Senior High School

General Physics II
Second Semester (Final)– Module 2
Lenz’s Law, AC-DC, and LC Circuit
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 Senior High School

General Physics II
Second Semester (Final)– Module 2
Lenz’s Law, AC-DC, and LC Circuit

ii
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the General Physics II 12 Self-Learning Module on Lenz’s Law,
AC-DC, and LC Circuit!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the
learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their
personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the
module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help

you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You
also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their
own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:
Welcome to the General Physics II 12 Self-Learning Module on Lenz’s Law,
AC-DC, and LC Circuit!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

ii
CONTENT STANDARD
The learner demonstrates understanding of magnetic induction and Faraday’s
Law.

PERFORMANCE STANDARD
The learners should be able to use theoretical and, when feasible, experimental
approaches to solve multi-concept, rich-context problems involving magnetic
and electric field.

LEARNING COMPETENCY
1. Describe the direction of the external magnetic field, induced magnetic field
and induced current on a conducting/non-conducting loop using Lenz’s Law.
(STEM_GP12EM-IVa-5)
2. Compare and contrast alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC).
(STEM_GP12EM-IVb-6)
3. Characterize the properties (stored energy and time-dependence of
charges, currents, and voltages) of an LC circuit. (STEM_GP12EM-IVb-8)

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the module, you should be able to:
1. Determine the factors affecting the induced emf and induced current.
2. Distinguish electrostatic electric field and induced electric field.
3. Describe the different properties of an LC circuit in a time-varying
situation.

INTRODUCTION

Have you ever noticed and experienced a situation in which a microphone

produces “feedback” when you set it up near speakers? Have you also experienced
tuning in your radio to an appropriate frequency to achieve clear signal? These are
some activities which can be explained by an LC circuit. This LC circuit is useful in
selecting or generating a specific frequency signal. Its application is reflected in many
electronic device, especially radio devices, such as transmitters, radio receivers and
television receivers.
In this module, you will learn how the direction of induced emf and induced
current is varied. Furthermore, you will learn the difference between Direct Current
(DC) and Alternating Current (AC) which you usually use to operate your electronic
devices at home. Finally, you will also learn about the use of LC circuit especially in
electrical oscillation.

1
PRE-TEST

Directions: Read each item carefully and identify what is asked or described. Encircle
the letter of the correct answer.

1. The diagram below shows a wire moving to the right at speed v through a
uniform magnetic field that is directed into the page. As the speed of the wire is
increased, the induced potential difference will

A. decrease
B. Increase
C. Become zero
D. Remain the same

2. The magnetic field is directed out of the page as shown by the diagram below.
What will be the direction of the induced current if it is moved away from the
page?

A. Clockwise B. Counterclockwise C. Downward D. Upward

3. What will be the magnitude and direction of the induced emf based on the figure
below?

A. The magnitude is increasing and the direction is upward ( )

B. The magnitude is decreasing and the direction is upward ( )

C. The magnitude is increasing and the direction is downward ( )

D. The magnitude is decreasing and the direction is downward ( )

2
4. A magnet is slowly descending into a loop of wire where North pole is facing
the loop as shown in the diagram below. What will be the direction of the
induced current?

A. Clockwise B. Counterclockwise C. Downward D. Upward

5. Complete the following sentence: In a coil of wire, the direction of the induced
current caused by an increasing magnetic flux is
A. directed opposite to the original magnetic field.
B. directed in the direction of the original magnetic field.
C. such that the induced magnetic field increases the magnetic flux.
D. such that the induced magnetic field decreases the magnetic flux.

6. The electric current from a cell or battery is called

A. alternating current C. alternative current
B. direct current D. one-way current

7. Direct current means that the current always flows in the

A. same direction C. upward-downward direction
B. opposite direction D. forward-backward direction.

8. Power companies supply AC instead of DC because

A. DC is more dangerous.
B. It is easier to transmit AC.
C. there is no longer a need for DC.
D. There are no adequate supply of batteries.
9. Why is AC current transfer more effective than DC current transfer over long
distances?
A. Due to very high voltages.
B. Due to the height of power lines.
C. Due to the use of AC generators.
D. Due to step-up and step-down transformers reducing IR losses.

10. Which of the following is NOT true about AC current?

A. Its current-time graph is a sine curve.
B. Its power factor lies between 0 and 1.
C. It can be stepped up or stepped down.
B. It can produce chemical effects of current.

3
 11. A charged capacitor and an inductor are connected in series. At time t = 0 the
current is zero, but the capacitor is charged. If T is the period of the resulting
oscillations, the next time after t = 0 that the current is a maximum at:
A. T B. T/ 4 C. T/ 2 D. T

12. A charged capacitor and an inductor are connected in series. At time t = 0 the
current is zero, but the capacitor is charged. If T is the period of the resulting
oscillations, the next time after t = 0 that the charge on the capacitor is a
maximum at:
A. T B. T/ 4 C. T/ 2 D. T

13. A charged capacitor and an inductor are connected in series. At time t = 0 the
current is zero, but the capacitor is charged. If T is the period of the resulting
oscillations, the next time after t = 0 that the voltage across the inductor is a
maximum at:
A. T B. T/ 4 C. T/ 2 D. T

14. A charged capacitor and an inductor are connected in series. At time t = 0 the
current is zero, but the capacitor is charged. If T is the period of the resulting
oscillations, the next time after t = 0 that the energy stored in the magnetic field
of the inductor is a maximum at:
A. T B. T/ 4 C. T/ 2 D. T

15. A charged capacitor and an inductor are connected in series. At time t = 0 the
current is zero, but the capacitor is charged. If T is the period of the resulting
oscillations, the next time after t = 0 that the energy stored in the electric field
of the capacitor is a maximum at:
A. T B. T/ 4 C. T/ 2 D. T

“Congratulations you made it!

If you are confident that all your answers are correct, very good! This shows
that you already know much about the topics in this module. You may still study the
module to review what you already know. Who knows, you might learn a few more
new things as well.

If you think you got a low score, don’t feel bad. This means that this module is
for you. It will help you to understand some important concepts that you can apply in
your daily life. If you study this module carefully, you will learn the answers to all the
items in the test and a lot more!

Are you ready? Let’s go!”

4
REVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS MODULE

In Module 7, you learned the factors affecting the magnitude and direction of
induced emf and induced current and to calculate the induced emf in a time-varying
magnetic flux. Let’s have a recap of what you have learned by answering the questions
below.

Direction: Answer the following questions.

1. Calculate the magnitude of the induced emf on the single loop coil whose
radius is 6 cm and the magnetic field changes from 0.05 T to 0.25 T in 0.10
s.

PRESENTATION OF THE NEW MODULE

It is worth noting that both capacitors and inductors store energy, in their electric
and magnetic fields, respectively. A circuit containing both an inductor (L) and a
capacitor (C) can oscillate without a source of emf by shifting the energy stored in the
circuit between the electric and magnetic fields. In this module, you will learn about
the exchange of energy between the electric and magnetic fields in electromagnetic
waves, or light. We start with an idealized circuit of zero resistance that contains an
inductor and a capacitor, an LC circuit.

ACTIVITY 1: Determining the direction of the magnetic field lines of magnets.

Direction: Trace or draw the magnetic field of the following magnets below. Indicate
the arrow in each field lines to show the direction of magnetic lines of force.

1. 2.

5
ACTIVITY 2: Determining the direction of induced current and induced magnetic
field.
Direction: The blue oval-shaped object represents the coil of wire and the red arrow
indicates the direction of the external magnetic field. Draw an arrow in the following
diagrams below to indicate the direction of the induced magnetic field and direction of
the induced current in the coil of wire.

1. 4.

2. 5.

3. 6.

Lenz's law (oregonstate.edu)

6
ANALYSIS

ACTIVITY 1

Direction: Answer the following questions on your paper.

1. What is the direction of the magnetic field lines or magnetic lines of force of a
magnet?
2. How is magnetic field strength related to the closeness of the magnetic field
lines?
3. Which part of the magnet has the strongest magnetic field?
4. What will happen to the magnetic field strength in a particular point if the
magnet is moved further away from it?
5. What will happen to the magnetic field strength in a particular point if the
magnet is moved closer to it?

ACTIVITY 2

Direction: Answer the following questions on your paper.

1. What will happen to the direction of the induced magnetic field if the external
magnetic field increases?
2. What will happen to the direction of the induced magnetic field if the external
magnetic field decreases?
3. Right-hand rule is useful to determine the direction of the induced current and
induced magnetic field in the coil of wire. What does thumb represent for? What
do fingers represent for?

Good job! I told you, you can do better! Now, it is time for you to know it all. Read on.

7
ABSTRACTION

Lesson 1: Lenz’s Law

Recall that Faraday’s law of induction is expressed as

ϵ = - N Δɸ where: ϵ = induced emf (in unit volt, V)

Δt N = number of turns of coil
Δɸ = change in flux
Δt = change in time (in unit seconds, s)

The negative sign in Faraday’s law of induction is very important. The negative
sign means that the emf creates a current I and magnetic field B that oppose the
change in flux ΔΦ. The direction (given by the minus sign) of the emf is so important
that it is called Lenz’s law after the Russian Heinrich Lenz (1804–1865), who
independently investigated aspects of induction.

Lenz's Law involves two different magnetic fields. An external magnetic field
and the induced magnetic field. An external magnetic field is created by the magnet
and induces current in a closed loop of wire. An induced magnetic field is produced by
the induced current moving through the conducting wire.

In using Lenz’s law, there should be a closed conducting loop of wire and a
changing magnetic flux. If these two conditions are present, then the following steps
must be followed to determine the direction of the induced current.
1. We must determine whether the magnetic field is increasing or decreasing.
A) If the external magnetic field is increasing, then that implies the induced
magnetic field points in the opposite direction of external magnetic field. (Note:
The external magnetic field increases if either the North Pole or the South Pole
of the magnet is moved towards the coil).
B) If the magnetic field is decreasing, the induced magnetic field will point in the
same direction with the external magnetic field. (Note: The external magnetic
field decreases if either the North Pole or the South Pole of the magnet is moved
away from the coil).
2. We apply the right hand rule to determine the direction of the induced current
and induced magnetic field relative to the direction of the external magnetic field.
We Point your thumb in the direction of the induced magnetic field and your fingers
will curl in the direction of the induced current.

8
 Sample Diagram:

The North Pole of the magnet is

moved into the coil. The external
magnetic field increases, therefore, the
direction of induced magnetic field is
opposite to the external magnetic field.
To determine the direction of the
induced magnetic field and induced
current, use the Right-Hand Rule: Point
your thumb in the direction of the
induced magnetic field (Binduced), and
your fingers will curl in the direction of
the induced current.

https://www.yumpu.com/en/publishing-software/free

Illustrations:

a) North Pole of the magnet is moved b) North Pole of the magnet is moved away
into the coil, so the external magnetic from the coil, so the external magnetic field
field increases. The direction of induced decreases. The direction of induced
magnetic field is opposite to the magnetic field is similar to the direction of
direction of external magnetic field. external magnetic field.

c) South Pole of the magnet is moved d) South Pole of the magnet is moved
into the coil, so the external magnetic away from the coil, so the external
field increases. The direction of induced magnetic field decreases. The direction
magnetic field is opposite to the of induced magnetic field is similar to
direction of external magnetic field. the direction of external magnetic field.

https://www.electrical4u.com/lenz-law-of-electromagnetic-induction/

9
 e) A steady magnet near the coil
does not change the external
magnetic field. Therefore, there is
no induced current in the coil and
there would also be no induced
magnetic field.

Furthermore, to picture out the set-up better from other angles, let us consider
the figures below. In figure 1, the circles represent the external magnetic field (B)
which is directed “out of the page” or directed “towards us” (looking on the paper). That
means, the north pole of the magnet is facing us. In figure 2, the “X” marks denote
that the external magnetic field is directed “into the page” or “away from us”. That
means, the south pole of the magnet is facing us. (Note that the direction of the
magnetic field is along with the direction of the North pole of the magnet. That means,
when the North pole of the magnet is facing us, the magnetic field is also facing us. .If
the North pole of the magnet is facing in opposite side (away from us), the direction of
the magnetic field is also directed away from us.

B into the page

Figure 1: The north pole of the Figure 2: The north pole of the
magnet is facing us (assume that we magnet is facing in the opposite
are holding the wire). Let us assume side, which means, its south pole is
also that the magnet is moved facing us (assume that we are
towards the wire. In this case, the holding the wire). Let us assume also
external magnetic field increases. that the magnet is moved towards
That means, the direction of the the wire. In this case, the external
induced magnetic field is opposite to magnetic field increases. That
the direction of the external means, the direction of the induced
magnetic field. Using right-hand magnetic field is opposite to the
rule, the direction of induced current direction of the induced current.
is clockwise. Using right-hand rule, the direction
of induced current is counter-
clockwise.

10
Lesson 2: Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC)

Direct current (DC) is electrical current which flows consistently in one direction.
The current that flows in a flashlight or another appliance running on batteries is
direct current.
Alternating Current (AC) is a type of electrical current, in which the direction of the
flow of electrons switches back and forth at regular intervals or cycles. Current
flowing in power lines and normal household electricity that comes from a wall
outlet is alternating current.
One advantage of alternating current is that it is relatively cheap to change the
voltage of the current. Furthermore, the inevitable loss of energy that occurs when
current is carried over long distances is far smaller with alternating current than
with direct current.

DC is what you get from the battery. AC is what you get from the power company.

https://wiraelectrical.com/basic-direct-current-circuit/

AC and DC electricity made simple (extremelowenergy.com)

11
 Comparison between Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC)

DIRECT CURRENT (DC) ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)

Source It is produced by batteries, It is produced in power stations or
solar cells, and commutator- AC generators.
type electric machines and DC
generators.
Magnitude It has constant magnitude. It has varying magnitude with time.
Direction It flows steadily in one direction It reverses its direction while
in the circuit (forward). flowing in a circuit. It changes
periodically (forward and
backward)
Chemical Can produce chemical effect of Cannot produce chemical effects
effect current such as electroplating of current.
or electrolysis.
Variations of Cannot be stepped up Can be stepped up (increased) or
magnitude (increased) or stepped down stepped down (decreased) by
through (decreased) by transformers. transformers.
transformer
Graph The current-time graph is a The current-time graph is a sine
straight horizontal. curve.
Transmission Cannot transfer or travel at Can be transmitted to long
long distance because of a distances.
very large energy loss.
Polarity Has fixed polarity. Reverses polarity.
Frequency The frequency is zero. It has a frequency of 50 Hz or 60
Hz depending upon the country.
Passive Resistance. Impedance (capacitor and
Parameters inductor)
Power It is always 1 Lies between 0 and 1
factors
Types Its wave form is pure and Its wave form are Sinusoidal,
pulsating Trapezoidal, Triangular, Square
Motion Electrons move or flow in the Electrons move or flow in the wire.
wire.
Production It results from inducing charge It results from inducing charge to
to move through wires in order move through wires in order to
to transmit electrical energy transmit electrical energy and use
and use it to power various it to power various devices.
devices.
Heating Produces heating effect. Produces heating effect.
effect

12
Graph of DC and AC:

Alternating Current (AC)

- flows forward and backward.
Direct Current (DC) - electrons in the circuit are moved first
- flows in one direction only. in one direction and then in the
- electrons in the circuit always move opposite direction, alternating to and
from the negative terminal toward the fro about fixed positions.
positive terminal. - this is accomplished by alternating the
polarity of voltage at the generator or
other voltage source.

https://www.elprocus.com/main-difference-between-ac-and-dc-currents/

Lesson 3: LC Circuit

An LC circuit is a circuit consisting of an inductor (represented by letter L) and

a capacitor (represented by letter C) connected together. It is characterized by
oscillating current and charge. A capacitor stores energy in the electric field between
its plates, depending on the voltage across it while an inductor stores energy in its
magnetic field, depending on the current through it.

Where L = inductor
C = capacitance
V = Voltage
i=

currenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LC_circuit

13
 An LC circuit is also known as resonant circuit, tank circuit or tuned circuit
because it can act as an electrical resonator and an electrical analogue of a tuning
fork. It stores energy oscillating at the circuit's resonant frequency. LC circuit can be
used to tune in to a specific frequency like in the station selector of a radio or television.
LC circuits can used either for generating signals at a particular frequency, or picking
out a signal at a particular frequency from a more complex signal. This function is
called a bandpass filter. LC circuits are key components in many electronic devices,
particularly radio equipment, used in circuits such
as oscillators, filters, tuners and frequency mixers.

An LC circuit is an idealized model because it assumes no dissipation of energy

due to resistance. Any practical use of an LC circuit will always involve loss resulting
from small but non-zero resistance within the components and connecting wires. The
purpose of an LC circuit is usually to oscillate with minimal damping, so the resistance
is made as negligible as possible.

https://physicsmax.com/the-l-c-circuit-3739

In the LC circuit above the capacitor has a potential difference (Vm) and initial
charge Q = CVm. on the left-hand plate. When the switch is ON (circuit is closed), the
capacitor begins to discharge through the inductor. Because of the induced emf in the
inductor, the current cannot change instantaneously; it starts at zero and eventually
builds up to a maximum value (Imax). During this build up, the capacitor is discharging.
In each instant, the capacitor’s electric potential equals the induced emf. Therefore,
when capacitor discharges, the rate of change of current decreases also. When the
capacitor’s electric potential becomes zero, the induced emf is also zero, and the
current at this time has levelled off at its maximum value (Imax).

14
 When the capacitor has completely discharged, the potential difference
between its terminal (and those of the inductor) has decreased to zero, and the current
in the inductor has reached its maximum value (Imax).
During the discharge of the capacitor, the increasing current in the inductor
would establish a magnetic field in the space around it, and the energy that was initially
stored in the capacitor’s electric field is now stored in the inductor’s magnetic field.
Although the capacitor is completely discharged, the current persist (it cannot
change instantaneously), and the capacitor begins to charge with polarity opposite to
that in the initial state. As the current decreases, the magnetic field also decreases
which induces an emf in the inductor in the same direction as the current. This slows
down the decrease of the current. Eventually, the current and the magnetic field reach
zero, and the capacitor has been charged in the sense opposite to its initial polarity,
with potential difference –Vab and charge –Q on its left-hand plate.
The process will repeat in the reverse direction; a little later, the capacitor would
again discharge, and a current is produced in the inductor in the opposite direction.
Still later, the charge of the capacitor returns to its original value, and the whole
process repeats. Moreover,iIf there are no energy losses, the charges on the capacitor
continue to oscillate back and forth indefinitely. This process is called an electrical
oscillation.

https://www.electrical4u.com/lc-circuit-analysis/

A. Graph of charge and current as a B. Graph of voltage and current as a

function of time. function of time.

At time t =0 (switch is off/open circuit), the charge (Q) or voltage (V) in the capacitor is
maximum but the current (I) in the circuit and inductor is zero. When the switch is on, discharging
happens in the capacitor, which means, the charge or voltage in the capacitor decreases but the
current in the inductor increases. When the charge or voltage in the capacitor is zero (at t = T/4), the
current in the inductor is maximum. At this point, the capacitor is charged again, however, the polarity
of the capacitor is reversed, making the direction of current to reverse also. The process repeats
indefinitely and this process is called electric oscillation.

15
 COMPLETE CYCLE OF LC OSCILLATIONS

First Phase: Positive charges are situated in the upper plate of the capacitor.

https://physics.stackexchange.com/

At t = 0 At t = T/8 At t = 2T/8 or T/4

UE = Maximum UE = UB UE = 0
UB = 0 Charge = decreases UB = Maximum
Charge = Maximum Voltage = decreases Charge = 0
Voltage = Maximum Current = increases Voltage = 0
Current = 0 Current = Maximum

Second Phase: Capacitor changes its polarity- the positive charges are situated in the upper
plate of the capacitor. The current starts to flow again and reverses its
direction once capacitor is already fully recharged.

https://physics.stackexchange.com/

At t = 3T/8 At t = 4T/8 or T/2 At t = 5T/8

U E = UB UE = maximum UE = UB
Charge = increases UB = 0 Charge = decreases
Voltage = increases Charge = maximum Voltage = decreases
Current = decreases Voltage = maximum Current = increases
Current = 0

16
Third Phase: Capacitor changes again its polarity- the positive charges are situated in the
upper plate of the capacitor. The direction of current reverses and the cycle
repeats.

https://physics.stackexchange.com/

At t = 6T/8 or 3T/4 At t = 7T/8 At t = 8T/8 or T

UE = 0 UE = U B UE = maximum
UB = maximum Charge = increases UB = 0
Charge = 0 Voltage = increases Charge = maximum
Voltage = 0 Current = decreases Voltage = maximum
Current = maximum Current = 0

The following formula will be used to compute the following quantities in LC

Circuits: (Note: L represents inductance and C represents capacitance).

1. Charge on the Capacitor as a function of time: 6. Energy stored in the inductor

Q = Q0 cos (ωt) UL = Q02 sin2 (ωt)

2C

2. Current in the inductor: 7. Total Energy in the circuit

I = ω Q0 sin (ωt) UT = Q02

2L
or

3. Maximum current through the inductor UL = LI02

2

Imax = ωQ0 = Q0
√LC
8. Frequency of oscillating circuit (in Hz)

4. Angular frequency f=ω = ___1___

2π 2π √LC
ω = 1_
√ LC

5. Energy stored in the capacitor 9. Capacitance in the capacitor

17
UC = CV2 C = ___1___
2 4π2Lf2

10. Inductance in the inductor

L = NΔɸ
ΔI

Note: Inductance (L) in the inductor has a unit Henry (H) and capacitance (C) of the
capacitor has a unit Farad (F).

Problem-Solving:

1. Suppose we place a fully-charged capacitor into an electric circuit with an

inductance of 100mH. Assume the capacitor has a capacitance of 6 µF and the
voltage across the plates is 120 V. Let t = 0 seconds be the time when we
connect the capacitor and inductor.

A. Find the initial charge on the capacitor at t = 0 seconds.

Solution:

Q = Q0 cos (ωt) , t = 0 s
= Q0 cos (0) , Q0 = CV0
= CV0 cos (0)
= (6 x 10-6 F) (120 V) (1)

Q = 7.2 X 10-4 C

B. What is the current in the inductor at t = 0 second?

Solution:
I = ω Q0 sin (ωt) , t = 0 s
= ω Q0 sin (0)
= ωQ0 (0)

I=0

C. Find the maximum current through the inductor.

Solution:

18
 Imax = ωQ0 = Q0
√LC
Imax = 7.2 x 10-4 C
√(0.1 H) (6 x 10-6 F)

Imax = 0.93 A

D. Find the energy in inductor at t = 0.03 second?

Solution:

UL = Q02 sin2 (ωt)

2C
= Q0 sin2 (t)
2

2C (√LC)

= (7.2 x 10-4 C)2 sin2 (0.03s)

2 (6 x 10-6 F) (0.1 H) (6 x 10-6 F)

UL = 0.031 J

E. Find the total energy.

Solution:
UT = Q02
2L
= (7.2 x 10-4 C)2
2 (6 x 10-6 F)

UT = 0.0432 J

19
APPLICATION

Direction: Solve the following problems.

1. A capacitor in an LC oscillator has a maximum potential difference of 15 V and

a maximum energy of 360 µJ. At a certain instant the energy in the capacitor is
40 µJ. At that instant, what is the potential difference (V) across the capacitor?

2. We desire to make an LC circuit that oscillates at 100 Hz using an inductance

of 2. 5H. How much capacitance do we need?
3. The graph below shows an electric oscillation of voltage and current as a
function of time in an LC circuit. Suppose we have a fully charged capacitor and
we connect it to an inductor. When the capacitor starts to discharge

https://www.electrical4u.com/lc-circuit-analysis/

A. What happens to the voltage in the capacitor when it reaches ¼ of its

oscillation cycle? What happens to the current in the inductor during this
time?
B. What happens to the voltage in the capacitor when it completes its
oscillation cycle? What happens to the current in the inductor during this
time?
C. What conclusion you can make about the relation of voltage in the capacitor
and current in the inductor in an LC circuit?

That was excellent! Keep it up!

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POST-TEST

Directions: Read each item carefully and identify what is asked or described. Encircle
the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is NOT true about AC current?

A. Its current-time graph is a sine curve.
B. Its power factor lies between 0 and 1.
C. It can be stepped up or stepped down.
B. It can produce chemical effects of current.

2. Why is AC current transfer more effective than DC current transfer over long
distances?
A. Due to very high voltages.
B. Due to the height of power lines.
C. Due to the use of AC generators.
D. Due to step-up and step-down transformers reducing IR losses.

3. Power companies supply AC instead of DC because

A. DC is more dangerous.
B. It is easier to transmit AC.
C. there is no longer a need for DC.
D. There are no adequate supply of batteries.

4. Direct current means that the current always flows in the

A. same direction C. upward-downward direction
B. opposite direction D. forward-backward direction.

5. The electric current from a cell or battery is called

A. alternating current C. alternative current
B. direct current D. one-way current

6. Complete the following sentence: In a coil of wire, the direction of the induced
current caused by an increasing magnetic flux is
A. directed opposite to the original magnetic field.
B. directed in the direction of the original magnetic field.
C. such that the induced magnetic field increases the magnetic flux.
D. such that the induced magnetic field decreases the magnetic flux.

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7. A magnet is slowly descending into a loop of wire where North pole is facing the
loop as shown in the diagram below. What will be the direction of the induced
current?

A. Clockwise B. Counterclockwise C. Downward D. Upward

8. What will be the magnitude and direction of the induced emf based on the figure
below?

A. The magnitude is increasing and the direction is upward ( )

B. The magnitude is decreasing and the direction is downward ( )

C. The magnitude is increasing and the direction is upward ( )

D. The magnitude is decreasing and the direction is downward ( )

9. The magnetic field is directed out of the page as shown by the diagram below.
What will be the direction of the induced current if it is moved away from the
page?

A. Clockwise B. Counterclockwise C. Downward D. Upward

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10. The diagram below shows a wire moving to the right at speed v through a uniform
magnetic field that is directed into the page. As the speed of the wire is increased,
the induced potential difference will

A. decrease
B. Increase
C. Become zero
D. Remain the same

11. A charged capacitor and an inductor are connected in series. At time t = 0 the
current is zero, but the capacitor is charged. If T is the period of the resulting
oscillations, the next time after t = 0 that the voltage across the inductor is a
maximum at:
A. T B. T/ 4 C. T/ 2 D. T

12. A charged capacitor and an inductor are connected in series. At time t = 0 the
current is zero, but the capacitor is charged. If T is the period of the resulting
oscillations, the next time after t = 0 that the current is a maximum at:
A. T B. T/ 4 C. T/ 2 D. T

13. A charged capacitor and an inductor are connected in series. At time t = 0 the
current is zero, but the capacitor is charged. If T is the period of the resulting
oscillations, the next time after t = 0 that the charge on the capacitor is a
maximum at:
A. T B. T/ 4 C. T/ 2 D. T
14. A charged capacitor and an inductor are connected in series. At time t = 0 the
current is zero, but the capacitor is charged. If T is the period of the resulting
oscillations, the next time after t = 0 that the energy stored in the electric field
of the capacitor is a maximum at:
A. T B. T/ 4 C. T/ 2 D. T

15. A charged capacitor and an inductor are connected in series. At time t = 0 the
current is zero, but the capacitor is charged. If T is the period of the resulting
oscillations, the next time after t = 0 that the energy stored in the magnetic field
of the inductor is a maximum at:
A. T B. T/ 4 C. T/ 2 D. T

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GLOSSARY

The following terms used in this module are defined as follows for you to be guided:

INDUCTOR called as coil or reactor which is a passive two-

terminal electrical component which resists changes
in electric current passing through it. It consists of a
conductor such as a wire, usually wound into a coil.

CAPACITOR a device having two conducting surfaces separated

by dielectric, which is essentially an insulator with
additional property of polarization.

INDUCTION the generation of an electric current by a varying

magnetic field.

ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE the voltage generated by a battery or by changing

magnetic field. It is not actually a force.

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ANSWER KEY
PRE-TEST
1. B 6. B 11. B
2. B 7. A 12. C
3. C 8. B 13. C
4. B 9. D 14. B
5. D 10. D 15. C

REVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS LESSON

1) 22.6 V

PRESENTATION OF THE LESSON

Activity 1

Activity 2
Induced magnetic field Induced current
POST TEST
1. Counter clockwise
2. Clockwise 1. D 6. D 11. C
3. None/zero None/zero 2. D 7. B 12. B
4. Clockwise 3. B 8. B 13. C
5. Counter clockwise 4. A 9. B 14. C
6. None/zero None/zero 5. B 10. B 15. B

ANALYSIS
Activity 1
A. 1) From North pole to South pole 3) At the poles 5) Increases
2) Directly proportional 4) Decreases
Activity 2
1. Opposite to the direction of the external magnetic field.
2. Similar to the direction of the external magnetic field.
3. Thumb represents the direction of induced magnetic field and fingers represent
the direction of induced current.

APPLICATION

1) 5 V 2) 1 µF
3) A) Voltage in the capacitor is zero and the current in the inductor is maximum.
B) Voltage in the capacitor is maximum and the current in the inductor is zero.
C) Voltage in the capacitor and current in the inductor of an LC circuit are
inversely proportional over time.

25
REFERENCES

Young, H. D., Freedman, R. A., Sears and Zemansky (2012). University Physics with
Modern Physics 13th Edition. Pearson Education, Inc.

Edminister, J. A.,Nahvi, M. (2014). Theory and Problems of Electromagnetics 4th

Edition. New Yok, USA: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 9780071831475.

https://www.footprints-science.co.uk/index.php?quiz=Direct_and_alternating_current

https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/14-5-oscillations-in-
an-lc-circuit

Oscillations in an LC Circuit - ppt video online download (slideplayer.com)

http://www.physicsbootcamp.org/Faradays-Flux-Rule.html

https://slidetodoc.com/chapter-32-inductance-selfinductance-some-terminology-first-
use/

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/magloo.html

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Surigao del Norte

Peñaranda St., Surigao City
Surigao del Norte, Philippines 8400
Tel. No: (086) 826-8216
Email Address: [email protected]

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