Undergraduate Review

Volume 16 Article 19

2021

The Effects of TikTok Use on College Student Learning

Audrey Mekler

Follow this and additional works at: https://vc.bridgew.edu/undergrad_rev

Recommended Citation
Mekler, Audrey (2021). The Effects of TikTok Use on College Student Learning. Undergraduate Review, 16,
145-153.
Available at: https://vc.bridgew.edu/undergrad_rev/vol16/iss1/19

This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State
University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts.
Copyright © 2021 Audrey Mekler
The Effects of TikTok Use on College Student Learning
Audrey Mekler

Abstract them to do just that. They can dance around to the top-
rated songs and then gain followers from their posts. But
TikTok is an app that allows someone to make
along with having fun, college students still have to be able
dancing or lifestyle videos, and it has become increasingly
to focus on their schoolwork, and distractions have the
popular the past couple of years, especially with college
ability to pose a big challenge to getting schoolwork done.
students. But does that mean that this app poses a challenge
TikTok can captivate anyone who is using the app and can
to college students paying attention in class and getting
cause something like an addiction, where you do not want
their schoolwork done? One hundred and eleven college
to get off the app. The more time per week that people
students between the ages of 18 and 28 from colleges
spend on social media, the more they become addicted to
such as Bridgewater State University and UMass Amherst
social media (Ciplak, 2020). How much time do students
participated in an online survey of 85 questions relating
actually spend on TikTok and what impact does that have
to emerging adulthood and topics such as anxiety, social
on college students paying attention in class and getting
media, relationships, stress, and more topics that are
their schoolwork done? By finding answers to this question,
similar. The results showed that the more time participants
we can see if this app does have the ability to keep college
spent on TikTok each day, the more they became distracted
students from paying attention and completing their
on TikTok when they were trying to pay attention in class
schoolwork.
and complete schoolwork. Similar results occurred when
looking at losing track of time on TikTok and becoming Receiving notifications on our phones, can have
distracted on TikTok when they were trying to pay attention an impact on our attentiveness (Stothart, Mitchum, &
in class and complete schoolwork. The more that someone Yehnert, 2015). For this study, the researchers were trying
found themselves going on TikTok each day, the more to see what happens to attentiveness when you do not
they lost track of time on TikTok. These findings show that answer a phone notification instantly. The participants in
TikTok can impact college students’ abilities to be able to this study included 212 undergraduates who were taking
pay attention in class and get their schoolwork done, so classes in psychology. Participants were put into three
students have the possibility of doing worse in a class if different groups: received a call, received a text message,
they have and use the app TikTok. and did not receive a notification. Participants then filled
out a survey so they could share what they thought and also
evaluate their phone usage behavior. The participants in
The Effects of TikTok Use on College Student Learning the call group and text message group had a larger chance
of making a mistake compared to the group that did not
TikTok has become an increasingly popular app
receive any notifications at all, but the largest opportunity
for people of many different ages to use. Users can create
for making a mistake was with the call group. The results
whatever types of videos they want on this app and post it
show that we need to accept that phones can serve as
for anyone to see, despite a large majority of posts being
distractions, including when we hear a notification but do
people dancing to music. This app has attracted college
not touch our phone.
students who are in the stage of emerging adulthood.
College students enjoy having fun and this app allows

145 THE UNDERGRADUATE REVIEW 2022 | BRIDGEWATER STATE UNIVERSITY

 Even having your phone near you when you There were 25 healthy young adult participants, ages 18
are trying to complete a challenging task can pose as a through 25, gathered from a university. There were six
distraction. A group of researchers explored whether a different conditions and six trials for every condition
cell phone could pose as a distraction when completing where the participants were walking and using their phone
different tasks (Thornton, Faires, Robbins, & Rollins, in different ways. They found that participants made the
2014). This study consisted of two different studies, the biggest steps and strides without having a task on their
second replicating what was found in the first study. In phone. The participants’ confidence in walking was the
the first study, participants consisted of 54 undergraduate highest without phone use, while listening to music was
students who performed a series of timed tasks, tests, and close behind. While walking, the conditions that showed
then filled out two questionnaires. They found that in the the least amount of confidence were watching videos and
more taxing task, the participants who had the cell phone sending texts. This affects people’s protection because
on their table did worse than the participants who had the their attention is not fully focused on the active task they
notebook on their table; but in the less taxing task, there are doing. This shows that the amount one is distracted by
was no difference between either having the phone or their phone while doing an active task, depends on what the
notebook. For the more challenging test, they found that task is, but certain tasks could become more challenging
the participants who had the phone on their table completed when using a phone. Because phones can distract us from
less than those who had the notebook on their table; and completing different tasks, there is a possibility that they
there was once again no difference between them in the can also impact student learning.
less challenging test. The second study had different
Kuznekoff and Titsworth (2013) thought that
participants complete the same timed tasks, tests, and
classroom learning is something that needs attention
two questionnaires that were used in the first study. Once
focused on what is being taught or lectured, and if students
again, on the more taxing task, participants who had their
are using their phones during class, then they will not take
phones did worse than those who did not have their phones,
notes very well. This study consisted of 47 students from a
whereas in the less taxing task, there was no difference
between having a phone out or not. This shows us that even university between the ages of 18 and 22. There were
just knowing that your phone is near you can cause enough three different groups in which students were randomly
of a distraction to impact your performance on tasks that placed that determined which participants could use their
are more challenging as opposed to more simple tasks. phone and how they used their phone. Participants had to
Besides just knowing that your phone is near you, actually watch a lecture recording and take notes while watching,
using your phone can also pose as a distraction when and then prepare as if they had a test following the
completing certain tasks. lecture. They found that participants who were exposed to
increased phone distractions scored more poorly on the test
In looking at the effect in which phones have on
following the distractions and took less detailed notes. This
young adults who are healthy, while they are being active,
study demonstrates that not only are phones themselves
researchers have found that using their phone changed
distractions, using or being distracted by a phone can lead
the way that the healthy adults did activities involving
to decreased learning and negative learning outcomes.
movement (Bovonsunthonchai, Ariyaudomkit, Susilo,
Sangiamwong, Puchaphan, Chandee, & Richards, 2020).

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 Stemming from the idea that a phone can pose as a is actually being taught right in front of them (Spence,
distraction and learning can be influenced by using a phone, Beasley, Gravenkemper, Hoefler, Ngo, Ortiz, & Campisi,
what about social media causing a distraction? Spence, 2020). This research provides evidence of phones and
Beasley, Gravenkemper, Hoefler, Ngo, Ortiz, and Campisi social media as a distraction, however little research has
(2020) looked at the effect that social media, specifically been done to investigate how using a specific app like
Instagram, has on retaining information taught to students TikTok, which is increasingly popular for students, could
in college. The participants included 45 undergraduate distract or negatively impact learning outcomes. In my
students between the ages of 18 and 24, and they were each study, I investigated that impact, and specifically whether
divided into three different groups: no Instagram, Instagram TikTok can negatively impact college student’s learning
during listening, and Instagram after listening. Participants and schoolwork.
were required to listen to a story and take a quiz, and
To investigate this topic, I asked students questions
then listen to a second story and take another quiz. The
on a survey concerning TikTok and their schoolwork. I
researchers found that the participants who heard a story
wanted to see how long students spend on TikTok each
while scrolling through Instagram were less likely to retain
day, how often they lose track of time on TikTok each
information heard in the story, since they performed worse
day, whether they create posts or just scroll through
on the quiz compared to those who did not scroll through
other people’s posts, and if they find themselves getting
Instagram while listening to the story. This study provides
distracted on TikTok when they are supposed to be
evidence that not only phone usage, but social media can
completing schoolwork and paying attention in class. Does
impact attention and learning.
TikTok keep them from getting assignments finished?
While there is evidence that the social media app Does it cause them to not pay attention in class as often
Instagram could cause learning distractions, less is known as they would without using the app? TikTok has become
about other social media apps, especially TikTok. There increasingly popular, and since college students tend to go
are only a few research studies that have been done on on social media apps a lot, there is a likely chance that they
the app TikTok, and none of them have investigated its spend a lot of time on TikTok. Finding answers to these
potential for distraction as it relates to student learning. questions will help us gain a better understanding of how
We know that from other research that our phones can much of an impact TikTok has on college students’ ability
distract us with a notification even if we do not look at to learn and complete their schoolwork and could therefore
the notification (Stothart, Mitchum, & Yehnert, 2015), potentially provide a partial explanation as to why some
the proximity of our phone plays a role in being able to students’ grades have dropped or why they are not paying
complete a task (Thornton, Faires, Robbins, & Rollins, attention in class.
2014), using a phone while completing certain tasks
Method
can be a challenge (Bovonsunthonchai, Ariyaudomkit,
Susilo, Sangiamwong, Puchaphan, Chandee, & Richards, Participants
2020), trying to pay attention while texting or posting
Participants were college students from
on a phone can influence students’ grades (Kuznekoff &
Bridgewater State University and UMass Amherst. This
Titsworth, 2013), and that students find it very easy to pay
sample serves to represent the population of emerging
more attention to their social media accounts than what

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adults who are in college in the United States. The Participants might have also received an email with the
participants in this study included 16 males (14.4%), 89 introduction about myself from either me or someone
females (80.2%), with 3 who identify as both male and who goes to UMass Amherst and then clicked on the link
female (2.7%), 2 who identify as neither male nor female through that email. That link took them to an online survey
(1.8%), and 1 in the other category (.9%) for a total of where they read the consent form, agreed to the consent
111 participants. They ranged from 18 to 28, with a mean form, and then they answered the 85 questions that my
age of 20.81 (SD = 1.957). Eleven participants were classmates and I wrote. At the very end they were given a
freshman (10%), 27 were sophomores (24.5%), 40 were debriefing form and thanked for their participation.
juniors (36.4%), 30 were seniors (27.3%), and 2 were in
Measures
the other category (1.8%). There were 9 African American
participants (8.1%), 3 Asian American participants (2.7%), Amount of Time Spent on TikTok. This variable
92 European American participants (82.9%), 3 Hispanic or lets me know how much time each participant spends on
Latino participants (2.7%), and 4 in the category of other TikTok each day, if any time at all, and is only measured
(3.6%). Out of these participants, 20 participants felt they through one question. It is measured by asking, “How much
had reached adulthood (18%), 6 participants felt they had time do you spend on TikTok each day?”, with the options
not reached adulthood (5.4%), and 85 participants felt in consisting of: I do not use TikTok, 0-1 hours, 2-3 hours,
some ways they have reached adulthood and in other ways 4-5 hours, 6-7 hours, or more than 7 hours. Higher scores
they have not (76.6%). indicate more hours/time spent on TikTok.

Procedure Losing Track of Time on TikTok. This variable

indicates how often someone finds themselves losing track
To recruit participants, I posted a link to the survey
of time whenever they are using the app TikTok, and it is
on my snapchat story, and I also sent it to some friends at
only measured through one question. It is measured by
UMass Amherst and had them send it to their friends who
asking, “In general, how often do you find yourself losing
met the requirements. Along with the link to the survey, I
track of time when you are on TikTok?”, with the responses
introduced myself saying that I am a psychology student
being a seven-point Likert scale, 1 indicating never, 4
conducting research for my Research Methods class about
indicating once in a while, and 7 indicating always. Higher
emerging adulthood, and it would really help me out if they
scores indicate that students find themselves losing track of
were to fill out the survey. I explained that to be considered
time on TikTok more often.
an emerging adult, you must be between the ages of 18 and
29, and that if you do not fit those requirements then you Interaction with TikTok. This variable looks at
cannot participate in the study. I then went on to explain how participants use the app TikTok and if they create posts
that emerging adulthood is a time where it is taking us or scroll through posts, and it is only measured through one
longer to feel like an adult, and it is a time for identity question. It is measured by asking, “Do you create TikTok
exploration involving thinking about who we are and what posts or just scroll through other people’s posts?”, with the
our commitments and interests are. Participants saw the responses being a five-point Likert scale, 1 indicating only
snapchat post I made with the introduction about myself create, 3 indicating an equal mix of both, and 5 indicating
and then clicked on the link that was attached to the post. only scroll. Higher scores indicate that students mostly just
scroll through other people’s posts on TikTok, while lower

148
scores indicate that students mostly just create posts on to pay attention in class due to being distracted by TikTok.
TikTok. There was also a negative correlation between self-esteem
and paying attention in class, (r = - .053, p = .586), but this
Paying Attention in Class. This variable looks at
relationship was not significant, meaning that there was no
whether participants have trouble paying attention in class
relationship between a participant’s level of self-esteem and
due to being on TikTok, and it is only measured through
being able to pay attention in class due to being distracted
one question. It is measured by asking the participants to
by TikTok. Based on these findings, there does not seem
respond to the statement, “I find myself getting distracted
to be any relationship between either age or self-esteem in
on TikTok when I am supposed to be paying attention
relation to paying attention in class.
in class”, with the responses being a five-point Likert
scale, 1 indicating never, 2 indicating rarely, 3 indicating I then ran some other tests that looked at the
occasionally, 4 indicating sometimes, and 5 indicating relationship between demographic categorical variables and
almost always. Higher scores indicate that students have the amount of time spent on TikTok each day. The results of
more trouble paying attention in class because they are on a one way between groups ANOVA revealed that there was
TikTok. no main effect of race/ethnicity on amount of time spent
on TikTok each day, F (4, 106) = .789, p = .535. Another
Completing Schoolwork. These variable measures
one way between groups ANOVA test revealed that there
whether participants are able to get schoolwork done
was no main effect of year in college on how much time
due to being on TikTok, and it is only measured through
they spent on TikTok each day, F (4, 105) = .796, p = .530.
one question. It is measured by asking the participants to
My last one way between groups ANOVA test revealed
respond to the statement, “I find myself getting distracted
that there was no main effect of adulthood status and time
on TikTok when I am supposed to be completing my
spent on TikTok each day, F (2, 108) = 2.337, p = .102.
schoolwork”, with the responses being a five-point Likert
I also ran an independent-samples t-test to see if gender
scale, 1 indicating never, 2 indicating rarely, 3 indicating
played a role on amount of time spent on TikTok and
occasionally, 4 indicating sometimes, and 5 indicating
found that women scored higher on time spent on TikTok
almost always. Higher scores indicate that students spend
each day (M = 2.40, SD = 1.019) than men (M = 1.88, SD
more of their time distracted on TikTok when they are
= .957), but this difference was not significant, t (103) =
supposed to be getting schoolwork done.
1.930, p = .056. Since there is no difference between how
much people use TikTok based on their gender, race, year
in college, or adulthood status, I then went on to look for
Results
other relationships between other variables using a bivariate
I began by running a series of tests that looked at Pearson correlation test.
the relationship between different demographic variables
I chose to see if interaction with TikTok had a
and paying attention in class. I first ran a few correlations
relationship with any of my other variables. There were no
that revealed there was a negative correlation between age
significant relationships between interaction with TikTok
and paying attention in class, (r = - .183, p = .185), but this
and these other variables. This means that whether they
relationship was not significant, meaning that there was
created TikTok posts, just scrolled through other people’s
no relationship between participant’s age and being able

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posts, or did a mix of both had no relationship with time Discussion
spent on TikTok (r = - .185, p = .072), losing track of time
My research tried to answer the question as to
on TikTok (r = - .115, p = .264), paying attention in class,
whether the app TikTok affects the learning ability of
(r = - .108, p = .296), or completing schoolwork (r = - .103,
college students. I found, based on the results of the online
p = .317).
survey, the more time that participants spent on TikTok
After seeing that interaction with TikTok did each day, the more likely they were to become distracted
not have a relationship with any of my other variables, I on TikTok when they were supposed to be paying attention
decided to run more correlation tests involving time spent in class, and when they were supposed to be completing
on TikTok each day. There was a significantly positive schoolwork. Along with the variable of time spent on
correlation between time spent on TikTok and paying TikTok each day, losing track of time also had an influence
attention in class, (r = .389, p < .001), and completing on my other variables. The more participants felt they
schoolwork, (r = .611, p < .001). On top of those results, I lost track of time on TikTok, the more likely they were to
also found that there was a significantly positive correlation become distracted on TikTok when they were supposed to
between paying attention in class and completing be paying attention in class, and when they were supposed
schoolwork, (r = .658, p < .001). All these significant to be completing their schoolwork. Another interesting
positive correlations indicate a high level of consistency finding was that the more time participants spent using
with the more participants spent time on TikTok each day, TikTok each day, the more likely they were to lose track
the more they were distracted in class and distracted from of time while on TikTok. It is important to also note that
completing their schoolwork. time spent on TikTok each day did not have any differences
between years in college, so it did not matter what year
Since I had significant results from the last
in college someone was because they all spent around the
correlation tests that I ran involving the amount of
same amount of time on TikTok each day.
time spent on TikTok each day, I decided to run more
correlations to see if there were any relationships involving My results show that college students in emerging
losing track of time on TikTok as well. There was a adulthood are more likely to lose track of time on TikTok
significantly positive correlation between time spent on the more they use the app throughout the day. This then
TikTok and losing track of time on TikTok, (r = .702, p could negatively impact how these college students are able
< .001), paying attention in class, (r = .470, p < .001), to pay attention in class and complete their schoolwork.
and completing schoolwork, (r = .663, p < .001). These These findings are consistent across race/ethnicity, gender,
significant positive correlations all indicate that the more year in college, and feeling of adulthood status. This
participants use TikTok every day, the more distracted they indicates that these findings are likely to be universal
become in different aspects of their lives such as paying within emerging adults in college. One important thing to
attention in class, completing their schoolwork, and losing note though, is that most participants in this study were
track of time on TikTok. female, so more studies should be done to look at a more
equal number of males and females to note any differences
or changes in results.

150
 According to the study conducted by Stothart, while someone is trying to complete certain tasks can be
Mitchum, and Yehnert (2015), our phones can pose a distracting. My findings were similar: when students were
distraction with a notification even if we try to ignore the spending time on TikTok, they were often using the app at
notification. Anyone can receive notifications from TikTok inappropriate times, such as when they were supposed to be
when someone they are following either posts a new video paying attention in class and completing their schoolwork.
or does a livestream on the app. This could potentially This can be detrimental to students’ grades because they are
contribute to how often participants go on TikTok each day. not actively learning and doing their assigned work in the
The more notifications they receive, the more likely they class.
would be to click on the app and use it, therefore affecting
A study by Kuznekoff and Titsworth (2013) found
variables such as amount of time spent on TikTok each
that trying to pay attention while texting or posting on
day, losing track of time on TikTok, paying attention in
a phone can influence students’ grades. This goes along
class, and completing schoolwork. However, there is also a
with my research, as I found that students were constantly
way to turn off notifications from the app, so it is possible
becoming distracted on TikTok when they should have
that these types of notifications from TikTok might not
been paying attention in class and completing schoolwork.
play a role in any of the variables that were used in my
If students do not pay attention in class or do the work that
study. Future researchers could look at how notifications
is assigned to them, they will most likely get a worse grade
impact time spent on TikTok and their impact on distracting
than if they were to truly put in their full attention to the
students.
class. This ends up affecting students’ grades in a negative
Thornton, Faires, Robbins, and Rollins (2014) way, just like this specific study found where texting and
studied how the proximity of our phone plays a role in posting on a phone has negative influences on students’
being able to complete a task. Seeing how much influence grades and note taking.
just using the app during classes or when completing
Spence, Beasley, Gravenkemper, Hoefler, Ngo,
schoolwork has, I think we could infer that like this specific
Ortiz, and Campisi (2020) found that students find it easy
study, if someone has their phone out on their desk or table
to pay more attention to their social media accounts than
when in a class and they see a notification about a TikTok
what is being taught right in front of them. This directly
post, they will want to pick up their phone and look at the
relates to my study since a lot of participants recorded on
new post. Whereas if their phone is not near them or out
the online survey that they would use TikTok in class and
on their desk or table, they might do better in class because
when completing schoolwork. Students are more likely to
they will not see the notification and be tempted to open the
look at social media, especially TikTok, instead of listening
app. This could be looked at by future researchers to see
to their professors, which in turn impacts their ability to
what kind of an impact phone proximity has on students
comprehend the latest information that is being taught to
during class, especially if they are to receive notifications
them.
from TikTok.
These results show us that there is a clear pattern
Another study conducted by Bovonsunthonchai,
where the more participants use TikTok, the more they
Ariyaudomkit, Susilo, Sangiamwong, Puchaphan,
become distracted from various parts of their lives. This
Chandee, and Richards (2020) found that using a phone
includes when they are in class, when they are completing

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For future studies, researchers should investigate

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Thornton, B., Faires, A., Robbins, M., & Rollins, E. (2014). About the Author
The mere presence of a cell phone may be distracting:
Audrey Mekler is a junior double majoring in
Implications for attention and task performance. Social Elementary Education and Psychology. Her research
Psychology, 45(6), 479-488. https://doi-org.libserv-prd. project was completed in the spring of 2021 under the
bridgew.edu/10.1027/1864-9335/a000216 mentorship of Dr. Joseph Schwab (Psychology) through
her Research Methods II class on conducting research.
Audrey plans to pursue her Master’s degree in Elementary
Education after she graduates, and may also further pursue
a career in psychology, as well.

153 THE UNDERGRADUATE REVIEW 2022 | BRIDGEWATER STATE UNIVERSITY