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Rotational Motion

The document discusses rotational motion of rigid bodies. It defines key terms like angular displacement, angular velocity, and angular acceleration. It also describes the relationships between linear and rotational motion, showing how formulas for displacement, velocity, and acceleration can be transformed between the linear and rotational domains. For example, linear displacement (x) relates to angular displacement (θ) as x=Rθ, where R is the radius. It also discusses kinetic energy in rotational motion and how it depends on the moment of inertia.

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julianne sanchez
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123 views

Rotational Motion

The document discusses rotational motion of rigid bodies. It defines key terms like angular displacement, angular velocity, and angular acceleration. It also describes the relationships between linear and rotational motion, showing how formulas for displacement, velocity, and acceleration can be transformed between the linear and rotational domains. For example, linear displacement (x) relates to angular displacement (θ) as x=Rθ, where R is the radius. It also discusses kinetic energy in rotational motion and how it depends on the moment of inertia.

Uploaded by

julianne sanchez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ROTATION OF RIGID BODIES

A rigid body is an idealized model of a body which has a perfectly definite


and unchanging shape and size. It is a body where all the particles maintain their
relative position as it rotates. When a body rotates about a fixed axis, its motion
can be described by the quantities angular position, angular displacement, angular
velocity and angular acceleration.

Angular displacement:

Consider an object that rotates starting from point A and ends at point B. The
angular displacement (∆θ) is defined as the change in angular position, during a
time interval Δt. In symbols,

   f   i

The angular displacement is expressed in radians (rad).

To convert between radians, revolutions, and degrees use the conversion:

1revolution=2 π radians=360 degrees


One rad is the angle (θ) subtended by an arc with a length (s) equal to the radius R
of the circle.
1 rad: s = r

The value of θ (in radians) is equal to s divided by r. In symbols,


s
θ=
r
Angular Velocity:

The average angular velocity ω of a body in the time interval ∆t as the ratio of
the angular displacement to ∆t.
Δθ
ω=
Δt

Angular acceleration:

When the angular velocity of a rigid body changes, it has an angular acceleration.

If
ω1 and ω2 are the instantaneous angular velocities at times t1 and t 2 , the
average angular acceleration α over the time interval
Δt=t 2 −t 1 as the change in
angular velocity divided by Δt .
Δω
α=
Δt

It can be observed that angular motions are derived from linear motion. To
transform linear motion to angular motion, the following replacements are made

1. X → θ, 2. v → ω 3. a →α

We can therefore derive formulas for rotational motion in the same manner as the
linear motion. Below is the summary.

LINEAR ROTATIONAL______

1. x=vt -------------- zero acceleration------- 1. θ=ω t


v 1+v 2 ω +ω
2. x= t --------- acceleration free------- 2. θ= 1 2 t
2 2
3. v 2=v 1 +at ----- displacement free------ 3. ω 2=ω1 + α t
1 2 1 2
4. x=v 1 t+ a t ----- final velocity free------- 4. θ=ω1 t+ α t
2 2
2 2 2 2
5. 2 ax=v 2−v 1----- time free---------------- 5. 2 αθ=ω 2−ω 1
__________________________________________________________________

Relating Linear and Angular Kinematics

The arc length s in a circle is given by


x=s=Rθ
Where s is the arc length, R is the radius of the circle and θ is the angle.
The linear speed of the particle is
x/t = v=Rω
and its linear acceleration is
v
=a t=R α
t

The acceleration due to the change in its direction is radial acceleration given by
2
a r=R ω

Summary of the Relation Between Linear and Angular Motion

s=Rθ
v=Rω
a t=R α
2
a r=R ω

Energy in Rotational Motion

A rotating rigid body consists of mass in motion, so it has kinetic energy. This
Energy can be expressed in terms of the body’s angular velocity and a quantity
called moment of inertia.

The moment of inertia of a body is a measure of the resistance of an object


to changes in its rotational motion. For a system of particles of masses
mi at
r
distances i from an axis passing through a point P the rotational inertia of the
system about the axis is given by:
I =m 1 r 2 +m 2 r 2 +. . .=∑ mi r 2
1 2 i i

The SI unit of moment of inertia is kg.m2.

In terms of moment of inertia (I), the rotational kinetic energy of a rigid body is:

1
K= Iω2
2
The SI unit of the rotational kinetic energy is Joule (J).
SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. A wheel rotates with a constant angular acceleration of 3.5 rad/s2 . The initial angular
speed of the wheel is 2.0 rad/s.

a. Through what angle does the wheel rotate in 2 s? Given your answer in radians and in
revolutions.
b. What is the angular speed of the wheel at t = 2 s?

Solution
a. Given α = 3.5 rad/s2 , ω 1=2 rad /s , t = 2 s
Required: θ = ?

Formula: ω 2−free . This is because no ω 2is in the given and required


1 2 rad 1
θ=ω1 t+ α t θ=2 ( 2 s ) + 3.5 rad /s 2 (2 s)2
2 s 2

θ=11rad
180 o
o 1 rev
θ=11rad x =630.25 or θ=11rad x =1.75 rev
π rad 2 π rad

b. Given α = 3.5 rad/s2 , ω 1=2 rad/s , t = 2 s


ω
Required: 2 =?
Formula is displacement free ω 2=ω1 + α t
rad 3.5 rad
ω 2=2 + ( 2 s)
s s
2

ω 2=9 rad / s

2. When drilling a 12.7-mm- diameter hole in wood, plastic, or aluminum, a shop manual
recommends a drill speed of 1250 rev/min. For a 12.7mm diameter turning at a constant 1250
rev/min, find
a.) the maximum linear speed of any part of the bit;
b) the maximum radial acceleration of any part of the bit.

Given: R = 1/2 (diameter) = (1/2) 12.7 mm = 6.35 mm = 0.00635 m


rev 1min 2 πrad rad
ω=1250 x x =130.9
min 60 s 1 rev s

a) v=R ω=0.00635 m x 130.9 rad / s

v=¿0.831 m/s

2
b) a r=R ω a r=0.00635 m(130.9 rad /s )2
m
a r=108.8 2
s

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