INTERNSHIP REPORT 2020-21

1. INTRODUCTION
IoT (Internet of Things) devices are already abundant, but new products that include IoT
modules are now a common trend. Also, almost everything is already connected to a Cloud,
and much more will be in the future. Naturally, as this trend continues, in the near future almost
all devices and appliances will include IoT modules which will use sensor data collection and
control/management based on Clouds. Since we will live in an IoT world supported by Clouds,
knowledge of the core technologies and platforms of IoT and Clouds will enable you with the
tools to become a true leader in the future product and business world. In this course, the start-
of-the-art IoT and wireless networks and Cloud technologies are introduced (for details on 1G
to 5G mobile communications and smartphone and smart device technology, please take my
course “Smart Device & Mobile Emerging Technologies”). This course ends with projects that

teach how to analyse Bluetooth and W-Fi wireless networks and setup and use an EC2
(Elastic Compute Cloud) Virtual Computer in AWS (Amazon Web Service), which is the most
powerful and popular Cloud technology in the world. Comparing to the human body, IoT is
the neural network and the Cloud is the brain. Thus, I cordially welcome you into the brain and
neural network of the future intelligence world.

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2 INTERNSHIP WORK AND DISCUSSION
2.1 IoT Business & Products:
2.1.1 IoT Networking
IoT networking is one of the key features that needs to be supported by IoT. It's
connecting things, people, applications, and data, and in order to connect, networking is
essential. It's basically targeted to connect everything that can be controllable and needs to be
monitored. It enables remote control, management, interactive integrated services.

2.1.2 IoT Network Scale.

The number of mobile devices will exceed the number of people on earth. The number
of people is approximately 7.6 billion, and the number of mobile devices is expected to exceed
this number based on the fact that some people will have more than one smart device, more
than one mobile device supporting their needs. Predictions are made that there will be 50 billion
things connected to the Internet by 2020, that is a tremendous number. In addition, you need to
consider the fact that look at the overall population of 7.6 billion compared to the 50 billion
things.

2.1.3 IoT service supports

Advanced IoT devices will need to collect, analyse, and process segments of raw sensor
data and turn it into operational control information. You can think of it this way, when I say
raw sensor data, these are numbers, these are metric values, these are symbols, these are text
values that may not have specific meaning. However, once you collect it and you put it together
with other information that is collected together, then you get information, something that has
a meaning to it, something that gives you directions, something that tells you about an alarm,
or what to do, or what not to do. Typically, that's what we mean of transforming data into
information

2.1.4 Influence of IoT

Starting with people, us. More things can be monitored and controlled, and people,
therefore, will become more capable. Process-wise more, users and machines can collaborate
in real time. That will result in more complex tasks that can be accomplished in lesser time.
Then data, collect data more frequently and reliably, and these results will enable us to get
more accurate decision-making such that we can control these millions and billions of IoT
modules such that we can get safer and more productivity out of the same infrastructure that
we have.

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2.1.5 IoT market and industry
The blue line representing the consumers in number of IoT units install, is in fact a blue
ocean itself in the future of the market and industry domain of IoT. Continuing on, IoT endpoint
spending. Naturally, because it's an endpoint technology, there are more business-oriented uses
and more business or industry-based applications than individual users you might think.

figure 2 1 IoT Marketing Growth

Dividing it into three segments. Connected apps and process which have smart
consumers and users, as well as smart enterprise inside of its domain. Then we have connected
intelligence which has smart data and smart cloud technology inside, just way. Smart data and
smart cloud. This is talking about big data engines, aggregating and collecting various types of
semi-structured, unstructured, as well as of course structured data. Bringing it in together,
filtering it but, picking the key values that are necessary.

figure 2 2 IoT Marketing and Service

The keys and the values from various big data technology, weighting them on what is
more important and then extracting useful information but of it. Therefore, big data engines
naturally include machine learning, artificial intelligence engines in various ways to make data

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smart such that we can extract core information and we can control everything. In order to host
this large size of data, then put meaning to it and then extracting what we need to do into the
future, we definitely need clouds support.
Cloud computing Typical things as supporting the infrastructure, the platform, as well
as various functional software to enable applications to run that is what cloud computing does.
Connected edge, Connected and autonomous things. This means that we are having new
objects, new things, new entities that are connected to the mainframe infrastructure that are
receiving intelligent information and guidance, and also, they are operating automatically used
upon what they were told to do, where small decisions, immediate things that they need to do
re pre-programmed so that they are safe and stably and reliably operated. However, the overall
cope of what and how they need to do things are guided by an overall larger scale system as
well as human control and monitoring.
2.2 IoT Products & Services:
• IoT companies
• Atmel Corporation
• Android Things
• Samsara

Atmel Corporation

figure 2 3 Atmel Logo

Atmel Corporation was a designer and manufacturer of semiconductors before being

acquired by Microchip Technology in 2016. It was founded in 1984. The company focuses on
embedded systems built around microcontrollers. Its products include microcontrollers (8-bit
AVR, 32-bit AVR, 32-bit ARM-based, automotive grade, and 8-bit Intel 8051 derivatives)
radio frequency (RF) devices including Wi-Fi, EEPROM, and flash memory devices,
symmetric and asymmetric security chips, touch sensors and controllers, and application-
specific products. Atmel supplies its devices as standard products, application-specific
integrated circuits (ASICs), or application-specific standard product (ASSPs) depending on the
requirements of its customers.

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Android Things
Android Things is a deprecated Android-based embedded operating system platform
by Google, announced at Google I/O 2015, and launched in 2018. Android Things Dashboard
shutdown began on January 5, 2021. After January 5, 2022, Android Things Dashboard will
be shut down completely and all remaining data will be deleted. Originally, Android Things
was aimed for low-power and memory constrained Internet of Things (IoT) devices.

figure 2 4 Android Things logo

Samsara

Samsara is a company that develops sensor systems with remote networking, and cloud-
based analytics. The company was founded in 2015 by John Bicket and Sanjit Biswas, in San
Francisco. Samsara uses the internet-connected sensor systems they create to support
transportation, logistics, construction projects, food production, and energy and manufacturing
industries by collecting data and supplying insights on how to improve these physical
operations. The purpose of this technology is to improve the safety, quality, efficiency, and
customer service of business operations.

figure 2 5 Samsara logo

Being a leading Internet of Things (IoT) company, Samsara is able to combine

hardware and software to give real-time visibility as well as analytics to over 10,000
organizations across several different industries and over 10 different countries. Some of the
sensory solutions Samsara offers include vehicle telematics, mobile workflow and compliance,
asset tracking, and also driver safety. These innovations have helped Samsara raise a total of
$230 million

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figure 2 7 IoT gateway devices by samsara

VG34. Vehicle IoT Gateway. Cellular vehicle gateway with GPS and CAN bus interface.
AG26. Advanced Powered Asset Gateway. Cellular gateway for trailers, reefers, and heavy equipment.
AG46. Unpowered Asset Gateway AG46P. Powered Asset Gateway. SG1. Site Gateway.

figure 2 6 Samsara EM21 Wireless

environmental Monitor
The EM21 is a wireless, waterproof, data-logging sensor that monitors temperature and
humidity. With precise sensors and an easy-to-install wireless design, Samsara EM-series
monitors are ideal for ensuring food safety during transportation, monitoring warehouse
conditions, and other applications that rely on environmental data to ensure quality or maintain
compliance.
2.3 IoT Applications:

Security: Surveillance applications, alarms, real-time object/people tracking and monitoring.

Transportation: Fleet management, road safety, emission control, toll payment, real-time
traffic monitoring, and many more ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems) applications.

Manufacturing: Monitoring and automation of a production chain.

Supply & Provisioning: Freight supply, distribution monitoring, and vending machines.

Facility Management: Home, building, and campus automation.

Utilities: Measurement, provisioning, and billing of utilities (e.g., gas, water, electricity, etc.).
Healthcare: E-health, personal security, body-sensor based customized healthcare systems.

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2.4 IoT Architecture:
The four-stage architecture of an IoT system

Stage 1 of an IoT architecture consists of your networked things, typically wireless

sensors and actuators. Stage 2 includes sensor data aggregation systems and analog-to-digital
data conversion. In Stage 3, edge IT systems perform pre-processing of the data before it moves
on to the data centre or cloud. Finally, in Stage 4, the data is analysed, managed, and stored on
traditional back-end data centre systems. Clearly, the sensor/actuator state is the province of
operations technology (OT) professionals. So is Stage 2. Stages 3 and 4 are typically controlled
by IT, although the location of edge IT processing may be at a remote site or nearer to the data
centre.

figure 2 8 The four-stage architecture of an IoT system

Stage 1. Sensors:
Sensors collect data from the environment or object under measurement and turn it into
useful data. Think of the specialized structures in your cell phone that detect the directional
pull of gravity and the phone's relative position to the “thing” we call the earth and convert it
into data that your phone can use to orient the device. Actuators can also intervene to change
the physical conditions that generate the data. An actuator might, for example, shut off a power
supply, adjust an air flow valve, or move a robotic gripper in an assembly process.

Stage 2. The Internet gateways:

The data from the sensors starts in analog form. That data needs to be aggregated and
converted into digital streams for further processing downstream. Data acquisition systems
(DAS) perform these data aggregation and conversion functions. The DAS connects to the

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sensor network, aggregates outputs, and performs the analog-to-digital conversion. The
Internet gateway receives the aggregated and digitized data and routes it over Wi-Fi, wired
LANs, or the Internet, to Stage 3 systems for further processing.

Stage 2 systems often sit in close proximity to the sensors and actuators. For example,
a pump might contain a half-dozen sensors and actuators that feed data into a data aggregation
device that also digitizes the data. This device might be physically attached to the pump. An
adjacent gateway device or server would then process the data and forward it to the Stage 3 or
Stage 4 systems.

Stage 3. Edge IT:

Once IoT data has been digitized and aggregated, it's ready to cross into the realm of
IT. However, the data may require further processing before it enters the data centre. This is
where edge IT systems, which perform more analysis, come into play. Edge IT processing
systems may be located in remote offices or other edge locations, but generally these sit in the
facility or location where the sensors reside closer to the sensors, such as in a wiring closet.
Because IoT data can easily eat up network bandwidth and swamp your data centre
resources, it's best to have systems at the edge capable of performing analytics as a way to
lessen the burden on core IT infrastructure. If you just had one large data pipe going to the data
centre, you'd need enormous capacity. You'd also face security concerns, storage issues, and
delays processing the data. With a staged approach, you can pre-process the data, generate
meaningful results, and pass only those on. For example, rather than passing on raw vibration
data for the pumps, you could aggregate and convert the data, analyse it, and send only
projections as to when each device will fail or need service.

Stage 4. The data centre and cloud:

Data that needs more in-depth processing, and where feedback doesn't have to be
immediate, gets forwarded to physical data centre or cloud-based systems, where more
powerful IT systems can analyse, manage, and securely store the data. It takes longer to get
results when you wait until data reaches Stage 4, but you can execute a more in-depth analysis,
as well as combine your sensor data with data from other sources for deeper insights. Stage 4
processing may take place on-premises, in the cloud, or in a hybrid cloud system, but the type
of processing executed in this stage remains the same, regardless of the platform.

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2.5 IoT Technologies:
Wireless sensor network (WSN)
Wireless sensor network (WSN) refers to a group of spatially dispersed and dedicated
sensors for monitoring and recording the physical conditions of the environment and
organizing the collected data at a central location. WSNs measure environmental conditions
like temperature, sound, pollution levels, humidity, wind, and so on.
Wireless sensor Network are efficient, Low cost, and low power devices for using remote
sensing application. It is Lower powered integrated circuit and wireless communication. A
large number of intelligence sensors collect raw data, and create valuable services by
processing, analysing and spreading data. Challenges are related to limited processing
capability and storage, and sensor data sharing for multiple device/system cooperation.

IoT Cloud Computing Support

IoT Cloud Computing Support uses the Advanced IoT services, IoT networks may need
to collect, analyse, and process segments of raw data and turn it in into operational control
information. Advanced IoT services will need support of Cloud computing. Numerous IoT
connections will be made to various devices and sensor. Many IoT devices will not have (PC
or smartphone level) sufficient data processing capability or interoperability functionality.

IoT Hardware Technologies

IoT hardware platform takes charge of collecting, storing, and processing data based
on the connection of the Internet.
IoT Hardware Components
Sensor: Detect events or changes in its near physical environment like Temperature, Image,
Infrared, etc.
Table 2 1 Sensor Types

Type Detect Model Measurement

Temperature/ Actual Temp. and DHT11, Temperature: -40 ~80°C

Humidity Sensor Humidity DHT22 Humidity: 0~100%RH
Pressure Sensor Pressure w. r. t SPD005G SPD005G: 0 kPa ~ 35kPa
Atmospheric Pressure SPD100G SPD100G: : 0 kPa ~ 650kPa
Flow Sensor Rate of Fluid flow YF-S201 1 to 30 Litres/min
Conversion of Maximum 30 fps,
Imaging Sensor Variable Attenuation OV7670 640 x 480 VGA resolutions
of image into signal (= 0.3 Megapixels)
Ultrasonic Sensor Presence of an object by 2 ~ 400 cm non-contact
HC-SR04
ultrasonic wave measurement @ 40 Hz

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Actuator: Motors that is responsible for controlling or taking action in a system. Types of
Actuator are Electrical actuator (Converts energy to mechanical torque), Mechanical linear
actuator (Converts rotary motion to linear motion), Hydraulic / Pneumatic actuator (Convert
fluidal (liquid / gas) compression to a mechanical motion), Motion Types: Linear, Rotary,
Oscillatory, etc.

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification): Transmit pre-embedded ‘information’ directly to

the RFID Reader Processor & Microcontroller Connects sensor and actuator to the Internet
Operates corresponding instructions. RFID chip (tag) holds information about a ‘thing’ RFID
chip is attached and transfers data to the reader. Antenna is used to receive energy from the
Reader that is used to operate the RFID device. RFID tag transmits its information back to the
reader. RFID enables efficient management, tracking, and monitoring processes. Logistics and
supply chain applications.

Processors & Microcontrollers: IoT applications require more than just adding a sensor to a
physical object. When people talk about ‘smart objects,' they are usually talking about the
addition of an Internet-connected microcontroller. Microcontrollers can be thought of as tiny
computers that are added to any physical object or space to give it a ‘brain.' They contain one
or more computer processors, along with memory and programmable input/output peripherals
all in a single integrated circuit.

Arduino
It is one of the open-source microcontrollers & hardware. May also refer to an ‘Open-
source Arduino hardware and software project’ Single-board microcontrollers and kits Enables
easy sensing and controlling objects. And also, most popular for IoT development
Arduino board circuit design and the IDE (Integrated Development Environment) are
available on the Arduino website. User-specific programs can be developed and uploaded using
the IDE uses USB connection to an Arduino board.

figure 2 9 Arduino UNO

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figure 2 10 Arduino Lilypad

Atmel
A IoT hardware where megaAVR (ATmega) Series are adopted as Arduino physical
computing platform. ATmega328P supports low power consumption ode and other
specification as Arduino UNO. It operates at MHz, 1.8V.

figure 2 11 Arduino YUN

Raspberry Pi
A microcontroller developed by Raspberry Foundation in UK. It is also referred as low-
cost single board computer to promote basic computer science skills in schools. Also supports
general computations and basic web server functions.

figure 2 12 Raspberry Pi 3 Model B

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BeagleBoard

The BeagleBoard is a low-power open-source single-board computer produced by

Texas Instruments in association with Digi-Key and Newark element. The BeagleBoard was
also designed with open-source software development in mind, and as a way of demonstrating
the Texas Instrument's OMAP3530 system-on-a-chip. The board was developed by a small
team of engineers as an educational board that could be used in colleges around the world to
teach open-source hardware and software capabilities. It is also sold to the public under the
Creative Commons share-alike license. The board was designed using Cadence or CAD for
schematics and Cadence Allegro for PCB manufacturing; no simulation software was used.

figure 2 13 Beaglebone black

Table 2 2 IoT device Platform

Arduino Uno Raspberry Pi 3 Model B Beaglebone Black

Category Microcontroller Single-board micro computer Single-board micro computer

Sitara AM3358
Broadcom BCM2837 SoC
• 1 GHz ARM Cortex-A8 Single
SoC/CPU 16 MHz ATMega 328 1.2 GHz ARM Cortex-A53
core @ 1000 MHz + Dual PRU
Quad-core @ 700 MHz
@ 200 MHz
2 KB SRAM / 32 KB 1 GB LPDDR2 / Micro SDHC
Memory Flash support
512 MB DDR3 / 4GB Micro SDHC
4 (Digital GPIO)
69 GPIO
I/O 6 (10-bit analog 40 (Digital GPIO), 4 USB 2.0
4 UART Serial, 8 PWM
Input)
Size 68.6 x 53.4 mm, 25 g 85.60 x 56.5 mm, 45 g 86.40 x 53.3 mm, 39.68 g

Operating Linux (Ubuntu, Deviant, Android),

Arduino IDE for IDE Linux (Raspbian)
System Windows

Audio n/a 3.5 mm analog, HDMI Micro-HDMI

Video n/a HDMI Micro-HDMI

Bluetooth 4.1 Classic, BLE

Network Extra shield required 10/100 Mbps Ethernet 10 / 100 Mbps Ethernet
2.4 GHz Wi-Fi 802.11n

Price $ 29.95 $ 35 $ 55

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2.6 IoT Wireless Network:
2.6.1 IoT Network Architecture

figure 2 14 IoT Network

2.6.2 Wi-Fi IoT network

Wireless personal and local area network technologies that are commonly incorporated
into IoT connectivity solutions are Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Wi-Fi can be used for applications
that run in a local environment, or in a distributed setting if there are multiple access points
integrated into a larger network

Wi-Fi is a WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) technology based on the IEEE
802.11 standards Wi-Fi Devices Smartphones, Smart Devices, Laptop Computers, PCs, etc.
Applications Areas Home, School, Computer Laboratory, Office Building, etc.

2.6.3 Bluetooth IoT network

The primary strength of Bluetooth is communication between devices such as
smartphones or tablets and specific Bluetooth-enabled appliances. Because Bluetooth does not
directly connect to the Internet like cellular or satellite communications, it does require a
gateway for access. Bluetooth currently has a range of about 328 feet (100 meters), which
makes it a great choice for home and small business applications. For larger spaces, multiple
gateways can be set up throughout entire facilities to receive Bluetooth transmissions.

Bluetooth is a WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network) protocol designed by the

Bluetooth SIG (Special Interest Group) Replaces cables connecting many different types of
devices, Mobile Phones & Headsets, Heart Monitors & Medical Equipment

2.6.4 IoT Wireless Communication Technology

Connectivity is the key enabler for successful Internet of Things (IoT) deployments.
However, with innumerable IoT use cases and applications, there isn’t a one-size-fits-all
communication solution. Each technology has its own strengths and weaknesses when it comes

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to range, scalability, cost and network requirements, and are therefore best-suited for different
environments and scenarios. To help you better navigate the wireless connectivity landscape,
here are 6 leading types of wireless IoT communication technologies and their best use cases:

figure 2 16 flow chart for wireless communication Technology

1. LPWANs

Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) are a new phenomenon in Industrial IoT
(IoT). Providing long-range communication on small, inexpensive batteries that last for years,
this technology family is purpose-built to support large-scale IoT networks sprawling over vast
industrial and commercial campuses. LPWANs can connect several types of IoT sensors and
facilitate numerous applications from remote monitoring and worker safety to building controls
and facility management.

However, LPWANs can only send small blocks of data at a low rate, and therefore are
better suited for use cases that don’t require high bandwidth and are not time-sensitive. Also,
not all LPWANs are created equal. Today, existing LPWANs operate in both the licensed (NB-
IoT, LTE-M) and unlicensed (e.g., MIOTY, LoRa, Sigfox etc.) spectrum with varying degrees
of network performance. For example, while power consumption is a major issue for cellular-
based, licensed LPWANs; Quality-of-Service and scalability are main considerations when
adopting unlicensed technologies. Standardization is another important factor to ensure
reliability, security, and interoperability in the long run.

2. Cellular (3G/4G/5G)
Cellular networks offer reliable broadband communication for voice and video
streaming applications. On the downside, they impose very high operational costs and power
requirements.

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While cellular networks are not viable for the majority of IoT applications powered by
battery-operated sensor networks, they fit well in use cases such as connected cars and fleet
management. For example, in-car infotainment, traffic routing, advanced driver assistance
systems (ADAS) alongside fleet tracking services, can use ubiquitous and high bandwidth
cellular connectivity.

2.6.5 Bluetooth Standards

EDR (Enhanced Data Rate)

One of the signalling modes introduced in version 2.0 of the Bluetooth protocol,
supporting 3 Mbit/s Enhanced Data Rate may refer to:
signalling rate, one of the physical layer specifications of the InfiniBand protocol,
supporting 25 Gbit/s signalling rate, Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
Bluetooth HS (High Speed)

Bluetooth high speed technology was released in April 2009 (in Bluetooth version
3.0+HS), Bluetooth 3.0+HS provides data transfer speeds of up to 24 Mbps, though not over
the Bluetooth link itself, Bluetooth link is used for negotiation and establishment, and the high
data rate traffic is carried over a collocated IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi link

Bluetooth 4.0 BLE ((Bluetooth Low Energy)

Bluetooth Specification 4.0 (called Bluetooth Smart) was adopted in June 2010,
Bluetooth 4.0 includes, Former Bluetooth standards (BR/EDR), BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy)
several profiles (specifications) on how a device can consume very low energy consumption
while servicing a particular application, provides reduced power consumption and reduced cost
while maintaining a similar communication range. A manufacturer can implement customized
specifications for their product.

A device can have multiple BLE profiles:

• Health Care Profiles

• Sports and fitness profiles
• IPSP (Internet Protocol Support Profile)
• ESP (Environmental Sensing Profile)

Bluetooth Beacons
Bluetooth beacon devices transmit a unique ID number that can be read by a Bluetooth
receiver, which can be used by an Application on a smartphone, Bluetooth beacons are now
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commonly deployed as small devices (many are battery-powered) that broadcasts signals
through BLE technology using a Bluetooth low energy antenna.
Smartphone Apps identify the location of the Beacon device and activate location
specific information on the smartphone, Beacons are used in many location-based applications,
Advertisement & Coupon distribution, Home Automation Systems, Transportation Systems,
Sport Stadiums, Stores, etc.
Bluetooth 4.1
The Bluetooth SIG announced formal adoption of the Bluetooth v4.1 specification on
4 December 2013. This specification is an incremental software update to Bluetooth
Specification v4.0, and not a hardware update. The update incorporates Bluetooth Core
Specification Addenda (CSA 1, 2, 3 & 4) and adds new features that improve consumer
usability. These include increased co-existence support for LTE, bulk data exchange rates and
aid developer innovation by allowing devices to support multiple roles simultaneously.
Bluetooth 5

The Bluetooth SIG released Bluetooth 5 on 6 December 2016. Its new features are
mainly focused on new Internet of Things technology. Marketing drops the point number; so
that it is just "Bluetooth 5" (unlike Bluetooth 4.0), the change is for the sake of "Simplifying
our marketing, communicating user benefits more effectively and making it easier to signal
significant technology updates to the market."

Bluetooth Specification 5 was released in December 2016, New features focusing on

IoT 2x transmission speed in LE system (2 Mbps0, 2x advertising message size extension, 4x
advertising range (max. 240 meters), Brings 8x advertising capacity, New coding scheme
supporting error correction, • Higher output power class added (up to 100 mW)

2.6.6 Wi-Fi Standards

IEEE 802.11
The original! Created in 1997, this now-defunct standard supported a blazing fast
maximum connection speed of megabits per second (Mbps). Devices using this haven't been
made for over a decade and won't work with today's equipment.
IEEE 802.11a
Created in 1999, this version of Wi-Fi works on the 5GHz band. This was done with
the hope of encountering less interference since many devices (like most wireless phones) also

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use the 2.4GHz band. 802.11a is fairly quick, too, with maximum data rates topping out at
54Mbps. However, the 5GHz frequency has more difficulty with objects that are in the signal's
path, so the range is often poor.

IEEE 802.11b
Also created in 1999, this standard uses the more typical 2.4GHz band and can achieve
a maximum speed of 11Mbps. 802.11b was the standard that kick-started Wi-Fi's popularity.

IEEE 802.11g
Designed in 2003, the 802.11g standard upped the maximum data rate to 54Mbps while
retaining usage of the reliable 2.4GHz band. This resulted in the widespread adoption of the
standard.

IEEE 802.11n
Introduced in 2009, this version had slow initial adoption. 802.11n operates on both
2.4GHz and 5GHz, as well as supporting multi-channel usage. Each channel offers a maximum
data rate of 150Mbps, which means the standard's maximum data rate is 600Mbps.

IEEE 802.11ac
The ac standard is what you will find most wireless devices using at the time of writing.
Initially released in 2014, ac drastically increases the data throughput for Wi-Fi devices up to
a maximum of 1,300 megabits per second. Furthermore, ac adds MU-MIMO support,
additional Wi-Fi broadcast channels for the 5GHz band, and support for more antennas on a
single router.

IEEE 802.11ax
Next up for your router and your wireless devices is the ax standard. As ax completes
its rollout, you will have access to theoretical network throughput of 10Gbps—around a 30-40
percent improvement over the ac standard. Furthermore, wireless ax will increase network
capacity by adding broadcast subchannels, upgrading MU-MIMO, and allowing more
simultaneous data streams.

Dual Band
A dual-band router is a router that uses two frequency bands 2.4GHz and 5GHz
simultaneously for data transmission to provide you better performance. In dual-band router, 1
channel of 2.4 GHz band works on 802.11n standard that provides similar speed of up to 300
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Mbps, while 5 GHz works on 802.11ac standard which is blazing fast and provides you a speed
up to 2 Gbps. Dual-band router has better range coverage and better signal strength. A dual-
band router is capable of switching bands automatically whenever required. Dual-band router
works well in open areas with fewer obstacles due to high oscillating radio waves. If you have
a mid-size home or a small office, you can get better coverage with a dual-band writer. For
example, if there are 2 types of users connected on a dual-band router, one is browsing the
internet while the other is playing an online game. Both will access the internet at different
frequencies, so won’t get any slowness on the internet speed.

Wi-Fi Direct
Wi-Fi Direct enables Wi-Fi devices to connect directly to each other, making it simple
and convenient to print, share, sync, play games, and display content to another device. Wi-Fi
Direct devices connect to one another without joining a traditional home, office, or public
network.

Tethering (Hotspot)
Tethering refers to connecting one device to another, In the context of mobile phones
or Internet tablets, tethering allows sharing the Internet connection of the phone or tablet with
other devices (such as laptops). A Wi-Fi STA can make connection to the Internet by
connecting to a tethering enabled smartphone using Wi-Fi.
2.7 Cloud Technology
The cloud is a hot topic for small businesses all the way to global enterprises, but remains
a broad concept that covers a lot of online territory. As you begin to consider switching your
business to the cloud, whether it be for application or infrastructure deployment, it is more
important than ever to understand the differences and advantages of the various cloud services.

Though as-a-service types are growing by the day, there are usually three models of cloud
service to compare:
• Software as a Service (SaaS)
• Platform as a Service (PaaS)
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

SaaS: Software as a Service

Software as a Service, also known as cloud application services, represents the most
commonly utilized option for businesses in the cloud market. SaaS utilizes the internet to
deliver applications, which are managed by a third-party vendor, to its users. A majority of

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SaaS applications run directly through your web browser, which means they do not require any
downloads or installations on the client side.
Characteristics:

• Managed from a central location

• Hosted on a remote server
• Accessible over the internet
• Users not responsible for hardware or software updates

PaaS: Platform as a Service

Cloud platform services, also known as Platform as a Service (PaaS), provide cloud
components to certain software while being used mainly for applications. PaaS delivers a
framework for developers that they can build upon and use to create customized applications.
All servers, storage, and networking can be managed by the enterprise or a third-party provider
while the developers can maintain management of the applications.

PaaS has many characteristics that define it as a cloud service, including:

• Builds on virtualization technology, so resources can easily be scaled up or down as
your business changes
• Provides a variety of services to assist with the development, testing, and deployment
of apps
• Accessible to numerous users via the same development application
• Integrates web services and databases

IaaS: Infrastructure as a Service

Cloud infrastructure services, known as Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), are made of
highly scalable and automated compute resources. IaaS is fully self-service for accessing and
monitoring computers, networking, storage, and other services. IaaS allows businesses to
purchase resources on-demand and as-needed instead of having to buy hardware outright.
IaaS Characteristics
• Resources are available as a service
• Cost varies depending on consumption
• Services are highly scalable
• Multiple users on a single piece of hardware
• Organization retains complete control of the infrastructure
• Dynamic and flexible

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3. CONCLUSION
IoT (Internet of Things) devices are already abundant, but new products that include IoT
modules are now a common trend. Also, almost everything is already connected to a Cloud,
and much more will be in the future. Naturally, as this trend continues, in the near future almost
all devices and appliances will include IoT modules which will use sensor data collection and
control/management based on Clouds. Since we will live in an IoT world supported by Clouds,
knowledge of the core technologies and platforms of IoT and Clouds will enable you with the
tools to become a true leader in the future product and business world.

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