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The document discusses various concepts and equations related to reservoir engineering and fluid properties, including: 1) Questions ask about permeability, flow rate, equations of state, formation volume factor, PVT properties, bubble point pressure, phase behavior, gas-oil ratio, critical temperature, wettability, and material balance equations. 2) Key concepts covered include absolute permeability, effective permeability, equations for ideal gases and real fluids, bubble point pressure, phase envelopes, compressibility above the bubble point, solution gas-oil ratio, critical temperature, capillary pressure, and standard conditions for natural gas. 3) Examples of permeability equations, equations of state, definitions of terms, and material balance concepts are provided.

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Елнур Икимбаев
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63 views

Problems

The document discusses various concepts and equations related to reservoir engineering and fluid properties, including: 1) Questions ask about permeability, flow rate, equations of state, formation volume factor, PVT properties, bubble point pressure, phase behavior, gas-oil ratio, critical temperature, wettability, and material balance equations. 2) Key concepts covered include absolute permeability, effective permeability, equations for ideal gases and real fluids, bubble point pressure, phase envelopes, compressibility above the bubble point, solution gas-oil ratio, critical temperature, capillary pressure, and standard conditions for natural gas. 3) Examples of permeability equations, equations of state, definitions of terms, and material balance concepts are provided.

Uploaded by

Елнур Икимбаев
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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31. In this formula what does q mean?

Volumetric flow rate (debit), m3/s;


32. Absolute permeability of the rock, measured by the permeability to how much is determined and
remember that it is for saturation of one phase.
The absolute permeability is determined by flowing a single fluid of known viscosity through a core
sample at a planned rate and different pressure.
33. Which version does not fit the corresponding average permeability of the equivalent homogeneous
system

34. Timur equation


Some observers have found that the Timur relationship: K = 0.136 (F)4.40/Sw2 gives more realistic
estimates in certain cases.
35. These effective permeability for three collector fluids is presented as follows:
Effective permeability of rock to a fluid phase (oil, gas, or water) in porous medium is a measure of the
ability of that phase to flow in the presence of other fluid phases.
36. The total flow rate from the entire system is expressed
Flow rate Q is defined to be the volume V flowing past a point in time t, or Q=Vt where V is volume and
t is time. The SI unit of volume is m3. Flow rate and velocity are related by Q=A¯v where A is the cross-
sectional area of the flow and v is its average velocity.
37. Choose three common examples of equation-of-state

Ideal Gas Equation of State


The best known and the simplest example of an equation of state is the ideal gas equation, expressed

mathematically by the expression:


The Van der Waals Equation of State In developing the ideal gas EOS (Equation 15-44), two assumptions
were made: • First assumption: The volume of the gas molecules is insignificant compared to the volume
of the container and distance between the molecules. • Second assumption: There are no attractive or

repulsive forces between the molecules or the walls of the container


Peng–Robinson Equation of State and Its Modifications Peng and Robinson (1976a) conducted a
comprehensive study to evaluate the use of the SRK equation of state for predicting the behavior of

naturally occurring hydrocarbon systems


38. What is the unit of Water Formation Volume Factor, Bw?
bbls/STB
The water (or more correctly, the brine) Formation Volume Factor, Bw, (sometimes referred to as the
FVF) is a pressure and temperature dependent property that relates the volume of 1.0 stock tank barrel,
STB, of water to its volume in barrels, bbl, at another pressure. It has the units of bbls/STB.
39. What device is typically used to determine the bulk properties of the crude oil and natural gas?
These properties are typically measured in the laboratory PVT cell. A PVT cell is essentially a piston
which allows the volume to be either increased or decreased.
40. What is the relationship between density and API gravity of crude oils
Higher API indicates a lighter (lower density) crude. Lower API indicates a heavier (more dense) crude.
Generally, lighter (high API) crudes are more valuable because they yield more high-value light products
when run through a refinery.
41. In what interval is the value of API gravity of intermediate crude oils
A crude oil will typically have an API between 15 and 45 degrees. Higher API indicates a lighter (lower
density) crude. Lower API indicates a heavier (more dense) crude.
42. What is the Bubble-Point Pressure of the Crude Oil
The bubble point is relatively low for heavy oil. The bubble point pressure in conventional oil reservoirs
ranges between 1800 psi and 2600 psi in typical cases.
Bubble point pressure (Pb) is one of the critical reservoir fluid pressure–volume–temperature (PVT)
properties. It is the pressure at which the first bubble of the gas comes out of the oil solution.
43. When measured data are not available, what can be used to estimate the bubble-point pressure?
The reservoir bubble point pressure can be measured either empirically or experimentally. In case where
the experimental results are not available, correlation are used to estimate reservoir fluid properties.
44. What happens to the oil formation volume factor (Bo), as the pressure depletes from the initial
pressure to the bubble-point pressure?
As the pressure depletes from the initial pressure to the bubble-point pressure, the formation volume
factor increases.
45. By definition, what should be the total sum of phase saturations

46. Why does crude oil have higher compressibility values above the bubblepoint pressure?

47. What is the unit of solution gas - oil ratio of the crude oil (Rso)?
The solution gas ratio is defined as the number of standard cubic feet of gas which will dissolve in one
stock tank barrel of oil when both are taken down to reservoir pressure. It has units of scf/STB.
48. The maximum temperature above which liquid cannot be formed regardless of pressure on Pressure-
Temperature diagram is called
The critical temperature of a substance is the temperature at and above which vapor of the substance
cannot be liquefied, no matter how much pressure is applied.
49. The region enclosed by the bubble-point curve and the dew-point curve (line BCA), wherein gas and
liquid coexist in equilibrium on PressureTemperature diagram is called
Phase envelope (two-phase region): The region enclosed by the bubble- point curve and the dew-point
curve (line BCA), wherein gas and liquid. coexist in equilibrium, is identified as the phase envelope of
the hydrocarbon.
50. If the reservoir temperature is greater than the critical temperature of the hydrocarbon fluid, the
reservoir is classified as
natural gas reservoir If the reservoir temperature exceeds the critical temperature of the hydrocarbon
fluid, it is regarded as a natural gas reservoir. Gas reservoirs are separated into three groups: (i) dry gas,
(ii) wet gas, and (iii) retrograde gas-condensate reservoirs.
51. What of the following is true about wet-gas reservoirs:
A wet-gas reservoir is defined as producing a single gas composition to the producing well perforations
throughout its life. Condensate will form either while flowing to the surface or in lease-separation
equipment.
52. Wettability is __________
Wettability is the measurement of liquids' ability of interaction with other fluids and/or solid surface.
53. Complete nonwetting would be evidenced by a contact angle of ____
In the case of complete wetting (spreading), the contact angle is 0°. Between 0° and 90°, the solid is
wettable and above 90° it is not wettable. between 90º and 180º with the solid
54. When two immiscible fluids are in contact, a discontinuity in pressure exists between the two fluids,
which depends upon the curvature of the interface separating the fluids. We call this pressure difference
the ___________
capillary pressure When two immiscible fluids are in contact, a discontinuity in pressure exists between
the two fluids, which depend upon the curvature of the interface separating the fluids. This difference
existing across the interface is referred to as the capillary pressure
55. What are the values of reference pressure and temperature (standard conditions) used in natural gas
engineering calculations?
NIST uses a temperature of 20 °C (293.15 K, 68 °F) and an absolute pressure of 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi,
1 atm). The International Standard Metric Conditions for natural gas and similar fluids is 288.15 K and
101.325 kPa.29 февр. 2012 г.
56. What does Ma stand for in the formula of the density of an ideal gas mixture: ρ = (P*Ma)/R*T
Molar mass

57. Fill in the gap. The specific gravity of gas is defined as the ratio of ______
The specific gravity of a gas, γ, is the ratio of the density of the gas at standard pressure and temperature
to the density of air at the same standard pressure and temperature.
58. Choose the correct answer

59. hich of the following does not affect the ultimate recovery from gravitydrainage reservoirs?

60. What does We stand for in the material balance equation?


Aquifer influx volume (rb) = We. Water injection volume (rb) = Wi×Bw. Gas injection volume (rb) =
Gi×Bg. All relationships can be put in a material balance equation based on the following concept: The
equation above is simplified by using an expansion term.

Problems:
1. Three pounds of n-butane are placed in a vessel at 120°F and 60 psia. Calculate the volume of the
gas assuming an ideal gas behavior
2.
3.
4.
5
6.
7.
A gas well is producing at a rate of 15,000 ft3/day from a gas reservoir at an average pressure of 2,000
psia and a temperature of 120°F. The specific gravity is 0.72. Calculate the gas flow rate in scf/day

8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

15.

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