MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1. First language acquisition – language acquired while growing up like mother tongues.

MUNICIPALITY OF MAKILALA 2. Second language acquisition – language acquired later on formally or informally.
Poblacion, Makilala, Cotabato
Language learning is the process of learning a language by studying it formally or informally.
S.Y. 2022-2023
Language contact is the process in which persons who speak different languages slowly learn each other’s
languages. This would result to language change, in which their own languages may also change as they
BSE 1 ABCDEF
constantly interact and communicate with each other.
Purposive Communication
Topic 1: Communication Processes, Principles, and Ethics
Course Number: ENG 1 Instructor: Christine R. Andriano
Course Title: Purposive Communication Email: [email protected]  Communication is a learned skill but not all can communicate well. Hence, they must do something to
Credit Units: 3 FB account: Christine Riga Andriano develop and refine their communication skill.
Module No.: ___ 1.1 Elements of Communication
Duration: ___
The following are the elements of communication:
COURSE CONTENT
1. source or sender – the one who sends a message with a certain intention in mind. Sender should have
credibility. Credibility depends on the following:
Purposive Communication is the practice of communicating with a certain purpose or intention in mind. Its reputation of the sender attractiveness friendliness
purpose is to solve conflicts and build relationships. It entails developing the macro skills to effectively 2. message – the content that the sender sends or transmits to the receiver. It may be verbal or nonverbal. If
communicate. these two do not align, ambiguity happens.
3. encoding – the process in which the sender converts or translates his thoughts or ideas into words or
5 MACRO SKILLS IN ENGLISH symbols to represent the message that will be delivered to the receiver/s.
1. Listening 4. channel – the medium used to send or transit the message (phone calls, text messages, video, radio,
2. Speaking social media, etc.)
3. Reading Considerations in choosing a channel:
4. Writing a. formality – use of email (formal); use of messenger (informal)
5. Viewing b. urgency – if message is urgent, use chat or calls, not snail mails.
c. purpose – use correct channel to accomplish your purpose. For example, if you are going to teach
Macro skills P.E., do it face-to-face rather than online.
5. Relationship – use email if communicating with a superior like manager; use chat if communicating with
a friend.
6. Decoding – the process in which the receiver interprets and analyzes the message. It is just like slicing a
Receptive Productive meat into chunks.
3 ways of decoding a message:
Reading Listening Speaking Writing
a. Literal – interprets meaning as it is/literally.
1. Receptive skills – these are the macro skills that let us receive information such as reading and writing. b. Interpretative – interprets hidden meaning.
c. Critical – interprets meaning based on receiver’s experiences or biases.
2. Productive skills – these are the macro skills that let us produce ideas or information such as speaking and
writing. 7. receiver – the one who receives the message. The recipient of the message.
8. feedback – the response given as a confirmation that the message was received as intended.
Communication is the exchange of information from one person to another. 9. context – the setting or situation in which communication takes place.
10. noise or interference – anything that interferes the communication process.
Language is a dynamic human capacity. While it is true that animals can communicate, only human beings are a. External noise – noise or interference from the outside environment (loud
truly capable of producing a language. Linguists agree that a language can only be called a language if it has a music, sirens, voices, etc.)
system of rules (grammar), sound system (phonology) and a vocabulary (lexicon). b. Internal noise – noise or interference that exists inside the mind of the receiver
People understand each other because they belong to the same speech community in where they share the same (emotional disturbance, fear, anger, over excitement, depression, etc.)
set of rules in the language system. While growing up, people acquire the languages used by those in the Successful communication only happens when both the sender and the receiver perceive and understand
community. This is a process called as language acquisition. It has two types: the message in the same way. If this does not happen, then there may be a breakdown in communication.

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 10. Clarity of message. Messages conveyed in vague manner may as well hamper communication process
which results to lack of feedback. Feedback is important as it enables confirmation of understanding to
1.2 Factors Affecting Communication be made by both parties. The lack of feedback can sometimes create problems as it can lead to
uncertainty and confusion.
The following factors may affect communication:

1. Status/Role. The sender and the receiver of a message may be of equal status within a hierarchy (e.g.
1.3 Principles and Ethics of Communication
managers in an organization) or they may be at different levels (e.g. manager/employee,
lecturer/student). This difference in status sometimes affects the effectiveness of the communication  Ethics is a system of moral principles that deals with values relating to human conduct with respect to
process. the rightness and wrongness of certain actions.
2. Cultural differences. Cultural differences, both within or outside the organization (e.g. inter-  Communication ethics however is the principle which governs communication. It maintains the correct
departmental dealings and communication with outside organizations or ethnic minorities) may impede balance between speaking and listening.
the communication process.
 Ethical communication is fundamental to thoughtful decision-making and responsible thinking. It
3. Choice of communication channels. Sending messages via inappropriate channels can send out wrong is about developing and nurturing relationships and building communities within and across contexts,
signals and end up creating confusion. Before you choose your communication channel, ask yourself cultures, channels and media. It is also accepting responsibility for the messages you convey to others
whether the channel is appropriate for a particular purpose and the person/receiver you have in mind. and the short-term or long-term consequences of your communication. Whether you are talking to a
close friend or addressing the workforce in an all-staff meeting, your message must be truthful and
4. Length of communication. The length of the message also affects the communication process. You consistent with your value system. Misleading your listeners and delivering a message that is clandestine
need to be sure that it serves the purpose and is appropriate for the receiver. Is the message too long or or not truthful is the antithesis of ethical communication.
too brief?
 Ethical communication values freedom of expression, diversity of perspective and tolerance of
5. Use of language. Poor choice of words, weak sentence structure, and even inappropriate punctuation
dissent. But while ethical communication should be honest and straightforward, it should never offend
also hampers communication.
or provoke listeners. Communicating in an ethical manner also means avoiding words and language that
are demeaning or intolerant. It also means not to entice and promote violence.
Example Woman, without her, man is nothing.
Woman, without her man, is nothing.
 Furthermore, ethical communication might extend to the medium or even the language you choose
for delivering your message. Using a medium that limits the audience or delivering a message in a
6. Disabilities. Impaired sight, dyslexia and poor mental health can also be barriers to good
language that your audience does not fully understand limits how your message is received and
communication, and should be taken into consideration when evaluating the effectiveness of the
perceived.
communication process. You may need to use hearing aids, sign language, and symbols to alleviate
problems caused by disabilities. Example If you are speaking to an audience of primarily deaf or hearing-
impaired employees, ethical communication requires having a sign-
7. Known or unknown receiver. Whether the receiver is known or unknown to you also plays a major language interpreter.
role in determining the effectiveness of your communication. A known receiver may better understand
your message despite having insufficient information as both of you probably have common  The lack of ethical communication leads others to question your professional and personal
experiences and shared schemata. An unknown receiver, on the other hand, may require more integrity and to wonder if they can trust your message, or even trust you. Once you have lost
information and time to decode the message. people’s respect and trust, you must work twice as hard to get it back, and sometimes you cannot, no
matter how hard you try.
8. Individual perceptions/attitudes/personalities. A method of communication needs to consider the
receiver’s personality traits, age and preferred style. Elderly and children have different communication Example A company president who assures workers that the company will
needs and preferences when compared to young adults. remain family-owned, announces six months later that a large
conglomerate has bought the business. Surely, he will lose the trust
9. Atmosphere/Noise/Distraction. Surroundings can pose as barriers to effective communication. A of his employees, and they will doubt anything he says in future.
noisy place (a party, for instance) usually puts a strain on oral communication as both the sender and
the receiver need to put extra effort to get the message across and ensure that it is understood clearly  Communicating fact-based messages honestly and accurately is central to ethical communication.
and correctly. More so, communication in the workplace occurs at all levels; supervisor to employee, manager to
supervisor and executives to employees – one-on-one and in group settings. A supervisor delivering a
performance review to an employee should follow ethical communication standards.
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 Example When addressing a high-performing employee, a supervisor must a trusted friend or colleague who can call attention to the times you use filler words. Try to
strike the right balance by praising exceptional performance in replace them by taking a breath when you are tempted to use them.
some areas with ideas for improvement in others. Conversely, a
review of an employee who is performing at a mediocre level needs b. Non-Verbal Communication
to be candid so that the employee can see their job weaknesses - is the communication between people through non-verbal or visual cues. This includes gestures,
from the supervisor’s perspective, which allows him to focus on facial expressions, body movement, timing, touch, and anything else that communicates without
improving in those areas. A supervisor must communicate honestly speaking.
and truthfully to his employees by giving recognition for strong
performance and coaching or guidance at times when the employee - People seem to notice nonverbal communication more than verbal. For this reason, it is important
needs to get back on track and meet the company's expectations. to control yourself nonverbally. Tone of voice, volume, and pitch are all ways to effectively
communicate nonverbally.

Types of Communication - It is helpful when trying to understand others’ thoughts and feelings.
Since communication is absolutely necessary when building relationships, sharing ideas, delegating
responsibilities, managing a team and much more, communication skills are vital to a healthy, efficient Open body language
communication. Often categorized as a soft skill or interpersonal skill, communication is the act of sharing Example 1 If they are displaying closed body language such as crossed
information from one person to another person or group of people. There are many different ways to arms or legs, or hunched shoulders, they might be feeling
communicate, each of which play an important role in sharing information. anxious, angry or nervous.
Closed body language
a. Verbal Communication Example 2 If they are displaying open body language with both feet on the
floor and arms by their side or on the table, they are likely
- is the use of language to transfer information through speaking. It is one of the most feeling positive and open to information.
common types, often used during presentations, video conferences, phone calls, meetings and
one-on-one conversations.
Roles of Nonverbal Communication
- According to the famous Greek philosopher Aristotle: “Man is by nature a social animal.”
- Man’s first attempt at verbal communication was his first cry. Functions of nonverbal communication:
- It is essential in the world of business.
1. Repetition. It repeats and often strengthens the message you are making verbally.
Elements: 2. Contradiction. It can contradict the message you are trying to convey, thus indicating to your
a. tone – how you said something. For example: praising someone but with a sarcastic tone. listener that you may not be telling the truth.
b. speed – pace at which you speak (fast or slow). Take appropriate pauses when speaking. 3. Substitution. It can substitute for a verbal message. For example, your facial expression often
c. volume – ranges from a whisper to a scream. conveys a far more vivid message than words ever can.
4. Complementing. It may add to or complement your verbal message. As a boss, if you pat an
employee on the back in addition to giving praise, it can increase the impact of your message.
Tips to develop verbal communication skill: 5. Accenting. It may accent or underline a verbal message. Pounding the table, for example, can
underline the importance of your message.
 Use a strong, confident speaking voice. Especially when presenting information to a group
of people, be sure to use a strong voice so that everyone can easily hear you. Be confident Types of Nonverbal Communication
when speaking so that your ideas are clear and easy for others to understand.
Nonverbal communication has the following types:
 Use active listening. The other side of using verbal communication is intently listening to and
1. Facial expressions. The human face is extremely expressive, able to convey countless emotions
hearing others. Active listening skill is the key when conducting a meeting, presentation or
without saying a word. And unlike some forms of nonverbal communication, facial expressions are
even when participating in a one-on-one conversation. Doing so will help you grow as a
universal. The facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust are the
communicator.
same across cultures.
 Avoid filler words. It can be tempting, especially during a presentation, to use filler words 2. Body movement and posture. The way you move and carry yourself communicates a wealth of
such as –um, –like, –so or –yeah. While it might feel natural after completing a sentence or information to the world. This type of nonverbal communication includes your posture, bearing,
pausing to collect your thoughts, it can also be distracting for your audience. Try presenting to stance, and the subtle movements you make. Consider how your perceptions of people are affected

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 by the way they sit, walk, stand, or hold their head. It conveys a great deal of information. A friend might ask you how you are doing, and you might respond with the standard “I'm fine," but
Defensive postures, arm-crossing, and leg-crossing can indicate feelings and attitudes. how you actually say those words might reveal a tremendous amount of how you are really feeling.
A cold tone of voice might suggest that you are actually not fine, but you do not wish to discuss it.
3. Gestures. Gestures are woven into the fabric of our daily lives. Deliberate movements and signals A bright, happy tone of voice will reveal that you are actually doing quite well.
are an important way to communicate meaning without words. You may wave, point, beckon, or
use your hands when arguing or speaking animatedly, often expressing yourself with gestures 8. Appearance. Our choice of color, clothing, hairstyles, and other factors affecting appearance is
without thinking. also considered a means of nonverbal communication. Research on color psychology has
However, the meaning of some gestures can be very different across cultures. While the demonstrated that different colors can evoke different moods. Appearance can also alter
OK sign made with the hand, for example, conveys a positive message in English-speaking physiological reactions, judgments, and interpretations. Just think of all the subtle judgments you
countries however it is considered offensive in countries such as Germany, Russia, and Brazil. quickly make about someone based on his or her appearance. These first impressions are important,
Thus, it is important to be careful of how you use gestures to avoid misinterpretation. which is why experts suggest that job seekers dress appropriately for interviews with potential
employers. Culture is an important influence on how appearances are judged. While thinness tends
4. Eye contact. The way you look at someone can communicate many things, including interest, to be valued in Western cultures, some African cultures relate full-figured bodies to better health,
affection, hostility, or attraction. Eye contact is also important in maintaining the flow of wealth, and social status and Tibetan women with longer neck are considered most beautiful.
conversation and for gauging the other person’s interest and response. When people encounter
people or things that they like, the rate of blinking increases and pupils dilate. 9. Artifacts. Objects and images are also tools that can be used to communicate nonverbally. On an
People also utilize eye gaze as means to determine if someone is being honest. Normal, online forum, for example, you might select an avatar to represent your identity online and to
steady eye contact is often taken as a sign that a person is telling the truth and is trustworthy. Shifty communicate information about who you are and the things you like. People often spend a great
eyes and an inability to maintain eye contact, on the other hand, is frequently seen as an indicator deal of time developing a particular image and surrounding themselves with objects designed to
that someone is lying or being deceptive. convey information about the things that are important to them. Uniforms, for example, can be used
to transmit a tremendous amount of information about a person. A police officer wears a uniform,
5. Touch/Haptics. Communicating through touch is another important nonverbal behavior. We and a doctor wears a white lab coat. At a mere glance, these outfits tell people what a person does
communicate a great deal through touch. Think about the very different messages given by a weak for a living.
handshake, a warm bear hug, a patronizing pat on the head, or a controlling grip on the arm, for
example.
Touch can be used to communicate affection, familiarity, sympathy, and other emotions. Reading Body Language
For example, sex differences play a role in how people utilize touch to communicate meaning.
Once you have developed your abilities to manage stress and recognize emotions, you will
Women tend to use touch to convey care, concern, and nurturance. Men, on the other hand, are
start to become better at reading the nonverbal signals sent by others. You may:
more likely to use touch to assert power or control over others.
1. Pay attention to inconsistencies. Nonverbal communication should reinforce what is
6. Space/ Proxemics. People often refer to their need for personal space, which is also an important being said. Is the person saying one thing, but their body language conveying
type of nonverbal communication. The amount of distance we need and the amount of space we something else? For example, are they telling you yes while shaking their head no?
perceive as belonging to us is influenced by a number of factors including social norms, cultural
expectations, situational factors, personality characteristics, and level of familiarity. 2. Look at nonverbal communication signals as a group. Do not read too much into a
For example, the amount of personal space needed when having a casual conversation single gesture or nonverbal cue. Consider all of the nonverbal signals you are
with another person usually varies between 18 inches to four feet. On the other hand, the personal receiving, from eye contact to tone of voice and body language. Taken together, are
distance needed when speaking to a crowd of people is around 10 to 12 feet. You can use physical their nonverbal cues consistent or inconsistent with what their words are saying?
space to communicate many different nonverbal messages, including signals of intimacy and
affection, aggression or dominance. 3. Trust your instincts. Do not dismiss your gut feelings. If you get the sense that
someone is not being honest or that something is not adding up, you may be picking up
7. Voice/Paralinguistics. It refers to vocal communication that is separate from actual language. This
on a mismatch between verbal and nonverbal cues.
includes factors such as tone of voice, loudness, inflection, and pitch. It is not just what you say, it
is how you say it. When you speak, other people read your voice in addition to listening to your c. Written Communication
words. They pay attention to include your timing and pace, how loud you speak, your tone and
inflection, and sounds that convey understanding such as –ahh and –uh-huh. Written communication is the act of writing, typing or printing symbols like letters
Think about how your tone of voice can indicate sarcasm, anger, affection, or confidence. and numbers to convey information. It is helpful because it provides a record of information
When said in a strong tone of voice, listeners might interpret approval and enthusiasm. The same for reference. Writing is commonly used to share information through books, pamphlets,
words said in a hesitant tone of voice might convey disapproval and a lack of interest. Consider all blogs, letters, memos and more. Emails and chats are a common form of written
the different ways that simply changing your tone of voice might change the meaning of a sentence. communication in the workplace.

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 Tips to develop written communication skill: process of understanding communication. Take a closer look at the 8 models of communication, divided
into 3 categories.
 Strive for simplicity. Written communications should be as simple and clear as possible
for your audience to understand. 8 Major models of communication

 Do not rely on tone. Because you do not have the nuance of verbal and nonverbal There are 8 major models of communication, that can be divided into 3 categories:
communications, be careful when you are trying to communicate a certain tone when
writing. For example, attempting to communicate a joke, sarcasm or excitement might be 1. Linear models — Only look at one-way communication. These linear models of communication suggest that
translated differently depending on the audience. Instead, try to keep your writing as communication takes place only in one direction.
simple and plain as possible and follow up with verbal communications where you can
add more personality. The main elements in these models are:
The channel,
The sender, and
 Take time to review your written communications. Setting time aside to re-read your
The receiver.
emails, letters or memos can help you identify mistakes or opportunities to say something
Simply put, the sender transmits the message via a channel.
differently. For important communications or those that will be sent to a large number of
people, it might be helpful to have a trusted colleague review it as well.
The channel is the medium and changes the message into speech, writing, or animation.

The message then reaches the receiver, who decodes it.

 Keep a file of writing you find effective or enjoyable. If you receive a certain
pamphlet, email or memo that you find particularly helpful or interesting, save it for
This model is straightforward and is used mainly in marketing, sales, and PR, in communication with customers.
reference when writing your own communications. Incorporating methods or styles you
The most prominent linear models of communication are:
like can help you to improve over time.
a. Aristotle’s model of communication – one-way communication model.
Five main elements:
d. Visual Communication 1. Speaker – one who conveys the message.
2. Speech – message
Visual communication is the act of using photographs, art, drawings, sketches, 3. Occasion – where/when/why the message is being conveyed
charts and graphs to convey information. Visuals are often used as an aid during presentations 4. Target audience – to whom the message is to be conveyed
to provide helpful context alongside written and/or verbal communication. Because people 5. Effect – what impact did the message create?
have different learning styles, visual communication might be more helpful for some to
consume ideas and information. b. Laswell’s model
It asks important questions as:
Tips you can take to develop visual communication skill: 1. Who?
2. What?
 Ask others before including visuals. If you are considering sharing a visual aid in your 3. Which channel?
presentation or email, consider asking others for feedback. Adding visuals can sometimes 4. To whom?
make concepts confusing or muddled. Getting a third-party perspective can help you 5 What effect?
decide whether the visual adds value to your communications.
c. The Shannon-Weaver model – known as “Mother of All Communication Models.”
 Consider your audience. Be sure to include visuals that are easily understood by your Developed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver primarily to explain telephone communication.
audience. For example, if you are displaying a chart with unfamiliar data, be sure to take
time and explain what is happening in the visual and how it relates to what you are
saying. You should never use sensitive, offensive, violent or graphic visuals in any form.
Cha
Models of Communication nnel

Models of communication are conceptual models used to explain the

human communication process. It is not easy to determine where a conversation begins and ends, because
communication is a complex process. That is why we have models of communication — to simplify the

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  Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments
of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information
technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic
d. Berlo’s S-M-C-R model development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world (The Levin
Institute, 2016).
Source Message Channel Receiver  Intercultural communication is a discipline that studies communication across
different cultures and social groups, or how culture affects communication. It is used to describe the
Communication Content Hearing Communication wide range of communication processes and problems that naturally appear within an organization or
skills Elements Seeing skills social context made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational
Attitude Treatment Touching Attitude backgrounds. Intercultural communication is sometimes used synonymously with cross-cultural
Knowledge Knowledge communication. In this sense it seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures act,
Structure Tasting communicate and perceive the world around them. Many people in intercultural business
Social system Social system
Codes Feeling communication argue that culture determines how individuals encode messages, what medium they
Culture Culture choose for transmitting them, and the way messages are interpreted (Lauring, 2011).
In 1960, David Berlo expanded Shannon and Weaver's 1949 linear model of communication
2.1 Cultural and Global Issues that Affect Communication
and created the sender-message-channel-receiver (SMCR) model of communication. Berlo's
Communication may be affected by the following cultural and global issues:
communication process is a simple application for person-to-person communication, which includes:
communication source, encoder, message, channel, decoder, and communication receiver.
 Information and communication technology. Information Communication Technology is
Berlo presented some factors that influence the communication process between two people. basically an electronic based system of information transmission, reception, processing and
The factors include: communication skills, awareness level, social system, cultural system, and retrieval, which has drastically changed the way we think, the way we live and the environment in
attitude. which we live. It must be realized that globalization is not limited to the financial markets, but
encompasses the whole range of social, political, economic and cultural phenomena. Information
Berlo's communication process starts at the source, which is the part that produces the message and communication technology revolution is the central and driving force for globalization and the
using its communication skills, attitude, knowledge, social system, and culture. After the message is dynamic change in all aspects of human existence is the key by-product of the present globalization
developed, which are elements in a set of symbols, the sender step begins. The encoding process is period of ICT revolution (Ogunsola, 2005).
where the motor skills take place by speaking, writing, touching, etc. The message goes through the
channel which carries the message. Then the receiver step begins. The decoding process is where the  Internet and social media. Irimie (2014) stated that internet and social media tools have
sensory skills take place by hearing, seeing, feeling touch, etc. Finally, the communication process ends strengthened national and international social ties in a many ways. The development of web 2.0
at the destination, which is the part that interprets the message using its communication skills, attitude, applications has altered dramatically the way users can participate in the production and
knowledge, social system, and culture. consumption of content in the Internet. Besides corporate and private use of social media tools, it
became common to see those tools, like Facebook, YouTube and Twitter used by governments as
2. Interactive models — They look at two-way communication. These are the following: means of political communication, especially in developed countries. Social Section –
The Osgood-Schramm model Communication and Public Relations GIDNI 145 media sites, like Facebook, Twitter, and
The Westley and Maclean model YouTube have played a strategic role in mobilizing citizens in developing countries as well, to fight
3. Transactional models — They look at two-way communication where the message gets more complex as the for rights that each person in democratic nations takes for granted (Yigit & Tarman, 2013).
communication event progresses. These include:
Barnlund’s transactional model Connecting with people on the other side of the world is now much easier than it was a few years
Dance’s helical model ago. Satellites, fiber-optic cables and internet make it effortless to share information with those in
different time zones and locations. Global communication is directly affected by the process of
globalization, and helps to increase business opportunities, remove cultural barriers and develop a
Topic 2: Communication and Globalization
global village. Both globalization and global communication have changed the environmental,
cultural, political and economic elements of the world. Moreover, new technology has the greatest
 Communication is an act of conveying meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of
impact on the English language which is a dominant language of science, computing and academia
mutually understood signs and semiotic rules (Harper, 2013). Global communication moreover is
in general. 
directly affected by the process of globalization and it helps to increase business opportunities, remove
cultural barriers and develop a global village.
2.2 Impact of Communication on Society and the World
The following is the impact of communication on society and the world:
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 Increased business opportunities. Many companies today hire employees that are located in
other countries. Using communication vehicles such as video calling makes it simple to converse
with colleagues across the globe, almost making it feel as if they are in the same room.
Technology also makes it easier to connect with suppliers and customers all over the world, and
to streamline relationships through improved ordering, shipment tracking and so on. With this
kind of communication technology, many businesses are able to take advantage of opportunities
in different countries or cities, improving the economic outlook on a global level.

 Fewer cultural barriers. Many people perceive culture to be the root of communication
challenges. When people from two different cultures try to exchange information, the way they
speak, their body language or their mannerisms can be interpreted differently by the other
person. The way people approach problems and how they participate in communities is all
influenced by culture. Globalization has made it possible, for example, for someone in Japan to
understand how someone in the U.S. goes about their day. With television and movies, cultural
barriers are becoming less prevalent. Being able to communicate effectively and frequently with
colleagues or friends across the planet helps people understand each other’s cultures a little
better.

 Creation of a global village. “Global village”, coined by theorist Marshall McLuhan is created
when distance and isolation no longer matter because people are connected by technology. Wide-
spread telephone and internet access have been life-changing for many people across the world,
especially those in developing countries. Many are now enrolling in universities across the world
without having to leave their desk chair. Virtual assistant jobs are becoming commonplace,
where employees from developing countries work with companies in North America or Europe,
providing administrative support and other business services that can easily be conducted over
the phone or via the internet. Globalization and global communication have made it easier to see
people on the other side of the world as a neighbor, instead of a stranger from a faraway land.
There is so much knowledge about other countries and cultures available online, that it is no
longer a complete mystery.

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 MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Intercultural communication refers to the communication between people from two different cultures (Chen &
MUNICIPALITY OF MAKILALA Starosta, 1998).
Conception, Makilala, Cotabato
No two people can ever be exactly the same. Hence, this diversity of people and cultures impacts communication.
S.Y. 2022-2023
Miscommunication happens usually when people interact with those coming from unfamiliar cultures. However,
even if a speaker is proficient (with excellent language skills) they may still experience miscommunication.
BSE 1ABCDEF
Global communication can be defined just as any communication can: a message is sent from one person or
Purposive Communication
group to another anywhere in the world. When it comes to communicating globally, it is usually in the encoding
and decoding that problems occur. As with any communication, ensuring that the message is received as it was
Course Number: ENG 1 Instructor: Christine R. Andriano
intended is the responsibility of the sender.
Course Title: Purposive Communication Email: [email protected]
Credit Units: 3 FB account: Christine Riga Andriano Cultural sensitivity is an attitude and way of behaving in which you are aware of and acknowledge cultural
Module No.: 2 differences. It is crucial for such global goals as follows (Franklin & Mizell, 1995):
Duration: Week 2
1. promote world peace;
2. promote economic growth; and
GENERAL INSTRUCTION: Read the content of each module carefully. This will help you understand the 3. promote effective interpersonal communication.
topic/s for each module. You are expected to finish the module within the period allotted. Accomplish the
activities attached. Should you have any queries and clarification regarding the module, use the contact Without cultural sensitivity, there can be no effective intercultural communication between people who are
information made available above. Kindly reach the instructor during working hours from Monday to Friday. Be different in gender or race or nationality or orientation. For example, the techniques of interpersonal
courteous when addressing your questions. communication that work well with European Americans may not work well with Asian Americans; what proves
effective in Japan may not in Mexico, and so on.
I. LEARNING OUTCOMES
Tips to increase cultural sensitivity:
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
1. Prepare yourself. Read about and listen carefully for culturally influenced behaviors.
a. Determine culturally appropriate terms, expressions, and images (sensitivity to gender, race, class, 2. Recognize your fears. Recognize and face your own fears of acting inappropriately toward members of
etc.); and different cultures.
b. Adopt cultural and intercultural awareness and sensitivity in communication of ideas; 3. Recognize differences within the group. Be mindful of the differences between yourself and those
from other cultures. At the same time that you recognize differences between yourself and others,
II. TOPIC/S recognize that there are often enormous differences within any given cultural group.
4. Recognize differences in meaning. Words do not always mean the same thing to members of different
 Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings cultures.
5. Be rule conscious. Become aware of and thinking mindfully about the cultural rules and customs of
III. REFERENCES others.
6. Be mindful of your surroundings. Make yourself conscientious of your surroundings.
 See https://bizfluent.com/facts-7601794- definition-global-communication.html 7. Avoid annoyance. Mind your voice, laughs, talks, sounds and noise as other people in your surrounding
 See https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/university-of-southern-mindanao/purposive- prefer to have calm and silent environment.
communication/local-and-global-communication-in/30011641
 See https://www.futurelearn.com/info/courses/intercultural-communication/0/steps/11039 There is a lot of diversity in the world we live in. While there is a lot of comfort in working with people of same
 Madrunio. M.R. & Martin, I.P. (2018). “Purposive communication: using English in multilingual culture, there are benefits of working in a multi-cultural environment such as:
contexts” C & E Publishing, Inc., 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City. ISBN 978-971-98-0925-8
1. There are fresh ideas;
2. new concepts; and
3. different working styles that we can learn from.
IV. COURSE CONTENT
Managing people and solving problems can also vary across cultures such as:
Topic 1: Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings For Japanese: “Hear one understand ten.”
1.1 Intercultural Communication For Americans: “Say what you mean and mean what you say.”
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For Arabs: “It is good to know the truth but better to speak of palm trees.” within, and the concept of “long-term
planning”
It is important to explore more about other’s culture. Moreover, it is important to acknowledge that differences
exist and also, they can be bridged, where people are comfortable being who they are. To achieve that, it is
important to understand the business protocol of another culture, their decision-making process and core values.
AFFECTIVE VS. NEUTRAL

COMMUNICATION ACROSS CULTURES In international business practices, reason and emotion both play a role. Which of these dominates depends upon
(Summary) whether we are affective (readily showing emotions) or emotionally neutral in our approach.
By Carol Kinsey Goman (2011)
Affective Neutral
Communicating across cultures is challenging since each culture has their own set of rules. The worldwide ITALY, France, the US, and Singapore Japan, Indonesia, the UK, Norway, and the Netherlands
business organizations have discovered that intercultural communication is important because their domestic
workforce is growing more and more diverse, ethically and culturally. - Readily showing emotions (laughing, smiling, - keep their feelings carefully controlled and subdued.
grimacing, scowling, crying, shouting, or - This doesn’t mean that people in neutral cultures are
We are all individual, and no two people belonging to the same culture are guaranteed to respond in exactly the walking out of the room). cold or unfeeling, but in the course of normal business
same way. However, it is still important to be aware on what you will most likely encounter when dealing with activities, neutral cultures are more careful to monitor
members of other culture. the amount of emotion they display.

HIGH-CONTEXT VS. LOW-CONTEXT

In summation, when it comes to communication, what is proper and correct in one culture may be ineffective or
All international communication is influenced by cultural differences. In communicating with different cultures, even offensive in another, in reality, no culture is right or wrong, better or worse – just different. In today’s global
the communication medium to choose depends upon whether the country falls into a high-context or low-context business community, there is no single best approach to communicating with one another. The key to cross-
culture. cultural success is to develop an understanding of, and a deep respect for, the differences.

High-context culture Low-context culture MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Mediterranean, Slav, Central European, Latin Most Germanic and English-speaking countries MUNICIPALITY OF MAKILALA
America, African, Arab, Asian, American-Indian Conception, Makilala, Cotabato
- They expect message to be explicit and S.Y. 2022-2023
- They leave much of the messages specific.
unspecified, to be understood through
context, nonverbal cues, and between- BSE 1ABCDEF
the-lines interpretation of what is Purposive Communication
actually said.
Course Number: ENG 1 Instructor: Christine R. Andriano
Course Title: Purposive Communication Email: [email protected]
Credit Units: 3 FB account: Christine Riga Andriano
SEQUENTIAL VS. SYNCHRONIC Module No.: 3
Duration: Week 2
Sequential Synchronic
North American, English, German, Swedish, and South America, Southern Europe and Asia GENERAL INSTRUCTION: Read the content of each module carefully. This will help you understand the
Dutch topic/s for each module. You are expected to finish the module within the period allotted. Accomplish the
- They view the flow of time as a sort of activities attached. Should you have any queries and clarification regarding the module, use the contact
- Business people give full attention to circle, with the past, present and future information made available above. Kindly reach the instructor during working hours from Monday to Friday. Be
one agenda item after another. all interrelated. courteous when addressing your questions.
- View time synchronically. - This viewpoint influences how
I. LEARNING OUTCOMES
- View time as a constant flow to be organizations in those culture approach
experienced in the moment, and as a deadlines, strategic thinking, At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
force that cannot be controlled. investment, developing talent from
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 c. Determine culturally appropriate terms, expressions, and images (sensitivity to gender, race, class, They are determined by such factors as social occasion, context, purpose, and audience. Registers are marked by a
etc.); and variety of specialized vocabulary and turns of phrases, colloquialisms, the use of jargon, and a difference in
d. Adopt cultural and intercultural awareness and sensitivity in communication of ideas intonation and pace.

II. TOPIC/S Registers are used in all forms of communication, including written, spoken, and signed. Depending on grammar,
syntax, and tone, the register may be extremely rigid or very intimate. You don't even need to use an actual word
 Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written Language to communicate effectively. A huff of exasperation during a debate or a grin while signing "hello" speaks
volumes.
III. REFERENCES
Jargon
 See https://bizfluent.com/facts-7601794-definition-global-communication.html Jargon refers to the specialized language of a professional or occupational group. Such language is often
 See https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/university-of-southern-mindanao/purposive- meaningless to outsiders.
communication/local-and-global-communication-in/30011641
 See https://www.futurelearn.com/info/courses/intercultural-communication/0/steps/11039 Jargon is a faux method of creating a sort of dialect that only those on this inside group can understand. Jargon has
 Madrunio. M.R. & Martin, I.P. (2018). “Purposive communication: using English in multilingual social implications similar to dialect prejudice but in reverse: It is a way of making those who understand this
contexts” C & E Publishing, Inc., 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City. ISBN 978-971-98-0925-8 particular variety of language more erudite and learned; those who are members of the group that understands the
particular jargon are considered smart, while those on the outside are simply not bright enough to comprehend this
kind of language.
IV. COURSE CONTENT
Dialects
Topic 2: Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written Language a. Regional Dialect - are varieties of language that emerge based on regionally specific use such as Cebuano in
In sociolinguistics, language variety—also called lect—is a general term for any distinctive form of a language or Cebu and Waray in Leyte.
linguistic expression. Linguists commonly use language variety (or simply variety) as a cover term for any of the
overlapping subcategories of a language, including dialect, register, jargon, and idiolect. b. Sociolect – a distinctive way of speaking which shows a person’s belonging to a certain socio-economic status.
For example, Conyo language.
Varieties of language develop for a number of reasons: differences can come about for geographical reasons;
people who live in different geographic areas often develop distinct dialects—variations of standard English. c. Idiolect – a distinctive or unique way a person speaks such as how Kris Aquino, Rufa Mae Quinto, and
Those who belong to a specific group, often academic or professional, tend to adopt jargon that is known to and Kabayan speaks.
understood by only members of that select group. Even individuals develop idiolects, their own specific ways of
speaking. d. Ethnolect – a distinct language spoken by members of a specific ethnic group, like the Manobo languages.

Dialect

The word dialect—which contains "lect" within the term—derives from the Greek words dia- meaning "across, Lingua Franca
between" and legein "speak." A dialect is a regional or social variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation,
grammar, and/or vocabulary. The term dialect is often used to characterize a way of speaking that differs from the A lingua franca is a common language used between people who speak different languages. As the full purpose is
standard variety of the language. bridging gaps in communication, this can be very adaptable and therefore will not necessarily stick to traditional
language rules. English is used as a lingua franca all over the world, more commonly in fact than it is used by
Certain dialects have gained negative connotations. The term dialect prejudice refers to discrimination based on a native speakers, and in some cases may even be taught in a specific form to fit these needs, rather than as standard
person's dialect or way of speaking. Dialect prejudice is a type of linguicism—discrimination based on dialect. English. You can read more about this on Wikipedia here.

Register Pidgin

Register is defined as the way a speaker uses language differently in different circumstances. Think about the A pidgin is a simplified version of a lingua franca, where people trying to communicate across different languages
words you choose, your tone of voice, even your body language. You probably behave very differently chatting develop their own form of communication. Though this technically makes it a lingua franca, it often some from
with a friend than you would at a formal dinner party or during a job interview. These variations in formality, also merging two or more languages together rather than as something true to one common language. Pidgins can
called stylistic variation, are known as registers in linguistics. therefore develop their own vocabulary and rules that can be very independent of the original source languages.

Creole

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A creole is an established form of pidgin, where a language developed from communicating over two or more It has professional nature and is not suitable for personal topics. The speaker’s purpose is to inform the audience
languages is taken up by a culture as a native language. Aspects that make a creole different to pidgin or dialects is and has a lack of speaker-listener relationship.
that it has it will have unique rules with a full range of functions, and may be taught as a mother tongue. Examples
of English-developed creoles include Gullah in South Carolina and Georgia and Nigerian Creole. Another 3. Consultative Register – describes a speech that involves the participation of all parties. The speaker discusses a
interesting example is Louisiana Creole, which derives from French but is used by Americans so may be topic, and the listeners must contribute feedback to the speaker. The speaker and listener are both members of the
interspersed with English. audience. It can use both standard and nonstandard grammatical forms depending on the social context. For
example, it is more appropriate to use nonstandard speech when addressing a cashier using consultative register
than with a professor. This is usually used between a doctor and a patient, student and teacher, or boss and
employee or even between peers. It is both useful for both formal or informal topics of discussion. Its purpose is to
Jargon establish a conversational style that engages both parties, often to inform the listener about a specific topic. Hence,
it has a two-way participation. Back-channel behavior such as “uh huh” “I see” etc. is common.
Jargon is the words and phrases that emerge to cover ideas with in a specific community, often when specialist
terminology is required (for example technical terms in a profession or sport). In some cases this is necessary, Other examples:
where specialist activities require new terminology, but jargon can also be seen as negative, where it is used to
separate others from a conversation or to create a superior appearance (as is commonly associated with business PTA meeting
jargon).
Doctor appointment
Language Registers
Purchasing a car
Language register describes the way a person speaks in relation to their audience. A speaker modifies their
language register to signal levels of formality according to their relationship to their audience and intended Q&A workshops
purpose of speech. Basically, it is a language variety that indicates level of formality and speaker-audience
Department staff meeting
relationship.
4. Casual Register – called an informal register which describes speech that is informal or imprecise. It uses
Types:
many nonstandard grammatical forms, such as slang, vulgarities, colloquialisms, incomplete sentences, or regional
1. Frozen Register – describes speech that is so formalized that it is often produced via recitation. It is described phrasing. It is used by people who are already acquainted with each other and relies on a relaxed social context
as a ritualistic speech or static register because the utterances are spoken exactly the same each time. It rarely or (acquaintance, friend, peer). Also known as a “group” language. Listeners are more likely to contribute to the
never changes. Examples: conversation using casual register as well. The topics are informal but not too personal. It serves to accommodate
normal conversations that do not require complex explanations, are imbalanced in terms of speaker-listener
Reciting a pledge (Pledge of Allegiance), prayer (The Lord’s Prayer), or wedding vows participation, and move from topic-to-topic naturally. Other examples:

The Preamble of the Philippine Constitution Restaurants, family reunions, parties, homes, informal gatherings, humor, teasing

Laws, funerals, The Bible, “Romeo and Juliet” 5. Intimate Register – describes speech that is about personal topics used between close acquaintances like family
members, close friends, or romantic partners. Employs standard and nonstandard grammatical forms. A listener
Usually, the audience knows what the speaker will say because utterances that use frozen register are learned also replies using intimate register. It is used to discuss private topics (that the speaker does not wish to discuss in
verbatim and do not change over time. The topic may be formal or informal because these utterances are often public) such as personal stories, problems at work or school, secrets. Location is private. It is important in
verbal recitations of collectively held beliefs. Its purpose is usually to convey a clear legal or spiritual idea. strengthening emotional connections between individuals. Intonation is more important and includes more non-
verbal messages. Examples:
2. Formal Register – describes speech that is elevated, precise, and often professional, official, or impersonal in
nature. It usually follows a commonly accepted format. It uses standard grammar such as using complete Husband and wife, boyfriend and girlfriend, siblings, parent and children
sentences, standard vocabulary, and exact pronunciation of words. Often, the audience does not participate in the
conversation but just expected to listen without interrupting. Hence, it is a one-way participation. The topics vary Inside jokes
but are usually official matters. Examples:

Professional setting, graduation ceremony, or an academic lecture

Sermons, rhetorical statements, speeches, pronouncements made by judges, announcements

Debates, news reports, award ceremonies, TED talk, business presentation,

Page 11 of 18
Page 12 of 18
 MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY  See sample https://globalessenceofcommunication.wordpress.com/2019/01/06/evaluating-messages-and-
MUNICIPALITY OF MAKILALA or-images-of-different-types-of-texts-reflecting-different-cultures/
Conception, Makilala, Cotabato
S.Y. 2022-2023 IV. COURSE CONTENT

Topic 3: Evaluating Messages and/or Images of Different Types of Texts Reflecting Different Cultures
BSE 1ABCDE
Purposive Communication
3.1 Introduction
Course Number: ENG 1 Instructor: Christine R. Andriano
Course Title: Purposive Communication Email: [email protected] A "text" isn't limited to something written down. A text can be a film, an artifact, anything in a language and
Credit Units: 3 FB account: Christine Riga Andriano culture that conveys meaning. Think about the texts that you use in your language classroom: What's in the
Module No.: 4 textbook? What do you read in class or even at home? How do you describe the classroom, its design? Why do
Duration: Week 2 you think the chairs are placed facing the tables? Those questions, with its finite answer would tell you that there
are texts that are reflection of one’s own culture.

GENERAL INSTRUCTION: Read the content of each module carefully. This will help you understand the 3.2 Cultural Texts
topic/s for each module. You are expected to finish the module within the period allotted. Accomplish the Cultural texts are those objects, actions, and behaviors that reveals cultural meaning.
activities attached. Should you have any queries and clarification regarding the module, use the contact
information made available above. Kindly reach the instructor during working hours from Monday to Friday. Be A photo is an image, but is also a cultural text, a picture with cultural information beyond just the picture itself.
courteous when addressing your questions. Food, clothing, the entire place and space, all of the people and interaction, all of the rituals and rules and the
various forms in which they manifest themselves, are “readable” text since they suggest cultural
I. LEARNING OUTCOMES information suitable for observation and analysis.
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to: Identification of cultural text is somewhat easy. When you look around the classroom or the place you are right
a. Evaluate multimodal texts critically to enhance receptive (listening, reading, viewing) skills now and see the people or things around you, those you see are cultural text. Even the spaces that may or may not
b. Convey ideas through oral, audio-visual, and/or web-based presentations for different target; void to people are considered to be cultural text, the arrangement and demographic shows how space is used. What
and audiences in local and global settings using appropriate registers is in the space and what happens to the space is all c and objects within it are “readable” cultural texts.

e. Adopt awareness of audience and context in presenting ideas The purpose, needs, values and even the beliefs of the people who occupy it had something to say about it.
Returning to the instance of classroom, consider the following questions:
II. TOPIC/S Why do you know where to sit and what it means to sit in front, middle or back of the classroom?
 Evaluating Messages of Different Types of Texts Reflecting Different Cultures How was the room decorated? Can you give conclusion why? As you consider the questions, you would know that
1. What is the message? those images, designs, reasons and beliefs are there, and they are arranged that way because its cultural
2. What is the purpose of the message? background says otherwise.
3. How is the message conveyed by the text and/or image?
4. Who is the target audience of the message? 3.3 Understanding Different Types of Texts
5. What other ways of presenting the message are there?
As mentioned a while ago, a text can come from any form and be any kind of writing. It can be letters, adverts,
III. REFERENCES user-guides, emails, post cards, notes and magazine articles. But then, a text is not limited to something written
 See https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/university-of-rizal-system/electrical-engineering/evaluating- down. It can be a film, artifact, or anything in a language and culture that conveys meaning. Understanding what
messages-andor-images-of-different-types-of-texts-reflecting-different-cultures/18621463 kind of text helps to understand the purpose why it was written. For example:
 Cantoria, E. (2018). Week 6-9, Lesson 3-2 - Evaluating Messages and or Images of Different Types of  An advertisement is written to in order to influence someone to buy, therefore it is made to persuade.
Texts Reflecting Different Cultures. https://www.scribd.com/document/444721839/Week-6-9-Lesson-
 A user-guide consists of instruction of how to make things run, or how to cook food for instance. It is
3-2-Evaluating-Messages-and-or-Images-of-Different-Types-of-Texts-Reflecting-Different-Cultures-pdf
written to give instructions.
 Madrunio. M.R. & Martin, I.P. (2018). “Purposive communication: using English in multilingual
 A formal (business) letter is sometimes written to inform about something.
contexts” C & E Publishing, Inc., 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City. ISBN 978-971-98-0925-8
 A personal letter can also be written to someone describing a holiday vacation.

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Types of Texts: 5. And what are the other ways of presenting the Writing the words/sentences completely that the
message? males are allowed inside or the restroom is for
1. Persuasive texts males only.
A persuasive text encourages you to do or want something. In writing such, take note that you may use of
proper capitalization, proper punctuation marks and may also use repeated words or questions to catch
attention. Adjectives must be used as often as possible so that it may sound attractive. One sided arguments
help to make the text credible. Cultural text or an image that are available for analysis. Examples of
persuasive texts are radio and television advertisements.

2. Instructive texts

An instructive text is written to instruct someone to do something, or relating to procedures to be done. The
tone of words is commanding and may use formal and direct words. Extra words are not needed especially
the use of adjectives. Examples include a recipe instructs you how to cook something and a leaflet that comes
with a piece of furniture tells you how to put it together or take care of it.

3. Informative texts

An informative text informs using words of fact and step by step procedures. Common example of it is the
announcement posted in the bulletin board, or news broadcast in the television.

4. Descriptive texts

The role of descriptive text is to describe a person, things or an event by using adjectives or adverbs to clearly
emphasize the description process. The writer, upon writing the text clearly wanted the reader to imagine
what is like and how is like by using describing words that appeals to the five senses of humans.

MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Figure 1. A Male Restroom Sign
MUNICIPALITY OF MAKILALA
The sign above is a clear picture or an image of a man. If we saw this kind of signage, we understand that the Conception, Makilala, Cotabato
image pertaining to is a “boys only” or “boys are allowed”. S.Y. 2022-2023

We often see this picture in the restroom. We can analyze this by asking what is the message of the image?
What is the purpose of the message? How is the message conveyed by the text/image? Who is the target BSE 1ABCDEF
audience? And what are the other ways of presenting the message? Purposive Communication

Questions Answers Course Number: ENG 1 Instructor: Christine R. Andriano

1. What is the message of the text/message? Men are allowed inside. Course Title: Purposive Communication Email: [email protected]
2. What is the purpose of the message? To inform that only men are allowed Credit Units: 3 FB account: Christine Riga Andriano
Module No.: 5
3. How is the message conveyed by the By putting the image of a man and writing the Duration: Week 3
text/image? word male to signify what gender is asked or
emphasized.
GENERAL INSTRUCTION: Read the content of each module carefully. This will help you understand the
4. Who is the target audience? Everyone. topic/s for each module. You are expected to finish the module within the period allotted. Accomplish the
activities attached. Should you have any queries and clarification regarding the module, use the contact
information made available above. Do not forget to indicate your NAME and SECTION. Kindly reach the

Page 14 of 18
instructor during working hours from Monday to Friday. Be courteous and respectful when addressing your a. Low-tech communication aids may include those that are not electrical or battery-operated such as a
questions. book of pictures or symbols that can be used to communicate.
b. High-tech device is a complex electronic device that permits the storage and retrieval of messages,
I. LEARNING OUTCOMES many of which allow the use of speech output.
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to: Below are the communication aids and strategies using tools of technology:
 Identify aids and strategies for effective purposive communication
 Use technology in classroom work, reports, and discussions 1. Speech aids. These are pieces of device designed to enhance the use of natural speech.
 Convey ideas through oral, audio-visual, and/or web-based presentations for different target audiences in Example Voice amplifiers, microphones, and lapel microphones
local and global settings using appropriate registers 2. Email. This refers to an electronic mail, an opposite to snail mail which uses courier. Email is an
 Adopt awareness of audience and context in presenting ideas information stored on a computer that is exchanged between two users over telecommunications or mail
servers, which are provided by all Internet Service Providers (ISP). E-mail is a message that may contain
II. TOPIC/S text, files, images, or other attachments sent through a network to a specified individual or group of
 Communication Aids and Strategies Using Tools of Technology individuals.

III. REFERENCES Example gmail, yahoomail, hotmail

3. Video conference. This refers to a visual communication session between two or more users regardless
 Madrunio. M.R. & Martin, I.P. (2018). “Purposive communication: using English in multilingual of their location, featuring audio and video content transmission in real time. It provides transmission of
contexts” C & E Publishing, Inc., 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City. ISBN 978-971-98-0925-8 full-motion video images and high-quality audio between multiple locations. This communication
 Engallado, D. (2022). Chapter 5- communications and strategies using tools of technology references on technology that allows users in different locations to hold face-to-face meetings without having to move
the lesson of communications and strategies using tools of technology. STI College to a single location together.
 See https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/university-of-southern-mindanao/purposive-
communication/communication-aids-and-strategies-using-tools-of/30011175 Example Skype, WhatsApp, Messenger
 See https://askjan.org/solutions/Low-Tech-Augmentative-and-Alternative-Communication-AAC-
Devices.cfm 4. Multi-modal text. This combines two or more modes in conveying meaning. For example, in a picture
 See https://www.lispeech.com/differences-no-low-tech-high-tech-aac-devices/#:~:text=A%20no%2Flow book, the print and the image both contribute to the overall telling of the story but do so in different
%2Dtech%20device,the%20use%20of%20speech%20output. ways.
 See https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/teachingresources/discipline/english/literacy/ Images may simply illustrate or expand on the written story, or can be used to tell different aspects of
multimodal/Pages/multimodaloverview.aspx the story, even contradicting the written words (Guijarro and Sanz, 2009, cited by Victoria, 2020).

Example Paper text such as books, comics and posters (O’brien, 2013);
IV. COURSE CONTENT slide presentations, e-books, e-posters, web pages, social media,
animations, films and video games and live performance of an
event (O’brien, 2013).
Topic 4: Communication Aids and Strategies Using Tools of Technology

4.1 Introduction 5. Smart Television (Smart TV). This refers to a digital television which is used for audio-lingual
presentation in the classroom. It can stream video on demand, play music, and do a lot more like
One of life’s most important aspect is communication. Effective communication is especially important in the accessing apps, browsing social media, or getting sports updates.
classroom where exchanges between teachers and students and among peers are a vital part of learning process.
There is a wide range of aids available to support all methods of communication, from personalized one-to-one 6. Projected visuals. This refers to visual display for large groups like students in the classroom. Pictures
support to technology. For many people, building connections and having meaningful interactions is made easier are enlarged and displayed on a screen which are really suitable for all use at all grade levels and for
through the use of communication aids which come in all shapes and sizes. instruction in all curriculum areas.

4.2 Communication Aids and Strategies Using Tools of Technology Example overhead projector, filmstrip projector, slide projector

A communication aid is anything that helps an individual communicate more effectively with those around
him/her. Aided communication uses low-tech or high-tech methods and equipment:
“Technology has improved the communication process. It gave way to new methods of communication which
helped people to communicate effectively using various tools.”
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  Madrunio. M.R. & Martin, I.P. (2018). “Purposive communication: using English in multilingual
contexts” C & E Publishing, Inc., 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City. ISBN 978-971-98-0925-8
 See https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/university-of-southern-mindanao/purposive-
communication/communication-for-various-purposes/30011159

IV. COURSE CONTENT

Communication facilitates the spread of knowledge and forms relationships between people. It is one of the most
MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY important aspects of life because it not only helps to facilitate the process of sharing information and knowledge,
but also helps people to develop relationships with others. Hence, it is imperative that we learn how to
MUNICIPALITY OF MAKILALA communicate effectively to make our lives better.
Conception, Makilala, Cotabato
S.Y. 2022-2023 Example Authors write books to impart knowledge to the World, and teachers share their experience
with their students. Also, friends or co-workers discuss their ideas with each other, and
companies exchange information with their subsidiaries and customers.
BSE 1 ABCDEF
Purposive Communication “Communication helps to spread knowledge and information among people. The sharing knowledge and
information process cannot function without communication. As a result, companies cannot operate, and
Course Number: ENG 1 Instructor: Christine R. Andriano humanity will be drowned in the abyss of ignorance.”
Course Title: Purposive Communication Email: [email protected]
Credit Units: 3 FB account: Christine Riga Andriano
Module No.: 5 Types of Speeches for Communication
Duration: Week 3
There are different types of speeches for communication. They may be according to mode of delivery
GENERAL INSTRUCTION: Read the content of each module carefully. This will help you understand the and according to purpose, as follows:
topic/s for each module. You are expected to finish the module within the period allotted. Accomplish the
activities attached. Should you have any queries and clarification regarding the module, use the contact 1. Speech According to Mode of Delivery
information made available above. Do not forget to indicate your NAME and SECTION. Kindly reach the
instructor during working hours from Monday to Friday. Be courteous and respectful when addressing your Speech delivery includes impromptu, extemporaneous, manuscript, and memorized.
questions.
a. Impromptu – is a type of speech that requires no preparation. It involves delivering a message on
I. LEARNING OUTCOMES
the spur of the moment, as when someone is asked to say a few words or give a toast on a special
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to: occasion.
 Convey ideas through oral, audio-visual, and/or web-based presentations for different target audiences in
local and global settings using appropriate registers Points to consider in delivering an impromptu speech:
 Create clear, coherent, and effective communication materials  Be time conscious
 Present ideas persuasively using appropriate language registers, tone, facial expressions, and gestures  Be original
 Adopt awareness of audience and context in presenting ideas  Be observant
 Be spontaneous
II. TOPIC/S  Have a positive attitude
Communication for Various Purposes  Keep your comments brief
1. To obtain, provide, and disseminate information
2. To persuade and argue Disadvantages:
 The result is often rumbling or incoherent.
III. REFERENCES  There may not be enough time available for adequate research or audience analysis.
 You are in the state of tension and nervousness.
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  Message may be disorganized.  Speech maybe stilted because of the use of more formal written language.
 Manuscript speeches restrict eye contact, gestures and body movement.
 If the speaker lacks training, this would be very obvious to their audience.
b. Extemporaneous speaking – is a presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech,
d. Memorized speech – is a rote recitation of a written message that the speaker has committed to
spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes.
memory. This speech is said to be the most difficult and the least effective. This is usually used in
- In extemporaneous speech, the speaker is given time to prepare the speech. He/she is given a
oratorical contests and in formal occasions like eulogies or church rituals and in political situations.
little advance notice to speak for a few minutes in a specific subject and thus the speech is
This allows you to develop a sense of confidence to give your speech exactly as you have
planned in advance but presented in a direct and spontaneous manner.
committed it to memory without flaws or hitches. It develops greater audience contact and it
- In this type of speech, the speaker is guided by his/her outline to achieve unity, organization
permits maximum use of delivery skills. Practice is the only guideline for a memorized speech.
and clarity which may result to nearly polished speech as a memorized speech.
Disadvantages:
Points to consider in delivering an extemporaneous speech:
 You are likely to forget certain words during the pressure of delivery.
 Rely mainly on your prepared speech.
 Breaks your train of thought.
 Do not prolong your talk.
 It embarrasses you once line is forgotten.
 Prepare thoroughly.
 Diverts the audiences’ attention from the thought of speech.
 Keep notes/outlines brief and simple.
 You are not given a chance to adapt your speech to unexpected audience reactions.
 Practice your speech often and aloud.
 You are in the state of nervousness.
Disadvantages:  Time consuming to prepare.
 Using this method requires practice.
2. Speech According to Purpose
 Difficult to have a time limit
 It is not exact in wording.
a. Speech to inform. This speech serves to provide interesting and useful information to your audience.
 Once the structure of planned speech is distorted, ideas may be disorganized. Example A teacher telling students about earthquakes
A student talking about her research
c. Read/Manuscript speaking – is the word-for-word iteration of a written message. In a A computer programmer speaking about new software
manuscript speech, the speaker maintains his/her attention on the printed page unless using visual
aids. b. Speech to entertain. This speech provides pleasure and enjoyment that makes the audience feel light
- This is usually presented during solemn and historic occasion. The script is written out and and laugh.
read from the text. Example After-dinner speech
- Read speech is appropriate when extremely careful wording is required. It maintains the sense
and continuity of ideas. It bears logical sequence of thoughts and expresses the sense of c. Speech to persuade. Persuasive speech works to convince people to change in some way: the way they
security for the speaker. think, the way they do something, or to start doing something that they are not currently doing. A
persuasive speech is also called an argumentative speech in which the speaker attempts to persuade his
Points to consider in delivering a read speech: audience to alter their viewpoints on a controversial issue.
 Make sure you read the prepared speech in a conversational manner by applying proper Example To invest in a medicine business
tone. Short pause on clauses and phrases must be applied. To become a volunteer
 Avoid to sound like you are reading the text straight all through out. Political rally
 Short paragraphs must be used.
 Have the manuscript speech typewritten. d. Speech to inspire. This speech intends to create an uplifting emotional experience that leaves the
 Use stiff paper and number pages by hand with large circled numbers. audience feeling inspired. The goal of a motivational speech is to motivate an audience to take a specific
 Take your time and concentrate on ideas than words. action, usually in regards to personal or professional growth.
 Rehearse until you do not need to look at the manuscript.
Example Commencement exercise

Disadvantages:
 Lacks freshness and spontaneity
 Difficult to react to audience impact
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