Franciscan ENGINEERING REVIEW PROGRAM ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING – MAGNETISM & ELECTROMAGNETISM Summer 2017

1. What are the practical applications of temporary 4. How does a permanent magnet lose magnetism ? (i) Ferromagnetic: Those substances which are
and permanent magnets ? attracted by magnets are called “ferromagnetic
A permanent magnet may lose its magnetism materials. The ferromagnetic materials are iron,
The practical applications of temporary and on account of the following reasons : nickel, and cobalt, but it is possible to combine
permanent magnets are given below : some non-magnetic substances to form
(i) If a permanent magnet is hammered, many of its ferromagnetic substance. The relative
(i) The main advantage of temporary magnet is that domains will be jarred out of alignment and the permeability of ferromagnetic substances is much
we can control the amount of flux by changing the magnetism will be decreased. greater than 1 e.g for iron is 8000.
strength of magnetizing agency. Temporary
magnets are used in generators, motors, electric (ii) If a permanent magnet is heated, it will lose its
bells, relays, dynamic loudspeakers etc. magnetism because of an increase in molecular (ii) Non-magnetic: Those substances which do not
movement that upsets the domain structure. demonstrate the strong ferromagnetic of the
(ii) Permanent magnets have the advantage that no iron-family of elements are called non-magnetic
exciting coils are needed and hence no losses. (iii) strong opposing magnetic fields brought near a materials. Non-magnetic materials may be
However, their major drawback is that we cannot permanent magnet may also decrease its classified into diamagnetic and paramagnetic
control the amount of flux in the magnet. magnetism. materials.
Permanent magnets are extensively used in
electrical instruments, earphones, moving-coil 5. How will you get an isolated n-pole practically ? (a) Those non-magnetic materials which are feebly
loudspeakers, magnetos etc. repelled by a strong magnet are called
It is not possible to get an isolated pole diamagnetic e.g. zinc, bismuth, sodium chloride,
2. Imagine for a moment that magnetism disappears because magnetic poles exist in pairs. However, if we gold and mercury. The relative permeability of a
from the world ( a purely hypothetical idea ). What take thin and long steel rods ( about 50 cm long ) diamagnetic material is slightly less than 1.
will happen ? with a small steel ball on either end and then
magnetize them, N and S poles become concentrated (b) Those non-magnetic materials which are slightly
Without the aid of magnetism, it is impossible to in the steel balls. Such poles may be assumed as attracted by a strong magnet are called
operate such devices as electric generators, electric point poles for all practical purposes. paramagnetic e.g. wood, aluminium, platinum,
motors, transformers, electrical instruments etc. gadolinium, oxygen, sulphate etc. The relative
Without the use of magnetism, we should be 6. Do magnetic lines of force actually exist? permeability of paramagnetic materials is slightly
deprived of such valuable assets as the radio, more than 1.
television, telephone, telegraph and the ignition Magnetic lines of force are purely imaginary : they do
systems of our cars, airplanes, trucks etc. In other not actually exist. In working with the problems on It may be noted there are only a few diamagnetic
words, our life will come to a standstill without magnetism, we are in the habit of referring to the materials. The greatest percentage of substances
magnetism. lines as though they were real and as if they were are paramagnetic.
the true underlying cause of forces on current-
3. Why are permanent magnets made of Alnico V ? carrying conductors and e.m.f.s` induced in coils. No 8. What two kinds of electron motion are important
harm is likely to come of this habit, and the concept in determining the magnetic property of a
One of the strongest permanent magnets is greatly helps in clarifying our thinking, speaking and material
made of a combination of iron, aluminum, nickel, writing about magnetic fields.
copper and cobalt called ALNICO ( 51% iron, 8% According to domain theory, magnetism results
aluminum, 14% nickel, 3% copper, 24% cobalt ). 7. What do you mean by diamagnetic, paramagnetic from the movement of electrons within the atoms
This alloy has the following properties : and ferromagnetic materials? of the substance. A moving electron constitute
electric current and magnetic field is always
(i) It is extremely hard and brittle ; it can be shaped The substances can be classified into two types on associated with electric current. There are two
by grinding the cast parts. the basic of magnetic properties: kinds of electron motions in an atom viz.
(ii) It has high residual flux density and a large
coercive force. (i) ferromagnetic (ii) non-magnetic (i) motion round the nucleus
(ii) motion round their own axis

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Franciscan ENGINEERING REVIEW PROGRAM ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING – MAGNETISM & ELECTROMAGNETISM Summer 2017
amp2

The resultant magnetic moment of an atom is the More generally, the units of H are ampere- 14.Show that .
resultant of the moments due to electron spins and turns/metre rather than amperes/metre. A little
the orbital motions. It can be shown that magnetic though should make this apparent whenever the
property stems basically from the spin of electrons. winding is made up of more than just a single
conductor.
9. The relative permeability of a material is 1000. If /1 – I2=1 A, I=1 m, d=1 m, then F=2 x 10-7N
what does it mean? 11. What is the relative permeability of most of the
materials?
The relative permeability of a material is a
2 X 10-7
measure of the relative ease with which that The relative permeability of most substances is
material conducts magnetic flux in air. Suppose very close to that of air i.e.1. Only a few
magnetizing force H produces a flux density B0 in substances such as iron, nickel, cobalt and some
air. Clearly, . If air is replaced by some alloys have high relative permeability. Note that
word “permeability” is a derivation of the word 15. How will you prove that the unit of ?
other material ) and the same magnetizing force “permeate” , meaning “to pervade or saturate” and
H is applied , then flux density in the material will is not related to the word “permanent”.
be Bmat = .
12. What is work law?

The work law may be stated as under: Unit of

The work done on or by unit n-pole in moving
once round any complete magnetic path is equal to
the product of current and number of turns
Thus when we say that of a material is 1000, it
enclosed by that path.
means that for the same magnetizing force, flux
density in the material will be 1000 times its value 13. What is the modern definition of ampere?
in air.

10. Show that 1N/wb = 1 AT/m

IfI1=I2=1 A: I=1 m: d= 1 m, then But volt x sec/amp is the unit of inductance
F=B1 1 (e=Ldi / dt) unit of is H/m.
F=
Unit of B is
Hence one ampere is that current which, if
Also F maintained in two long parallel conductors, and
placed 1 m apart in vacuum, would produce
between those conductors a force to 2 x 10-7N per
Unit of metre length.

Now H

newtons
Unit of H= amp x metre = amperes
newtons metre

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Franciscan ENGINEERING REVIEW PROGRAM ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING – MAGNETISM & ELECTROMAGNETISM Summer 2017

This free quality hand-outs can be found only at [email protected] SHORT QUESTIONS