BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

Main Campus
Balanga City, Bataan

ASSIGNMENT ON TOPIC 6
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Answer the following questions briefly. Don’t forget to cite your reference

1. Explain how the hypothalamus of the brain controls the endocrine system. 5 points
- The hypothalamus secretes regulatory hormones that regulate endocrine cells in the
pituitary gland. Also, the hypothalamic regulatory hormones control the secretory
activities of the endocrine cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. With these
means, The hypothalamus is the one that is also responsible for secreting hormones that
stimulate or suppress the release of hormones in the pituitary gland, in addition to
controlling water balance, sleep, temperature, appetite, and blood pressure.

2. Explain how a negative feedback mechanism functions in maintaining hormonal levels

in the body. You may also give an example of a situation wherein negative feedback
works.
5 points
- Most hormones are regulated by negative feedback, in which the hormone feeds back to
lower down its own production. This type of feedback brings things back to normal
whenever they start to become too extreme. Positive feedback is much less common
because it causes conditions to become increasingly extreme.
- Example: An example of negative feedback is the regulation of the blood calcium level.
The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone, which regulates the level of
calcium in the blood. If calcium decreases, the parathyroid glands sense the decrease
and secrete more parathyroid hormone.

3. Name the three chemical categories for classifying hormones and give some
examples.
3 points
a. Amine Hormones
- Norepinephrine
- Epinephrine
- Melatonin
- Dopamine
b. Peptide Hormones
- Insulin
- Glucagon
c. Steroid Hormones
- Testosterone
- Estrogen
- Progesterone
4. Discuss the 3 ways in which endocrine glands are stimulated to secrete their
hormones.
3 points
1. Humoral Stimuli
- A humoral stimulus refers to the control of hormone release in response to changes in
extracellular fluids such as blood or the ion concentration in the blood. For example, a
rise in blood glucose levels triggers the pancreatic release of insulin.

2. Hormonal Stimuli
- A humoral stimulus refers to the control of hormone release in response to changes in
extracellular fluids such as blood or the ion concentration in the blood. For example, a
rise in blood glucose levels triggers the pancreatic release of insulin.

3. Neural Stimuli
- The nervous system directly stimulates endocrine glands to release hormones, which is
referred to as neural stimuli. Recall that in a short-term stress response, the hormones
epinephrine and norepinephrine are important for providing the bursts of energy required
for the body to respond.

5. What are the 2 important differences between endocrine and exocrine glands? 2 points
- The key difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands is that endocrine
glands are ductless glands that secrete hormones into the blood whereas exocrine
glands consist of ducts and they secrete enzymes.

6. Why is iodine important for proper thyroid gland function? 2 points.

- Thyroid function is crucial to the metabolism of almost all tissues and is critical for the
development of the central nervous system in the fetus and children. The effects of the
thyroid come from two iodine containing-hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine
(T4). Iodine is a rate-limiting element for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. At present,
the only physiological role known for iodine in the human body is in the synthesis of
thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. Furthermore, the relationship between iodine
deficiency and thyroid disease was known since early in the twentieth century. Iodine
deficiency has been regarded as one of the most important preventable causes of brain
damage worldwide.

7. In a tabular form, identify the 9 major endocrine glands and some of their hormones
following the format below. 27 points (additional 3 points if all important details are covered)

Gland Hormone Action

1. Pineal Gland - Melatonin The pineal gland's primary

- Serotonin job is to gather information
from the environment about
the state of the light-dark
cycle and transmit it by
producing and secreting the
hormone melatonin.
2. Adrenal Gland - Adrenaline Our adrenal glands create
- Noradrenaline hormones that control your
- Cortisol blood pressure, immune
- Aldosterone system, metabolism, and
other vital processes.

3. Pituitary Gland Anterior Pituitary Gland: Your pituitary gland's primary

- Growth Hormone job is to make and release a
- Thyroid-stimulating number of hormones that
Hormone assist with vital biological
- Adrenocorticotropic processes, such as:
Hormone
- Melanocyte- A. Growth.
stimulating Hormone B. Metabolism (how your
- Follicle-stimulating body transforms and
Hormone manages the energy
- Luteinizing Hormone from the food you
- Lactogenic Hormone eat).
Posterior Pituitary Gland: C. Reproduction.
- Antidiuretic Hormone D. Response to stress or
- Oxytocin trauma.
E. Lactation.
F. Water and sodium
(salt) balance.
G. Labor and childbirth.

4. Thyroid Gland - Triiodothyronine, also The thyroid gland secretes

known as T3. hormones that control
- Tetraiodothyronine, metabolic rate of the body
also called thyroxine regulating the heart and
or T4. muscle
- Calcitonin. as well as digestion,
brain growth, and
bone preservation Its
proper operation
rely on a reliable supply
intake of iodine via food.

5. Parathyroid Gland - Parathyroid Hormone Calcium levels in the blood

or Parathormone are mostly regulated by
parathyroid hormone by
raising them when they are
too low. It accomplishes this
via affecting the kidneys,
bones, and intestine:

A. Bones: Parathyroid
hormone increases
the release of calcium
 into the bloodstream
from significant
calcium deposits in
the bones. This
causes more bone to
be destroyed and less
bone to grow.
B. Kidneys: Parathyroid
hormone decreases
calcium loss in urine
through the kidneys.
The kidneys' ability to
produce active vitamin
D is also stimulated
by parathyroid
hormone.
C. Intestines: Through
its effects on vitamin
D metabolism,
intestinal-parathyroid
hormone indirectly
improves calcium
absorption from meals
in the intestine.

6. Thymus Gland - Thymosin T-lymphocytes, often known

- Thymopoietin as T-cells, are specialized
white blood cells that are
trained by the thymus gland.
Your bone marrow sends
lymphocytes (white blood
cells) to your thymus. In your
thymus, the lymphocytes
develop into specific T-cells.
The T-cells develop before
they are released into your
bloodstream.

7. Islets of Langerhans - Insulin The Langerhans islets

of the Pancreas - Glucagon are a collection of cells that
the organ's pancreas
accountable for the
creation and dissemination of
hormones that control
sugar levels.

Furthermore, the intricate

microorganisms known as
human islets of Langerhans
 are in charge of preserving
glucose homeostasis. Five
main endocrine cell types are
found in islets, and they
respond to alterations in
plasma nutrition levels by
secreting a well calibrated
blend of islet hormones into
the portal vein.

8. Ovaries in Women - Estrogen There are three purposes for

- Progesterone the ovaries. The eggs a
female is born with are first
protected until they are ready
for usage. It is believed that
women have their full lifetime
supply of eggs when they are
born, however a study from
the School of Biological
Sciences at the University of
Edinburgh discovered that
chemotherapy may
encourage the creation of
new eggs.

9. Testes in Men - Testosterone Testes generates

male sperm, or spermatozoa
gametes. And it
produces testosterone,
the dominant masculine sex
hormone, finally, it
takes part in the
hypothalamus-pituitary unit
while controlling reproductive
function.
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