1 Lesson 3 Abstraction Part UTS

William James conceptualized the self as having two aspects - the "I" and the "me". The "I" is the thinking, acting self while the "me" refers to one's physical and psychological characteristics. Jean Piaget developed a theory of cognitive development consisting of four stages - sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational - which children progress through as they acquire and construct knowledge from birth to adulthood. Piaget described the processes of assimilation and accommodation that allow individuals to adapt to new information. Carl Rogers and Susan Harter further expanded on the development of self-concept across childhood and adolescence.

Uploaded by

Dexie Winona
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MODULE 1 LESSON 3 ABSTRACTION PART

The perennial question is: Who I am? Or Who am I?


Williams James (1890) was one of the earliest psychologists
to study the self and conceptualized the self as having two
aspects – the “I” and the “me”. The “I” is the thinking, acting,
and feeling self. The “me”, is the physical characteristics as
well as psychological capabilities that make up who you are.
Figure 1. William James by Notman Other concepts similar to the self are identify of the
Studios, 2018. (https://bit.ly/2Yl33rI),
CC0 self-concept. Identity is composed of personal
characteristics, social roles, and responsibilities as well as affiliations that define who
one is. Self- concept is what basically comes to your mind when you are asked about
who you are. Both are not fixed. They keep on changing at every moment.

Carl Rogers captured a self-schema or our organized


system or collection of knowledge about who we are. These are
but not limited to: hobbies, family, religion, nationality, interests,
work, course, age, name, physical characteristics among others.

Moreover, Swiss clinical psychologist Figure 2. Carl Rogers by Didus,


2018. (https://bit.ly/3j0cvZw), CC0
known for his pioneering work in child
development known as “theory of cognitive development”,
Jean Piaget, did a comprehensive theory about the
development of human intelligence. It deals with the nature of
knowledge itself; and how humans gradually come to acquire,
construct and use it. Cognitive development is a progressive
Figure 3. Jean Piaget by Ensian, reorganization of mental processes resulting from biological
2016. (https://bit.ly/34hpSA8), CC0
maturation and environmental experience. Cognitive
development is at the center of human organism.
The three basic components of Piaget’s cognitive development are:
1. Schema/ Schemes- building blocks of knowledge;
2. Adaptation- involves child’s learning processes to meet situational demands;
3. Stages of Cognitive development- reflect the increasing sophistication of the
child’s thought process.
He further describes two processes used by the individual in his/her attempt to
adapt- assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation is the application of the previous
concepts to new concepts. Accommodation happens when people encounter
completely new information or when existing ideas are challenged.

In the Stages of Cognitive Development, Piaget theorized that children progress


through 4 stages:

Table 2.

Stages of Cognitive Development


Stage Age Characteristics of Stage
Sensorimotor 0-2 Child learns by doing; looking; touching; sucking; the
child also has a primitive understanding of cause-
and-effect relationships. Object permanence appears
around 9 months

Preoperational 2-7 Child uses language and symbols, including letters


and numbers. Egocentrism is also evident.
Conservation marks the end of the preoperational
stage and the beginning of concrete operations

Concrete Operations 7-11 The child demonstrate conversation, reversibility,


serial ordering, and a mature understanding of
cause-and- effect relationship. Thinking at this stage
is still concrete

Formal Operations 12+ The individual demonstrates abstract thinking at this


stage is still concrete
Dr Susan Harter (1999) detailed the emergence of
self-concept and asserted that the broad development changes
observed across early childhood, later childhood and
adolescence could be interpreted within a Piagetian framework.
These developments are as follows:
1. Early childhood- the child describes the “self” in terms of
concrete, observable characteristics, such as physical
attributes, material possessions, behaviors and preferences. Figure 4. Susan Harter by
Guilford Press, 2020
2. Middle or Later Childhood- self is described in terms of trait (https://bit.ly/2Q6xqxx)
like constructs that would require the type of hierarchical
organizational skills characteristic of logical thought development.
3. Adolescence- emergence of more abstract self- definitions, such as inner thoughts,
emotions, attitudes, and motives.
4. Emerging Adults- a vision of possible self. The age of possibilities. Time of grand
dreams. More realistic.

The Art of being wise is knowing what we overlook according to the “father of
American psychology” William James. According to him, the “self” has two elements:
the I-self and the Me-self. The I-Self is the pure ego. It is the objective self. It is the
“self” that is aware of its own actions. The I-Self has these characteristics:
a. The sense of being the agent or initiator of behavior
b. A sense of being unique
c. A sense of continuity
d. A sense of awareness about being aware
The Me-self is the self that is the object. The self you can describe like your personal
characteristics, personalities, social role, or relationships, thoughts, feelings. They are
call the empirical self. These are based on observation or experience rather than theory
or pure logic. The dimensions of the Me-Self are:
a. Material
b. Social
c. Spiritual

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