Building Electrical Installation Level-I: Based On March 2022, Curriculum Version 1
Building Electrical Installation Level-I: Based On March 2022, Curriculum Version 1
Level-I
Based on March 2022, Curriculum Version 1
ModuleTitle:-Carry-OutMeasurementsandSimple
Calculations
S second
m meter
This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content
coverage and topics:
Geometric shape
Measuring instruments & tools
MEASURING INSTRUMENT
The measuring instrument selection is the most important part of the measuring
process so their selections have to be done carefully. The selection of measuring
instruments is complex tasks, which depend on the size, the character and the value of
measured magnitude. The selection of an instrument for a specific measurement
application requires the consideration of several factors the following are fundamental
to entire attitude of measurement and instrument selection.
1-Maximum and minimum values the input variables are expected to assume:-
The instrument range must equal to the expected range of variable to be measured.
Excessive instrument range means a lot of readability.
The basic principal of measuring is that the act shouldn't affect the quantity being
measured.
Never demand an accuracy of measurements higher than that which is really needed,
and never forget that each degree of accuracy.
5-Easy calibration: -The instrument should be easy to calibrate and calibration curve
must be stable for time requireCompleting a test.
Scales that are properly ruled and numbered for easy legibility, proper illumination, and reading
straight dials are feature that will have a decisive influence on the selection of an instrument.
Often engineer relies with experience, when making a comparison of many factors in the course of
proper selection of instruments.
1.1 Geometric Shape
Geometrical shapes are the figures which represent the forms of different objects. Some figures are
two-dimensional, whereas some are three-dimensional shapes. The two-dimensional figures lie on
only the x-axis and y-axis, but 3d shapes lie on the x, y and z axes. The z-axis shows the height of
the object. As we have already discussed in the introduction, there are different shapes defined in
geometry.
To draw or design any of these figures start with a line or a line segment or a curve. Depending
upon the number and arrangement of these lines, we get different types of shapes and figures like
a triangle, a figure where three line segments are connected, a pentagon (five-line segments) and so
on. But every figure is not a complete figure
Note A point has no dimension and a line is a one-dimensional shape. Both of these are the base of
geometry. When two lines meet at a point, they form an angle where the point is said to be the
vertex and lines are the arms.
The two-dimensional and three-dimensional shapes are formed using point, lines and
angles.
Shapes are nothing but simple geometric figures which have a specific boundary, and
interior and exterior surface area.
1.1.2 Properties of Geometric Shapes The different types of shapes in geometry along
with definitions are:-
Triangle:-Triangle is a polygon, which is made of three sides and consists of three edges and three
vertices. Also, the sum of its internal angles equals to 180o. Figure 1.1
Triangle
Circle:-Circumstance of all points at a fixed distance from a reference central point is called a
Square
Square is a quadrilateral where all the four sides and angles are equal and the angles at all the
vertices are equal to 90° each.
Rectangle-A quadrilateral has two pairs of opposite sides equal in length and interior angles are at
Polygons are made up of line segments and no curves. They are enclosed structures based on
different lengths of sides and different angles.
Cube:-A cube is a three-dimensional shape which has 6 faces, 8 vertices and 12 edges. The faces
CylinderA cylinder is a 3d solid shape that has two parallel circular bases connected by a curved
SphereA sphere is a round shape in a 3d plane,whose radius is extended to three dimensions (x-
A point is a small dot which is the starting point of a line segment. By definition, a line segment is
a part of a line in which a narrow lane is connecting two points within a line. Different numbers of
line segments give us different figures and such figures may be either open figures or closed
shapes or figures.
Closed Shapes
Geometric shapes such as a square, rectangles, and triangles are a few basic 2D shapes. These
figures are collectively called polygons. A polygon is any flat shape or plane on a surface of a
paper. They have a finite closed boundary made up of a fixed number of line segments and are
called sides of the polygon. Each side meets at a common point called corners (vertex).Such
bounded geometric shapes like polygons are called closed figures. tsbut also of curves. Hence, a
closed figure can be defined as any geometric shape which starts and ends at the same point to
Open Shapes
Open Shapes- are incomplete shapes. To sketch a closed figure one has to meet both the starting
point and ending point. Open figures are also depicted by using line segments or by curves but at
least the lines will be discontinuous. An open figure’s starting and endpoints are different.
Different Shapes
In our daily existence, we may observe different shapes which look exactly the same as some
three-dimensional geometric shapes. Apart there are other objects in our surroundings such as
traffic cones, Rubik’s cubes, pyramids and so on. Observe the below figure, to understand the
different shapes that relate to geometric shapes.
A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible ruler. It consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fiber
glass, or metal strip with linear-measurement markings. It is easily carried in pocket or toolkit and
permits one to measure around curves or corners.
A straightedge is a tool with an edge free from curves.Used for transcribing straight lines, or
checking the straightness of lines. If it has equally spaced markings along its length it is usually
called a ruler.
A torque wrench is a tool used to precisely apply a specific torque to a fastener such as a nut or
bolt. It is usually in the form of a socket wrench with special internal mechanisms.
The try square has a blade (straight edge) and a stock (beam) handle which are fixed together at
exactly 90. The stock is much thicker than the blade. The edge of the blade and the stock are
perfectly sharp and straight.
The try square may be made entirely of steel or wood or it may have a stock of wood and a blade
of steel.The try square is used mostly for:-Laying out lines perpendicular to an edge or side of a
board
Checking edges and ends of boards to see if they are 90 degree with adjoining surfaces
Checking flatness
1.1.6 Protractor- protractor is a transparent plastic tool designed to measure angles. They are
usually semicircular but also are available in a full circle 360° version. Most protractors measure
angles in degrees (°). Radian-scale protractors measure angles in radians.
Figure 1.17Protractor
Origin-the small hole near the bottom of the protractor is aligned over the vertex of the angle to be
measured.
Baseline-The line along the bottom of the protractor is aligned along one of the angle's legs.
Note: It is not the edge of the protractor body itself, but parallel to it.
Scales-the angle of the other leg is read from one of the two scales, whichever is more convenient.
The following are some measuring instrument.
1.1.7 Combination gauge
It is a line measuring device. It is the simplest and most common measuring instrument used in
inspection. The scale can be manufactured in different sizes and styles. Various possible
combinations of scales. The scale can be either 150 mm long or 300 mm or 600 mm or 1000 mm
long.
1.1.8Vernier caliper
The Vernier Caliper is a precision instrument that can be used to measure internal and external
distances extremely accurately. The example shown below is a manual caliper. Measurements are
interpreted from the scale by the user. This is more difficult than using a digital vernier caliper
which has an LCD digital display on which the reading appears. The manual version has both an
imperial and metric scale.
Manually operated vernier calipers can still be bought and remain popular because they are much
cheaper than the digital version. Also, the digital version requires a small battery whereas the
manual version does not need any power source.
EXAMPLE 1: The external measurement (diameter) of a round section piece of steel is measured
using a vernier caliper, metric scale.
MATHEMATICAL METHOD
A. The main metric scale is read first and this shows that there are 13 whole divisions before the 0
on the hundredths scale. Therefore, the first number is 13.
B. The’ hundredths of mm’ scale is then read. The best way to do this is to count the number of
divisions until you get to the division that lines up with the main metric scale. This is 21 divisions
on the hundredths scale.
C. This 21 is multiplied by 0.02 giving 0.42 as the answer (each division on the hundredths scale is
equivalent to 0.02mm).
D. The 13 and the 0.42 are added together to give the final measurement of 13.42mm (the diameter
of the piece of round section steel.
COMMONSENSE METHOD
Alternatively, it is just as easy to read the 13 on the main scale and 42 on the hundredths scale.
The correct measurement being 13.42mm.
The micrometer is a precision measuring instrument, Each revolution of the rachet moves the spindle face
0.5mm towards the anvil face. The object to be measured is placed between the anvil face and the spindle
face. The rachet is turned clockwise until the object is ‘trapped’ between these two surfaces and the rachet
makes a ‘clicking’ noise. This means that the rachet cannot be tightened any more and the measurement can
be read.
Figure 1.21micrometer
1. Read the scale on the sleeve. The example clearly shows12 mm divisions
2. Still reading the scale on the sleeve, a further ½ mm (0.5) measurement can be seen on the
bottom half of the scale. The measurement now reads 12.5mm.
3. Finally, the thimble scale shows 16 full divisions (these are hundredths of a mm).
1.1.10 Spirit level-bubble level or simply a level is an instrument designed to indicate whether a
surface is horizontal (level) or vertical (plumb). Different types of spirit levels may be used
by carpenters, stonemasons, bricklayers, other building trade’s workers.
Self-check
I. Say true or false. Time allotted for each item is 30 second and each question carry
1 point.
1-A point is a small dot which is the starting point of a line segment.
3-Triangle is a polygon.
5) Rectangle is an example of
6------------------the small hole near the bottom of the protractor is aligned over
the vertex of the angle to be measured.
8- ----------- figure has both the starting point and ending point.
This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following
content coverage and topics:
Module Instruction
For effective use this modules trainees are expected to follow the following module instruction:
1-Read the information written in each unit
2-Accomplish the Self-checks at the end of each unit
3-Perform Operation Sheets which were provided at the end of units
4-Do the “LAP test” giver at the end of each unit and
5-Read the identified reference book, Web site etc…
2.1 Measurement is the process of determining the amount of physical and non
physical quantities. How we determine the exact capacity of something that is in solid,
liquid or gas form. A direct or indirect comparison of a certain quantity with an
appropriate standard or unit of measurement. A unit of measurement is a definite
magnitude of a quantity, defined and adopted by convention or by law that is used as a
standard for measurement of the same quantity. Any other value of that quantity can
be expressed as a simple multiple of the unit of measurement. What is the definition of
physical quantity? A physical quantity is a quantity in physics that can be measured,
thus a physical property that can be quantified. It is a quantity that can be used in the
mathematical equations of science and technology. A physical quantity has magnitude
and suitable S.I Unit. Physical quantities have two types:
Base quantities:-They are undefined (unknown). The seven base quantities and their
corresponding units are
Table2.1Base quantities
1 Length Meter M
2 Mass Kilogram Kg
3 Time Second S
5 Temperature Kelvin K
7 Luminous Candela Cd
intensity
Derived quantities: -It defined based on a combination of base quantities and has a derived unit
that is the exponent, product or quotient of these base units. Some common derived quantities and
their corresponding units are:
Table2.1Derived quantities
6 Perimeter Meter M
7 Force Newton N
9 Power Watt W
10 Energy Joule J
12 Capacitance Farad F
13 Resistance Ohm Ω
14 Inductance 1 Henry H
The distance formula is derived from the Pythagorean Theorem. To find the distance between two
points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), all that you need to do is use the coordinates of these ordered pairs
and apply the formula pictured below. The distance formula is
----------------------------------------------------------- Eq 2.2. 1
Below is a diagram of the distance formula applied to a picture of a line segment
Figure 1.24
Thickness-The distance between the top and bottom or front and back surfaces of
circle of something:
Outside diameter−outside diameter
Thickness= Figure 1.25
2
Diameter - geometry the diameter of a circle is any straight line segment (part) that
passes through the center of the circle and whose endpoints on the circle.
Figure 1.26
Displacement (s)
A displacement is the shortest distance from the initial to the final position of a point
P.
Figure 1.27
-----------------------------------------------------------------Eq 2.2. 2
Displacement is shortestdistance between initial and final point which prefers straight
line path over curved paths. If a body is moving in two different directions x and y
then Resultant isplacement,It gives the short cut paths for the given original
paths.Generally it is also given by:
s=vt=1/2(u+v)t=ut+1/2at2 -------------------------------------------------Eq 2.2. 3
Where u is the Initial velocity a is acceleration
While solving the problems if initial and final velocities both are given. we use the first formula if
final velocity and time taken are given you can use second formula and if you are interested in
finding area A the third formula.
Example 1: An object moves from A to D along the red path as shown below.
Figure 1.28
Solution:
a) Using the given scale (1km per division); the total distance d is given by
d = AB + BC + CD = 2 + 5 + 2 = 9 km
b) The final and initial and positions of the moving object are used to find the
displacement. The distance from A (initial position) to D (final position) is equal to
AD = 5 km.
The displacement is the vector AD whose magnitude if 5 km and its direction is to the
east.
Area-area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape.
The area of a shape can be measured by comparing the shape to squares of a fixed size. In the
International System of Units (SI), the standard unit of area is the square meter (written as m2),
which is the area of a square whose sides are one meter long.
There are several well-known formulas for the areas of simple shapes such as triangles, rectangles,
and circles.
Triangle A triangle is a polygon which has three sides and can be categorized into the follow
types:
In the figure shown above the area is thus given as: ½ × AC × BD.
h = 10 cm
A = ½ · 14 · 10 = 70 cm2
Example 2: Find the area of a triangle whose sides and the angle between them are
given as following: a = 5cm ,b = 7cm ,C = 45o
Example3:Find the area (in m2) of an isosceles triangle, whose sides are 10 m and the
base is12 m.
A = ¼ ·b · √ (4a2 – b2)
A = 48 m2
Rectangle
A rectangle is a four sided and closed figure. In a rectangle all opposite sides are
parallel and equal. Also in a rectangle all the adjacent sides are perpendicular.
Figure 1.30
Solution: To calculate the area, we can use the formula for the area of a rectangle: A =
L×W
Since the length is given as 5cm, we can substitute L with 5. Similarly, since the width
is given as 3cm, we can substitute W with 3. After doing so, we can calculate A, as
shown below:
Example 2: Find the area of the garden; length and width of the garden are
respectively 600m and 400m. Area of garden = Length ×Width A = L×W A =
600×400 A = 240000m
Example 3: A white paper has a size of length 20 cm and width 15 cm. Jack has drawn
a rectangle in the center of the paper which is 10 cm in length and 5 cm in width and
painted the entire rectangle in violet color. Find the area of the violet colored portion
and area of white portion.
And the area of the violet colored rectangle = 10cm x 5cm = 50cm².
--------------------------------------------------------------Eq 2.2. 13
Conversion of units is the conversion between different units of measurement for the same
quantity, typically through multiplicative conversion factors.
Metric system the metric system is an internationally agreed decimalmeasurement. From its
beginning, the main features of the metric system were the standard set of inter-related base units
and a standard set of prefixes in powers of ten. These base units are used to derive larger and
smaller units that could replace a huge number of other units of measure in existence. The metric
system is a system of measuring. It has three main units
ten 10 deka da
unit 1
Length
1 millimeter=0.001 meter
Abbreviations
1 millimeter = 1 mm
1 centimeter = 1 cm
1 meter = 1 m
1 decimeter = 1 dm
1 kilometer = 1 km
Mass- the standard unit of mass in the metric system is the gram.
1 hour=60 minutes=3600seconds
1 day=24 hours
1 week=7 days
1 milliliter = 1 ml
1 centiliter = 1 cl
1 deciliter = 1 dl
1 liter = 1 l
1 kiloliter = 1 kl
SI system of measurement
The International System of Units (abbreviated SI from French: Le Système International d'Unités) is
the modern form of the metric system and is the world's most widely used system of measurement,
used in both everyday commerce and science. Formally agreed by the 11th General Conference on
Weights and Measures (CGPM) in 1960, the SI is at the centre of all modern science and technology.
The definition and realisation of the base and derived units is an active research topic for metrologists
with more precise methods being introduced as they become available.
There are two classes of units in the SI: base units and derived units. The base units provide the
reference used to define all the measurement units of the system, whilst the derived units are products
of base units and are used as measures of derived quantities:
It has multiple function & act like ohmmeter,Voltmeter & ammeter & also used for household wiring.
The multimeter is a handheld device with a needle over a numerical LCD digital display for indication purpose.
Voltage is referred to as potential difference or electromotive force (EMF)-the force that pushes electrons
through the wire
Voltage like pressure in a water pipe, more voltage means more pressure, so more pressure mean that more
water can flow ,therefore more voltage mean that more electron can flow.
Voltmeter a basic electronics device (instrument) used to measure voltage or electrical potential difference
between two points in electrical circuits.
Fig connection of voltmeter
An analog voltmeter moves a pointer across a scale in proportional to the voltage of the electrical ckt.
Digital voltmeter -measures an unknown input volage by converting the voltage to a digital value by using
a converter & then displays the voltage in numeric form
Fig Voltmeter
Ammeter is a measuring instrument which is used to measure the electric current in a circuit.
Fig Ammeter
Fig Ohmmeter
Clamp ammeter-a current meter is an electrical device with jaws which open to allow clamping around an
electrical conductor.This allows measure of current in a conductor without the need to make physical contact
with it, or to disconnect it for insertion through the probe.
Current clamps are typically used to read the magnitude of alternating current & with additional
clamp ammeter
Watt meter –is an instrument for measuring the electric power in watts of any given ckt.
Energy meter-Measures the amount of electric energy consumed by residence, a business, or an electrically
powered device.
Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customers’ premises for billing purposes
-They are typically calibrated in billing unit,the most common one being the kilowatt hour(kwh).
Self-check
6)-----------------Ithas multiple function & act like ohmmeter,Voltmeter & ammeter & also used for household
wiring
11-Using the simple circuit below, assume that the voltage supplied by the battery is 10 volts and the
resistance is 5 Ω, calculate the current flow in the circuit.
Using the same circuit, assume the ammeter reads 200 mA and the resistance is known to be 10 Ω,
calculate the voltage supplied by source.