REVELATION 2 (a) Write an account of the ways in which the Qur’an was revealed to the Prophet

between the years 610 and 632. [10]

2. (a). Write about the Prophet’s different experiences of revelation, after the first revelation. [10]
Include the following points in your answer:
Write a brief statement about Quran its importance and then what revelation means
1. a descriptive account of the revelations, from the first one to the last ones
2. Revelations came in both Makka and Madina. Add the event of first revelation and in the end last
one
3. An account of the first experience should be given; when the prophet was meditating in Cave Hira,
the Angel Gabriel came to him and commanded him to read.
4. Give the reference of Surat Al-Muddassir in which the Holy Prophet ‫ صلى هللا عليه وسلم‬was
commanded to rise and warn
5. Give the reference of Surat Al-Shuara in which the Holy Prophet ‫ صلى هللا عليه وسلم‬was commanded
to warn his kinsmen
6. Give the reference of Surat Al-Hijr in which the Holy Prophet ‫ صلى هللا عليه وسلم‬was commanded to
proclaim what is commanded to him by his lord
7. Surat Al-Duha was revealed when the revelation stopped for quite some time.
8. Surat Al-Fatiha was the first full chapter that was revealed
9. Surat Al-Kausar was revealed when his son passed away and the Quraish started Mocking him and
calling him Al-Abtar
10.Surat Al-Ikhlas was revealed when Quraish asked the Holy Prophet ‫ صلى هللا عليه وسلم‬to describe his
lord
11. Surat Al-Anfal was revealed to tell the Holy Prophet ‫ صلى هللا عليه وسلم‬how the booty of Badar
should have been divided
12. Last two verses of Surat Al-Baqara were revealed when the Holy Prophet went to seven heaven
and met his lord.
13. The last full chapter of Surat Al-Nasr was revealed at the time of conquest of Makkah.
14. The last verse that was revealed on the Holy Prophet was verse number 281 of Surat Al-Baqarah
or verse number 3 of Surat Al-Maidah
15. This is how the Holy Quran was revealed bit by bit according to the need of early Muslim
Community

2. (a). Write an account of the different ways in which revelations came to the Prophet. Include
examples in your answer.
After the same starting statement as 1st answer Include the following points in your answer:
1. The Qur’an was revealed to the Prophet over a period of 23 years.
2. The first revelation came in the year 610, in Cave Hira.
3. The revelations were stopped for a period, after first revelation, which caused the Prophet to
worry.
4. There were different ways in which the verses were revealed to the Prophet. Sometimes the Angel
Jibril would come in the form of a man, which the companions witnessed
5. a few times the Prophet saw the Angel in his original form, e.g. on the night journey (sura najm).
6. He also received revelation in dreams.
7. The most difficult was when they came as the ringing of a bell.
8. The revelations would weigh down on him, so much so that his camel could not withstand the
weight.
9. It is also reported by Ayesha that she witnessed sweat dropping from his forehead on a very cold
day.
10.such as the pressure that it put on Zayd’s thigh when he was sitting next to the Prophet during
one of the revelations.
11.The revelations were not within his control (sura 75:16–19), he had no idea when they were
coming, and they were safeguarded by God.
12. some revelations were responses to specific events, e.g. the revelation during the migration
when Abu Bakr was worried (sura tawba:40) or Surah Duha and Kauthar to console the Prophet.
Conclude how it was so difficult and how The Prophet managed .

3(a) Describe the events of the Prophet’s night journey and ascension (al-isra wal miraj).
1- provide an account of the main events both journey to Jerusalem and the journey to the heavens,
as well as mentioning the names of those the Prophet (pbuh) met and what he saw.
2- you may include some of the following points. All other relevant points must be credited.
3- In the year before migration the Prophet (pbuh) was taken on a journey, “from the sacred mosque
to the farthest mosque” (17.1).
4- The Prophet (pbuh) was woken from his sleep and his heart was washed with zamzam.
5- He was then taken on Buraq from Makka to Jerusalem by the angel Jibril.
6- There the Prophet (pbuh) led all the previous prophets in prayer.
7- He was asked to choose between milk and wine, and he chose the milk, to which Jibril said, “You
have been guided on the fitra”
8- After that, Jibril took him to the heavens.
9- He (pbuh) met Adam at the door to heaven, and thereafter he ascended and met various other
prophets (some of whom should be mentioned)
10- On the first heaven he met Adam, on the second Isa and Yahya, on the third Yusuf, on the fourth
Idris, on the fifth Harun, on the sixth Musa, and on the seventh Ibrahim
11- He was led to the SIDRATUL MUNTAHA, past which Jibril could not go, and then met with his
Lord.
12- He was given prayers and the last 2 verses of Sura Baqara
13- On his way down he met Musa who suggested the Prophet (pbuh) ask God to reduce the
number of prayers given to his people.
14- The Prophet (pbuh) did this several times, then at five, stopped, saying he was too embarrassed
to ask for further reduction.
15- He was shown some of the inhabitants of Heaven and Hell.
16- this all took place in one night, and when the Prophet told the people, the Quraysh laughed at
him.
17- Abu Bakr believed in the event straight away.

3(b) Why do you think it was important for God to take the Prophet (pbuh) on this journey?
1- The Prophet (pbuh) had been through a period of difficulty and this event made him realise that
God had not left him.
2- It allowed him to see what he, and all Muslims, should be striving for which gave him renewed
strength.
3- He realised his status amongst prophets (as seal of the prophets, he led them in prayer),
4- and realised the blessings God had given his community (by giving the five prayers), which gave
him renewed hope in his message and he began to work towards better prospects for him and his
community.
5- It was one of the main miracles other than the Qur’an. you can put forward other points,

Give details of two events, Migration to Abyssiniaa and Taif

1- The two main events related to this are the visit to Ta’if and the Pledges of Aqaba.
2- you should write about both events to reach higher levels.
3- As the number of converts to Islam was not increasing, and due to the persecution by the
Quraysh, the Prophet turned his attention to communities outside Makka.
4- He first went to Ta’if, where he called the people to Islam for ten days. Page 31 of 50
5- The people of the city chased the Prophet and Zaid bin Harith out, pelting them with stones.
Blood flowed down his legs and Zaid was injured too.
6- They took refuge in an orchard. God sent the Angel Jibril, with the angel of the mountain, to crush
the town and its inhabitants with the mountains surrounding it, with the Prophet’s permission.
7- The Prophet instead prayed for them that they become Muslim.
8- The Prophet then focused on preaching to pilgrims coming to Makka for the pilgrimage. In the
eleventh year of prophethood, six men from Yathrib listened to the Prophet’s message.
9- They accepted Islam and went back to Yathrib and preached the message of Islam.
10- The following year, twelve men came to offer their allegiance to the Prophet. They pledged to
worship one God, not steal or commit adultery, nor kill their children.
11- The Prophet sent Musab bin ‘Umair to teach the people of Yathrib. In the following year, over 70
pilgrims came to Makka from Yathrib and swore allegiance to the Prophet.
12- In this pledge they agreed to listen and obey the Prophet, to spend when they had lots and when
they had less, to enjoin good and forbid evil, to fear no one, and to defend the Prophet.
13- After this the Prophet gave the Muslims permission to start migrating to Madina.

MOTHERS OF FAITHFUL
ANALYSIS OF THE MARRIAGES OF HOLY PROPHET (SAW)
1) Hazrat Khadijah (r.a): His character, loyalty and contentment with only one
wife.
2) Hazrat Sawadah (r.a): His consideration that an early convert may be helped
and honored and will get a support to carry out his Prophetic mission with
ease.
3) Hazrat Ayesha (r.a): His ties with a close friend and a powerful chief
strengthened. A jurist, a scholar and a trainee for Muslim ladies was prepared.
4) Hazrat Hafsa (r.a): Another powerful chief brought closer. A learned women,
in her person got a secretary and later became the custodian of Holy Quran.
5) Hazrat Zainab bint e Khuzaimah (r.a): A martyr’s widow helped was a devoted
lady called Ummul Masakin.
6) Hazrat Umm e Salamah (r.a): A widow with children helped ,got married after
Uhad when 77 Muslims got killed.
7) Hazrat Zainab bint e Jash (r.a): An example was set that one can marry widow
of adopted son as permission was given though a revelation.
 8) Hazrat Jawaria (r.a): A marriage with a political motive, a prisoner in battle of
Ditch, belonged to a Jewish tribe. It promoted Islam in Jewish tribes.
9) Hazrat Umm e Habibah (r.a): An early convert, daughter of the bitterest
enemy, facing problems in a strange land after conversion of her husband to
Christianity and then death. This marriage protected her and softened the
hostility of Abu Sufyan.
10) Hazrat Safiya (r.a): A Jewish widow who was rehabilitated. Brought as a
prisoner from Khyber.Daughter and wife of chiefs.Helped to promote Islam in
Jews.
11) Hazrat Maymunah (r.a): A relative of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W), an old
woman, needed assistance. Her marriage proved beneficial as her nephew
Khalid bin Waleed became so impressed that he accepted Islam. This promoted
relations with other tribes and Muslims got strength.
12) Hazrat Rehana (r.a): She belonged to Banu Nazeer, and was brought along
the war booty. A widow was helped, and relations with Jews improved.

13) Hazrat Maria (r.a): A gift from a chief, accepted by him to oblige the Egyptian
ruler and create good will and harmonious relations between the new state of
Madina and Christian state of Egypt. She was raised in esteem and status, as she
gave birth to the last child and third son – Hazrat Ibrahim (R.A) – of the Holy
Prophet (S.A.W)

These marriages were:

 To provide a variety of examples
Of various types of house – wive. Women from different families, Of different Status
and back ground.
 To provide protection
 To gain some objectives.
 To guide Muslim women and to pass on his life style as a husband and a
father.
 He contracted the marriages in order to win over and pacify tribes.
 Cement relations with eminent Arab leaders, enlarge the circle of friends.
 Support the nations in the minds of over-whelming number of nonbelievers
and enemies.
 Economic and social factors, like rehabilitation of widows of sincere friends
and devoted Muslims.

MOTHERS OF FAITHFUL
Hazrat Khadija (RA)
 Born in 556 AD. D/o Khuwaylid.
 Quraish was her tribe
 Tahira was her title, she was also known as Khadija tul Kubra (the great).
  She asked the Prophet (S.A.W) to take her merchandise to Syrira, which
proved profitable.
 Was impressed and sent him a proposal, which was accepted on the approval
of Hz. Abu Talib.
 Married life; happy,with six children.
 Prophethood; she consoled and accepted his word.
 Tradition of the Prophet (S.A.W): When people belied me, she believed in me.
They denied me, she became a Muslim. Wen none assisted me, she was my
help. I have my children from her.
 She faced torture and persecution.
 Died after the boycott was dissolved in the 10th year of Prophethood.
 Stood by his side. Never left him alone.
 Buried at Hajoon.

First wife, he did not marry again as long as she was alive. The first person to accept
Islam and testify him. A true counselor, helped through might and main. Pious,
chaste, devoted, loving, self-sacrificing, helping, supporting, caring, a great help to
him and Islam.

HAZRAT AYESHA (R.A)

 Born Muslim
 Belonged to the tribe of Banu Tamem of Quraish.
 D/o of Hz Abu Bakr and Umm Rooman.
 Born in 614 AD
 Married the Prophet in the 10th year of Prophethood, at the age of nine or ten.
Was sent to his house at the age of 13 or 14.
 Brilliant, intelligent, particular and mindly of human values, decorum and
respect for elders.
 A brave lady. She took part in battles, and used to supply water and nurse the
wounded.
 She lost her necklace, and caravan had to stop. Meanwhile, time of prayer
approached, and companions were uneasy as water was not available. Verses
13 of An-Nisa were revealed, giving permission to perform Tayammum.
 Incident of If’k took place when hypocrites leveled false accusations agains
her. Surah Nur verse 12 clarifies her character, and the commandment for 80
lashses as the punishment for false accusation was revealed.
 She passed on more than 2000 traditions.
 The Prophet (saww) instructed and guided her in religious matters.
 She had command on Fikah.
 She derived a system to check authenticities of any hadith in views of the
Quran.
 Holy Prophet (saww) was resting in her lap when he passed away, was buried
in her room.
  Had command on literature and linguistics.
 The greatest torch-bearer of rationalism.
 Companions used to ask her for guidance.
 Use used to issue fatwas even during the Caliphate of the first three Caliphs.
 She enjoyed constant companionship with her august husband.
 She had an urge to look out for knowledge and information, which she passed
on to Muslim women.
 Led a simple life, without comfort and luxury.
 Stood up on the request of Hz Talha and Hz Zubair, for peaceand to pacify
worry parties. Situation took a turn, and she had to come into confrontation
with Hz Ali (RA). She repented this throughout the remaining days of her life.
 Had knowledge of medicine, history, gemology.
 Died in 58 AH, at the age of 73. Abu Huraira led her funeral prayer.

HAZRAT HAFSA (R.A)

 Full name was Hafsa int Umar bin Khattab
 Belonged to Banu Adi of Quraish
 Born in605 AD
 Accepted Islam in the 6th year of Prophethood, along with her husband and
parents.
 Migrated to Yasrib with her husband, who was injured in Badr and died.
 After Iddat, Holy Prophet (saww) proposed to her, and they were married in 3
AH.
 She learnt the art of reading and writing from her father. He taught her fiqah,
social reforms, practical democracy, personal freedom, and importance of
human virtues such as equality and fair dealing.
 She quoted 60 traditions heard from the Prophet (saww) and her father.
 Had sound knowledge of religious matters.
 Died in 45 AH, during the caliphate of Hz Amir Muawiya. Marwan, the
administrator of Madina led her funeral prayer.
 Buried in Jannat-ul-Baqi.

SERVICES:
A teacher, a guide for Muslims and especially Muslim women, a role model for
wives. Intelligent, high cultured. Very obedient, had a cordial relationship with
other wives of the Prophet (saww). She and Hz Ayesha (RA) were fast friends. Hz
Ayesha used to call hera strong-willed woman, like her father.
A pious, devoted, loving, caring, helpful person. Fond of knowledge, and in fact a
model of womanhood and a guide for believers. Willed to distributed her
property to the poor.

Hazrat Umm-e-Salamah
  Real name was Hind. D/o Abbu Ummayyah Sohal, a leader and great
horseman.
 Belonged o Makhzoom of Quraish.
 An early convert, migrated to Abyssinia with her husband.
 1st woman to migrate to Madina.
 Was ill-treated by relatives, before her 2nd migration. Finally one of her
kinsmen spoke to her relatives, and she was allowed to leave for Madina, and
showed the way to other Muslim women, who were still in a dilemma to join
their men folk in Madina.
 Her husband Abu Salamah got injuries in Uhad which proved fatal, and he died
in 4 AH.
 Prophet (saww) proposed to her after her iddat, and they got married in 4 AH.
 Thus an aged widow with four children got sustenance and respect.

CHARACTER:
Extremely modest, sensitive, self-respecting, took part in the battle of Khyber, after
treaty of Hudaibyah, she advised the Prophet (saww)to sacrifice his camel and get his
head shaved. On seeing all this, others followed the Prophet (saww) She was second
only to Hz Ayesha (RA) in learning; and had a high degree of brain power, perception,
insight and adjudication.

She quoted a number of ahadith, and was very keen to learn them. She was
intelligent and clear-headed. Outlvied all the wives, died in 63 AH at the age of 84. Hz
Abu Hurairah led her funeral prayer, and she was buried in Janna ul Baqi.

She led a pious life, was fond of fasting, and devoted in prayers. She followed the
path of extreme caution. A generous lady with intense love for the Prophet (S.A.W)

Hazrat Zaynab bint-e-Jash (RA)

 Daughter of Jash, cousin of the Prophet (saww)
 Got married to Hz. Zaid bin Harisa (RA) to teach that class differentiation is not
important, and status is judged on piety
 Somehow marriage was dissolved and after a Divine revelation giving
permission to marry the divorcee of an adopted son, Prophet (saww) married
her in 5 AH
 She was pious, brave, good at speaking and advocation.
 Many hadith were quoted by her.
 She was good natured, kept fasts and offered prayers.
 Religious minded, truthful, generous and dedicated in the service of Allah.
 Extremely content and used to earn her living herself.
 Was an expert tanner.
 Se died in 20 Ah. Hazrat Umar (RA) led her funeral prayer.
 Her death left orphans and widows broken-hearted.
  Prophet (SAWW) had foretold that, among his wives, one with a long hand
would meet him in the heavens, first. By long hand, he meant benevolent as
she was the most generous among his wives.
 She was buried in Janant-ul-Baqi

Hazrat Sawdah (RA)

 D/ o Zumma.
 Belonged to Quraish
 Early convert
 Migrated to Abysiinia but returned
 After the death of Hz Khadija (RA), the Prophet (saw) was in need of a person
to look after his house and children, so that he may continue his work.
 On the request, of Halah he sent a proposal to her, a widow with a son, and
they were marriage
 She was a loving person, and looked after children.
 Known for her sense of duty and obeduience.
 She was a tall and had a heavy built. Once the wives of the Prophet (saww)
asked him which of the wives would die first. The Prophet (saww) said one
with a long hand. All believed it would be Sawdah, but Hazrat Zaynab (RA))
died first. It was learnt that he meant the most generous one.
 After the Prophet’s death, she never came out of her house, not even for hajj
or Umra.
 She died in 22 AH.
 Was buried in Jannat ul Baqi.
 as Barra
 Belonged to Bani Mustalaq of Khuza’a
 Brought as a prisoner of war
 Later tried to pay for her freedom, but the Prophet (saww) proposed to her.
 Because of her marriage, 600 prisoners were freed, and all of them became
Muslims.
 After her marriage, the Prophet (Saww) changed her name to Jawariyah.
 She was a handsome woman.
 She was self-respecting and held herself in high esteem.
 She was a woman of great learning, and quoted a number of traditions.
 She was a religious person and spent much of her time in prayer, and fasted
very often
 She died at the age of 65 in 56 AH, in Amir Muawiya’s reign.
 Buried in Janant ul Baqi
 Scribes of the Divine Revelation and hadith
Holy Prophet had 34 scribes.
56 knew the art of writing.
40 wrote the verses of the Quran.
Scribes are classified in five categories.
1. Katiban-e-Nabi: Exclusively responsible for Quranic verses and his letters.
2. Katiban-e-Jamien; they were the companions who compiled Quran of their own accord.
They wrote it without the instructions of Holy Prophet and are called Katiban-e-Jamien. They
were six in number.
3. Katiban-e-Masahif: Who wrote from the collection compiled in Hazrat Abu Bkar’s reign.
They were three in number.
4. Katiban-e-Hadhith: Scribes of Ahadith called Katiban-e-Hadhith. They compiled ahadith and
were seven.
5. Katiban-i-Mehz: Merely scribes are called Katiban-i-Mehz. Their works are not mentioned
in history. These were six in number.
Holy Prophet used to ask many questions about the knowledge of the Quran to increase their
information pertaining to the Quran and Hadith.

Importance:
 They were people with lofty characters, are mentioned in Surah Abasa: 15, 16. They
are called honourable, pious and just by Allah.
 The Prophet (PBUH) described their excellence.
 He used to guide scribes on how to us ink, how to cut the snlant of the nib, and how
the highlight words and write them down properly. Once he instructed Hz. Muaviya
to keep his inkpot’s mouth open to avoid hinderence, make the cut of the pen
slanting, write BA ( ) of Bismilla legible, mark the marks of SIN ( ) clear, do not
confuse the eye of MEEM( ) write ALLAH finelyenlarge the NUN ( ) and express AL
RAHEEM beautifully.
 Four caliophs, Ubbay bin Kaab, Abdullah bin Masur, Muahd bin Jabal, Zaid bin Sabit,
Muqaiiya bin Abu Sufyan and Abdullah bin Abbas were among the scribes.
 Quran exist in written form due to there efforts in different eras
 Allah Himself took the responsibility of its protection and human effort is of Scribes
who not only memorize it but also wrote it on different materials for the sake of up
coming generations under the guidance of Holy Prophet(SAWW)
 Muslims will always remember them as the helpers and teachers who convey the
Quran to them through the centuries.

Hazrat Zaid bin Sabit (Rz.)

 One of the Ansars, born in 615 AD
 Had learned Quran from the early converts in Yasrib
 At the age of 11 he recited Surah Al Qaf for Holy Prophet
 He was told to learn Hebrew and later corresponded the Jews
 Had command on religion and law of inheritance
 Took allegiance to Hz Abu Bakr
 Compiled Quran in one volume in Hz Abu Bakr(Rz) caliphate and then in Hz
Usman’s Caliphate in Qurashi dialect
 Hz Abu Hurrirah and Ibn e Abbas were his students
 Hz Umer appointed him as the Qazi of Madina
 Hz Usman in his reign gave him the responsibilities of the public treasury
 Died in 45 AH at the age of 56

Hazrat Abdullah bin Masud (Rz)

 One of the early converts sixth in number
 Most favorite companion declared as his confidant
 Faces the torture ,was the first to recite the Quran openly in Makkah
 He migrated twice.
 Participated in all the ghazwat.
 Ashra-e-Mbashirah. Was given the tidings of paradise.
 Hazrat Umar sent him as an administrator and religion teacher to Kufa.
 Hazrat Umar used to consult him.
 He was a judge and an incharge of Bait-ul-Mal in Hazrat Umar and Usman’s
reign.
 He died in 32 AH in Madina.
 He had a good voice.
 He was excellent at Quranic recitation.
 He used to write down revelations, in accordance to the instructions of the
Prophet (PBUH)

Hazrat Ameer Muawiya

  Belonged to the Ummayad clan
 Son of Abu Suffyan
 Embraced Islam at the conquest of Makkah
 Some say he accepted Islam in 6 H
 He became the Governor of Syria, after Yazeed bin Suffyan in Hazrat Umar’s
caliphate.
 He died in 60 AH, at the age of eighty-two.
 Asma ur Rajal prove his status as a scribe of the Propehet (PBUH)

COMPONENT OF HADITH
Introduction:
• Every hadith has two components i.e. Sanad and Matn
• Muhaddithun or masters of hadith assess and classify Ahadith with these two components
• Sanad or isnad is the chain of narrators and  Matn is the text or body of hadith
Sanad
• To check the authenticity of hadith Muhaddithun first check its Sanad
• For the Sanad, the chain of narrators was carefully studied through the art of Asma-Ur-Rijal
(Names of Men), their biographies were collected and investigated in detail.
• They ensured that the narrator was pious, noble, honest and well-reputed person.
• Even if the transmitter had ever cheated anyone or even lied to anyone in the matter of joke,
the Hadith was rejected.
• They also ensured that the narrator had good memory and had preserved what he had heard.
• A narrator actually met the other narrator and in this way the chain of narration went right
back to the Holy Prophet (pbuh).
• The narrator was physically, mentally and intellectually fit to understand the full importance
and impact of all what he had heard.
• Each transmitter must have known the transmitter before him, and also the transmitter after
him.
• The last person in the chain of narration was a companion of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) who had
himself either heard. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) spoke the particular words or seen him
performing the action quoted in the Hadith.
• The chain of narration from beginning to the end had un-interrupted continuity.
• For example; “Muhammad bin Al Muthana reported from Abdul Wahab from Ayub from Abu
Kilabah, from Malik that the Prophet said;” ……. Matn:
• Matn is the text and Body of the hadith
• Muhaddithun also assessed Matn of hadith in several ways
• The compilers ensured that the text of Hadith was not in conflict with the content, spirit,
philosophy or the commandments of the Holy Quran in any manner.
• It was not in conflict with the content of a Hadith which had already stood the test of reliability
/ authenticity or the consensus (Ijma) of the community. For example, the Hadith will not be
accepted if it says to offer four daily prayers.
• It was not against the historical facts already established and proved.
• It was not against the dictates of reason, logic, rationale common sense or the laws of nature.
• For instance, “Brushing teeth increases wisdom”. (Fabricated)
• The Matn should have pure Arabic as the Prophet’s language was pure and perfect.
• It did not, in any way, hurl accusation at the family of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) and caliphs.
• The Hadith which promised a high reward for a small virtue, or severe punishment for the
slightest fault was rejected

Components of Hadith

SANAD (CHAIN OF MATN

NARRATORS) (TEXT/BODY OF HADITH)

Muhammad bin Al Muthana reported

from Abdul Wahab from Ayub from “Pray as you have seen me offering
prayer.”
Abu Kilabah, from Malik that the
Prophet said; “……………………..”

CLASSIFICATION OF AHADITH
Introduction
• Ahadith are classified according to the quality of text, truthfulness, reliability
• Followings are the Ahadith which classified into 5 divisions
Sahih Hadith
• It is an authentic hadith
• If all the narrators in the Sanad fulfill the conditions needed for the tradition so it is classified
as an accurate saying or action of the Holy Prophet and named Sahih
• This means we can be certain that the Prophet actually said or did what was reported in the
tradition
• For example; the Holy Prophet said; “There is a gate in Paradise called Al Raiyan, and those
who observe fasts will enter through it on the Day of Resurrection”

Hassan Hadith
• It is an approved hadith
• It is like Sahih hadith except that is narrators or some its narrators have been found defective
in memory in comparison with narrators of Sahih Traditions
• For example: The Holy Prophet (pbuh) said; “I said to the Prophet (pbuh), ‘O Messenger of
Allah, to whom should I be especially good to? ‘The Prophet said, ‘to your mother’. This he
repeated three times. Then he said, ‘to your father.”

Daeef Hadith
• It is a weak hadith
• If any of the narrators in the Sanad was known to have had any of the following faults;
• If any one of the narrators was known to have been a liar
• If anyone was known to had bad memory
• If anyone was known to have not met the one he was supposed to be narrating from
• For example: The Holy Prophet (pbuh) said; “One the Day of Resurrection you will be called by
your named and by your father’s names”

Maudu Hadith
• It is a fabricated form
• Sometimes the tradition was fabricated, sayings and practices were attributed to the Holy
Prophet which he had not said or did and could not be used to prove any point of law
• For example: The Holy Prophet (pbuh) said; “Whoever takes a bath on the Day of Ashura will
not get sick in that year’ and so on”
Ahad Hadith
• It is single or isolated hadith
• It is the one whose chain of narrators are broken or are the traditions that are less widely
accepted
• It is therefore less authentic
• It its narrators were truthful and honest, it was accepted otherwise rejected.
• It is divided into Mashur, Aziz and Ghareeb Hadith
 TYPES OF HADITH

• Ahadith are divided into two types

• These are Hadith e Qudsi and Hadith e Nabvi
Hadith –E- Qudsi
• Hadith e Qudsi is also called Sacred or divine hadith
• It is inspiration in which the sayings of Allah are expressed by the Holy Prophet in
his own words. Thus, it is not a part of the Quran
• For example, in Sahih Bukhari, it is stated on the authority of Abu Hurairah that
the Holy Prophet said; “when Allah decreed the creation, he pledged himself by
writing in His book (Lauh e Mehfooz) which is preserved with Him: “Truly my
mercy overcomes My wrath.”
• The difference between the Quran and Hadith e Qudsi is that the words if the
Quran were revealed by Allah directly from the Lauh e Mehfooz, whereas Hadith e
Qudsi comprises only the inspirations which were revealed by Allah and were put
into words by the Prophet himself
• So, Hadith e Qudsi is not of the same status as the Quran
• Generally, the Ahadith are traced back to the Holy Prophet with regard to their
authority
• In Hadith e Qudsi, the Matn contains Allah’s direct speech, so unlike all the other
traditions, their authenticity is traced by way of the Prophet to Allah Himself  For
example, in the following Hadith e Qudsi, is the Prophet quotes Allah as saying;
“Fasting is for Me and it is I who will give reward for it”.
• Though Ahadith e Qudsi are very few in number, they are extremely helpful in
understand the fundamentals of Islam since their main theme is Allah’s
relationship with mankind

Hadith –E- Nabvi

• It is that Hadith which contains the actual statement and teaching of the Holy
Prophet in the form of his sayings, actions and tacit approval
• In Hadith e Nabvi the ultimate Ravi is the Companion of the Holy Prophet
• For example, it is recorded in Sahih Bukhari that Umar R.A reported that the Holy
Prophet said: “Actions are judged by intentions, and every person will get
rewards according to what he has intended. So, whoever emigrates for worthy
benefits or for a woman to marry, his emigration will be what he emigrated for”.
 • Ahadith e Nabvi are innumerable in number and guide the Muslims in almost each
and every aspect of their life
• They not only help us in understanding more about our beliefs, and how to
practice the teachings of Islam, they also help us to seek guidance in legal,
political, social and economic aspects of life
• In the absence of Hadith and Sunnah, the Quran would have remained
unexplored and not fully understood to the depth of its meaning

COLLECTION OF HADITH
Musnad Collection
• The word Musnad is derived from the word Sanad means authority
• It means the collection of hadith in which all the tradition narrated by a certain
companion are organized under his name
• The Musnad compilations are divided into chapters whose headings were identified
by the name of a particular companions such as Ahadith of Abu Bakr, Ahadith of Ali
Bin Abi Talib R.A etc.
• Musnad collection are useful for spotting Ahadith attributed to a particular
companion
• A Person will simply find out maximum numbers of the Ahadith narrated by specified
companion in a chapter entitled with his name
• The most famous Musnad is the Musnad of Imam Ahmed Bin Hanbal which contains
more than 30,000 Ahadith.

Musannaf Collection
• This is most comprehensive collection of Ahadith
• In this collection, Ahadith are grouped into chapters, sub chapters according to their
theme
• For example; faith, purification, pilgrimage and fasting etc.
• In these collections Matn is focused where the teachings of Prophet exist
• They are useful for understanding Prophet’s teachings on a particular point
• Similarly, they are useful in establishing the Islamic laws
• For example, in case of finding solution on a particular matter, desired information
can be searched as per topic name in these collection
• The most respected collection of all is the Sahih Bukhari
• It has 7397 Ahadith under 3450 subject headings
• Equally important and famous is Musannaf of Mautah Imam Malik, the first collection
ever written down
 Rightly
Guided Caliphs
Objective:
In this chapter, candidates will look at the period of rule of the Four
Rightly Guided Caliphs. The topic being covered in this chapter are;

1. The main events of the rules of the all caliphs, the policies they adopted
in maintaining and expanding the Islamic state, including the battles
fought during the tenure of each Caliph

2. Their main achievements as well as the problems they faced, and their
tactic or style to leading the community

3. Their significance as models of leadership; the importance of their rules

as models for present day government and as examples for Muslim
community CALIPHATE OF HAZRAT ABU BAKR R.A
(11 -13 A.H) 632 – 634 A.D

Election Of First Caliph

• After the demise of Holy Prophet, the first problem before the people was the election of a
new leader
• At that time there were two big groups of Muslims exist, Muhajireen (Emigrants) and Ansars
(Helpers)
• The Ansars are gathered at the place Saqifa Bani Saida, their meeting –place, near the house of
Ansari leader, Saad Bin Abada
• Saad said that the Caliph must be from among them
• But someone refuted it and suggested that there should be two Caliphs, One from the Ansar
and the other from Muhajireen
• Hazrat Umar objected to this suggestion and said that this would lead confusion among the
nation
• Hazrat Abu Ubaidah Bin Jarrah also rejected the suggestion and advised that the Quraish have
a better right to select a Caliph from among them
• The Ansar agreed to have a Muhajir Caliph
• Therefore, Abu Bakr Recommended Umar or Abu Ubaidah as the caliph
• On hearing, both Umar and Abu Ubaidah exclaimed “How can anyone else fill this place as long
as you are among us? You are the top man among the Muhajireen. You were the companion of
 Holy Prophet in the cave of Thaur. You led the prayers in his place, during his last illness. With
all these qualification, you are the fittest person to be the successor of the Holy Prophet”
• Hazrat Umar took Abu Bakr’s hand and pledged loyalty to him
• All the others followed him. Thus, Abu Bakr was chosen as the first Caliph of Islam
• At this occasion Abu Bakr mounted on the pulpit of Masjid-e- Nabvi and as Caliph spoke to the
people with following words; “O People! I have been elected your leader, although I am not
better than anyone from among you. If I do any good, give me your support. If I go wrong, set
me right. Listen! You must obey me as long as I obey Allah and His Messenger. If I disobey Allah
and His Messenger, you are free to disobey me”

Main Challenges Face By Caliph AbuBakr

• After becoming the Caliph, Abu Bakr faced many challenges.
• On the one hand the Christians and Jews were filled with unrest and other hand apostasy was
on the rise while some tribes refused to pay Zakat.
• Another serious problem that arose at the same time was of the false Prophets
• Hazrat Abu Bakr showed exceptional courage and determination and overcame all the
challenges

1. Expedition Of Syria
• The prophet had nominated Hazrat Usama Bin Zaid some weeks ago his demise, to lead an
expedition against the Romans in Syria
• Usama was to avenge the death of his father Hazrat Zaid Bin Haritha, who had been killed by
the Syrians in the battle of Mautah
• The army had not gone very far when the Prophet fell seriously ill and passed away  That
helps up the expedition for some weeks.
• As soon as Abu Bakr became the Caliph, the first thing he thought of was sending the
expedition again
• Someone suggested that Usama was too raw to lead the expedition because he was just
seventeen
• On suggestion Abu Bakr angrily replied; “what right have I, to dismiss a man appointed by
Allah’s Messenger?”
• So, the expedition left under the supervision of Usama Bin Zaid about three weeks after the
demise of Holy Prophet
• This expedition proved very successful as Usama attacked the frontier districts of Syria and
returned victorious to Madinah after forty days

2. The False Prophets

• During the last year of Prophet’s life many false prophets arose in Arabia
• Specially named Aswad Ansi, Musailima, Sajjah and Tulaiha

Aswad Ansi
• Before the demise of Holy Prophet an imposter, Aswad Ansi appeared in Yemen
• He belonged to the Ans Tribe
• He was ugly person and kept his face veiled
• This is why known to be “Veiled Prophet”
• He gathered a considerable number of followers and attacked Sanaa (Capital of Yemen)
• He killed the governor and forcefully married his widow
• The holy Prophet wrote to the leaders of the Muslim army in Yemen to get rid of the imposter
• They secretly joined hands with his newly married wife who was against him
• One night, they killed Aswad and Yemen once again came back under the Muslims
• This news reached Madinah, a day after the Prophet’s demise

Musailima
• He belonged to the tribe Banu Hanifa
• He visited the Holy Prophet in Madinah during his life time
• On returning, declared his prophethood
• He wrote the letter to the Holy Prophet, claiming himself as a partner in prophethood
• He suggested to divide the land between him and the Holy Prophet
• Holy Prophet refused his suggestion by saying “The whole land belongs to Allah only”
• The Holy Prophet called him “Kazzab” (Liar)
• Demise of Holy Prophet gave Musailima opportunity
• Musailima collected the large to deal with the army of Sajjah
• Rather than to attack, he married with Sajjah
• After the marriage an army of 40,000 under the command of Musailima
• To encounter him, Abu Bakr sent three battalions towards Yamama
• The battalion under the Ikrama Bin Abu Jahl was ordered to attack Musailima, after the
battalion under the Shurabeel bin Hasanah arrived to reinforced it.
• Ikrama attacked Musailima without waiting for Shurabeel and was badly defeated
• When Shurabeel reached, he attacked too and was defeated
• Hazrat Abu Bakr wrote to Khalid Bin Waleed to deal with Musailima
• Khalid Bin Waleed reached with an army of 15,000
• A fierce battle took place at the place of Yamama in 633 A.D
• Musailima and his tribesmen were all put to death
• Since this battle took place in garden and number of people from Banu Haifa were killed
• That’s why it known as “Battle of the Garden of Death”
• Among those who killed Musailima was Wahshi, the Negro slave who killed Hamza R.A  In
that battle, many Muslims were martyred who had memorizer of Quran
Tulaiha
• Tulaiha was also one of the imposters
• He belonged to the tribe of Banu Asad
• When he laid to claim prophethood, all his tribesmen became the followers
• On hearing his claim, Abu Bakr sent army of 4000 to crush Tulaiha
• With the intention of Muslims attacked, Tulaiha along with his huge army encamped atthe
Bazakha
• In the fierce battle Tulaiha’s army defeated
• Tulaiha fled to Syria with his wife
• Later on, he became Muslim
• During the Caliphate of Umar, he served in the Muslim army in the Iraqi campaigns andthus
tried to compensate for his past sins
Sajjah
• She was a Christian and belonged to the tribe of Banu Tamim
• After the demise of Holy Prophet, she also laid he claim to prophethood
• She raised the army of marched towards Madinah
• On the way, she came across Musailima’s force
• Musailima and Sajjah both were good looking, they were attracted to each other
• It is reported that Musailima hypnotized her and married with her
• After the murder of Musailima, she disappeared and lived in obscurity  Later when the
Muslims conquered Iraq, she accepted Islam

3. Malik Bin Nuwairah

• He was the chief of the tribe of Banu Tamim
• The Holy Prophet had appointed him as the tax collector for his tribe
• After the demise of Holy Prophet, he did not dispatch the collected tax to Madinah and gave
back all the collected money to his tribesmen
• He also attacked the Muslims of his tribe
• Later, he was captured and killed by the army of Khalid Bin Waleed

4. RiddaWar
• The Ridda wars, also known as “The Wars of Apostasy”
• were a set of military campaign against the rebellion of several tribes in the whole of Arabia
(except Makkah, Madinah and Taif)
• Demise of Holy Prophet led some people to think that Islam was going to end with him
• As they were not firm in their new faith, many of them apostatized from Islam
• Before sending the troops, Abu Bakr had sent his envoys to all apostatized tribes in a final
attempt to make them re-embraced Islam
• The corps commanders were given following instructions:
(i) To call Adhan, on approaching the tribes which were their target
(ii) After adhan they needed to ask the tribe to confirm its submission to Islam including
paying of Zakat
(iii) The tribes that answered the Adhan and submitted to Islam were not to be attacked
(iv) All the apostates who had killed Muslims were to be killed
Ridda War at Bahrain
• The people of Behrain who had embraced Islam in the life time of the Holy Prophet also
apostatized and started fighting the Muslims
• Abu Bakr sent a battalion to deal with them
• They were defeated and their leader Hatim was killed
• Thus, Behrain was once again secured under the Muslims
• Some tribes of Oman and Mahrah also gave up Islam
• Abu Bakr dispatched forces to subdue them
• After a tough battle, the Muslim army was successful
• The rebels were defeated and brought back into the folds of Islam
• Eventually, in a few months, Abu Bakr was able to put down the country-wide uprising caused
by the apostate tribes

5. Refusal To Pay Zakat

• Some of the newly converted tribes refused to pay Zakat
• Among the non-payers of Zakat were the neighboring tribes of Abs, Zabyan, Asad and Tay
• Although the Muslim government took the Zakat from them and spent it on the on the poor of
their own tribe
• The chiefs of these felt it a burden on their pockets
• They said that if the government would exempt them from the payment of Zakat, they would
remain Muslims
• So, these tribes sent deputation to the Caliph,
• Abu Bakr called a meeting of the Advisory Council and sought its advice
• Many of the members advised him to ignore these tribes and settle the situation
• Abu Bakr strictly refused the suggestion and said; “By Allah! Even if a single coin in due from a
man, he must give it. If he refuses, I will wage war against him. If other do not support me, I
will fight alone. No one has the power to change a commandment of Allah”.
• The Caliph decided to march against the rebellions
• In a few days, Osama Bin Zaid was back from the expedition to Syria
• He left Osama as his deputy in Madinah, and himself led an army against Abs and Zabyan
• Abu Bakr defeated these tribes and received the fixed amount of Zakat from them
• The impact of the strict act strongly influenced the chiefs of many other tribes with the result
that they submitted Zakat to Bait ul Maal.

CAMPAIGN IN SYRIA (BYZANTINE EMPIRE)

• At that time, Syria was part of the great Roman (Byzantine)Empire

• The Romans were wary of the newly achieved power of the united Arabs and were planning to
wipe them out
• There was the constant danger of an assault from the Roman side
• Abu Bakr was not unaware of them and therefore issued an order for Jihad  In the year 13
A.H he raised a large army and divided it into four divisions
• These divisions against Syria were to strike at four different places
• Yazid Bin Abu Sufyan was appointed for Damacus, Shurabeel Bin Hasanah for Jordan, Abu
Ubaidah Bin Jarrah for Hons and Amr Bin Al Aas for Palestine
• Abu Ubaidah was appointed as the commander in chief of all the four divisions
• The news of the Muslim invasion upset Heraclius, the Emperor of Syria
• He sent four huge armies to fight the Muslims
• Each army was several times larger than the Muslims
• This made the four commanders give thought to the matter
• They met together and decided to write to the Caliph for more reinforcement
• Khalid Bin Waleed was busy in the Iraqi campaign when the Caliph received and urgent request
for reinforcements from his generals in Syria
• He directed Khalid to join and assist the commander in Syria
• Obeying the Caliph’s order, Khalid Bin Waleed handed over his command in Iraq to
• Musanna and marched off with half army

ADMINISTRATION OF HAZRAT ABU BAKR (R.A)

1. Political Setup

• Hazrat Abu Bakr divided the whole Arabian Peninsula into ten provinces with Madinah as the
capital of the Islamic state
• For each province, He appointed a Wali (governor), who was the ruler of that area.
• It was the duty of the governor to lead the prayers in his area, collect taxes, command the
army, maintain law and order in the province, and administrator justice
• The governor was assisted by an Amil (Revenue collector) and the Qazi (Judge)

2. Foundation of Truly Democratic Government:

• Abu Bakr laid the foundation of a truly democratic government

• He gave the first lesson to whole mankind of “government by the people” when nobody knew
• On every occasion he decided all the matters after mutual consultation with the Shura
(Advisory Council) which consisted of the prominent Companions
• The membership of the Shura was not based upon colour, race, wealth or wordly power

3. Revenue Department
• There was no separate department of revenue.
• The Baitul Maal (State Treasury) setup in Madinah
• Zakat, Sadqaat, spoil of war and other taxes used to come Madinah for Bait ul Maal
• Whatever funds came in the Bait ul Maal were immediately distributed among the low
privilege people
• A part of the revenue was reserved for the purchase of weapons and horses needed by the
army.
• He divided the army into different corps with a separate commander and tell the commanders
were required to act under the commander in chief

4. Expeditionary Force

• Abu Bakr maintained a reserved force and dispatched expeditionary forces where there was
need for Jihad
• While sending his troops, Abu Bakr instructed to his commanders the same rules which
Prophet (PBUH) used to give them

5. Man On Principle
• Abu Bakr was known for his gentle and humble nature, as an administrator he was very strict
and particular about the affairs of the state
• He never allowed any of his officers to behave in an irregular manner
• Whenever he found any officer amiss, he immediately warned him

MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS DURING THE CALIPHATE OF ABU BAKR (R.A)

Expansion of Muslim Empire
• Right after becoming the Caliph, Abu Bakr had to face not only internal but external
challenges also from powers such as Romans and Persians
• Following the death of the Holy Prophet, political and religious turmoil threatened the newly
created Islamic state
• With his determination, courage and unshakeable conviction, he not only strengthened the
foundation of Islam on firm grounds, but also expanded its territories as far as Syria,
Palestine and Iraq.

Compilation of Quran
• The greatest achievement of Abu Bakr was to preserve the Quran in written form
• In the battle of Yamama many of the memorizer of the Quran were martyred
• Fearing that the Quran might be lost, Umar requested to Caliph Abu Bakr to compile and
preserve it in written form
• Though Abu Bakr initially hesitated he later agreed and made a committee of the memorizer
of Quran
• Zaid Bin Thabit was appointed as in-charge of the committee.
• He and Umar were to collect all the verses from the personal collections of the companions
who had saved them on different materials.
• After collecting all the Quranic verses Zaid Thabit and the member of his committee verified
them by comparing them with those who had memorized the Quran
• After they were satisfied, the text was written down as one single manuscript and presented
in a book form to the Caliph Abu Bakr

Administration
• Hazrat Abu Bakr divided the whole Arabian Peninsula into ten provinces with Madinah as the
capital of the Islamic state.
• Abu Bakr laid the foundation of a truly democratic government
• He decided all the matters after mutual consultation with the Shura (Advisory Council) which
consisted of the prominent Companions
• He appointed a Wali (governor), who was the ruler of that area.
• It was the duty of the governor to lead the prayers in his area, collect taxes, command the
army, maintain law and order in the province, and administrator justice
• He built “Bait ul Maal” to collect revenue
• He ensures the safety of non-Muslims and allowed them to perform their religious duties
• He offered himself and his officers for accountability

HAZRAT ABU BAKR: A SAVIOR OF ISLAM

• Hazrat Abu Bakr is rightfully declared as the Savior of Islam, for he restored the prestige of
Islam in different ways
• On hearing about the demise of the Holy Prophet, when people were in a state of shock and
grief, Hazrat Abu Bakr consoled them by saying: “O people! Listen! As for him who
worshipped Muhammed. Let me tell you that Muhammed is dead. But as for him who
worshipped Allah, Allah is live and dies not” (Bukhari)
• When he became the Caliph many tribes who were new convert and thought of the Prophet
as a Mere King, tried to leave the religion after his demise. Abu Bakr overcame the enemies
and rebels because of his firm determination and taught these people a lasting lesson that
Islam is a way of life.
• He demolished the power of all the false Prophets, brought unity among the Muslims and
established the foundation of Islam on solid grounds
• He undertook the mission to preserve the Quran
• He did not compromise with people who refused to pay Zakat. He waged wars against them in
order to safeguard the principles laid down in Islam. Had he not shown strength and
determination at that time, future generations would not have agreed to pay Zakat which is
the Pillar of Islam

Character
• Hazrat Abu Bakr was the most distinguished figure of Islam after the demise of Prophet
• By nature, he was very kindhearted. He would often buy slaves and set them free
• He always served the orphans and the helpless people even after became caliph
• The Holy Prophet said about him; “The most compassionate member of my people towards my
people is Abu Bakr”. (Trimidhi)
• He was the pious companion of the Holy Prophet. He never spoke obscene harsh and
immodest words in any situation
• He was the great worshipper, it is said that Hazrat Abu Bakr used to perform prayer similar to
that of the Holy Prophet
• Abu Bakr had several sons and many close relatives but he did not choose anyone of them for
public services
• He was the one who spent all of his belongings for the sake of Allah and His Prophet  The
Holy Prophet gave him the glad tidings of Paradise in following words; “Abu Bakr’s name shall
be called out from all the gates of Paradise and he will be the person of my Ummah to enter
into it” (Muslim)
Death
• On the 7th Jamadi us Thani, Abu Bakr was taken ill
• He had severe fever
• After an illness of two weeks, on 22nd Jamadi us Thani 13 A.H, he passed away
• He was 63 years at that time
• He was buried in Masjid e Nabvi next to the Holy Prophet

THE ARTICLES OF FAITH

Introduction
• The articles of faith or the fundamental beliefs are the basis of Islam.
• A Muslim has to have firm faith in them these six fundamental articles of faith are;
(i) Belief in the Oneness of Allah (Tawheed)
(ii) Belief in the Angels (Malaik)
(iii) Belief in the Revealed Books (Kutub)
(iv) Belief in the Prophets (Rusul)
(v) Belief in Resurrection and the Last Day (Akhira)
(vi) Belief in the Predestination and Decree of Allah (Al Qada wal Qadr)
• The Holy Quran states: “O you who believe! Believe in Allah and His messenger and the
scripture which He has sent to His messenger and the scripture which He sent to those before
(him). Anyone who denies Allah, His angels, His books, His messengers and the Day of
Judgment has gone far, far astray,” (Surah Al Nisa V:16)
• The message of Islam which was spread by the Prophet was based on these beliefs which are
mentioned in Imam e Mufassil; “I do believe in Allah, in His angels, in His (revealed) books, in
His apostles, and in the Last Day (the judgment), and in the determination of good and bad
resting in the hands of Allah, the Most exalted, and in the Resurrection, or life after death”

Significance of Faith
• All the articles of faith are in reality, principles of action.
• Allah is the one Who possesses all the perfect attributes and when a human being is required
to believe in Allah
• Belief in angels means that the believer should follow the good impulses which are inherent in
him and should be careful of his thought and actions, believing that he is constantly watched
and monitored by the angels
• Belief in the Books of Allah signifies that we should follow the direction contained in them for
the development of our inner faculties
• Belief in Messengers means that we are expected to mold ourselves and set our lives on their
noble examples and serve humanity as they did
• Belief in Hereafter and the Last day tell us that physical or material advancement is not the
end or objective of life; its real purpose is an infinity higher one of the which the Resurrection
is but the beginning

BELIEF IN ONENESS OF ALLAH (TAWHEEED)

Introduction
• Tawheed literally means, belief in One (God)
• It is an Islamic term which is connected with revelation by God
• It implies to have belief in the oneness of Allah and this is the primary faith and conviction of
the religion of Islam
• It is a revolutionary concept and constitutes the essence of the teachings of Islam
• It means that there is only one Supreme God of the Universe
• He is Omnipresent, Omnipotent and the Sustainer of the world and mankind
• Allah says; “Say thou, He Allah is one: Allah is He on whom all depend. He begets not nor is He
begotten; and none is like Him”

Types Of Tawheed
 There are three types of Tawheed
(a) Monotheism with respect to Entity of Allah.
(b) Monotheism with respect to Attributes of Allah. (c) Monotheism
with respect to worship
• There are a number of verses in the Quran which clearly explain the oneness of God:
• Allah says; “And your God is one; there is no other God. He is the most merciful and
Benevolence.” (Al Baqarah V:163)
• At another occasion Allah Says in the Quran; “Had there been other gods than Allah, they
(heavens and earth) would have been disordered” (Al Anbia V:22)

ATTRIBUTES OF ALLAH

Lordship And Existence

• Quran mention His Attribute beyond imagination
• Surah Shura it states; “He is the most High and Most Great”
• In the Holy Quran it mentioned that Allah is the Creator of entire universe
• He is the beginning of the all beginnings and created everything alone
• Quran nullify the believe of atheist who believe that world came into being accidently
• Quran also refuse the idea that Allah is a philosophy not a personality
• Quran confirmed His existence in Surah Ikhlas by following words; “Say He is Allah the One and
Only”

Creator
• At different places Quran proved that Allah is the Creator of Universe
• He created the heavens and the earth
• He is a Lord and Sovereign of all that exists and He knows the seen and the unseen
• One of his most amazing creation is man himself
• He Created man with unspecified drop of germ cell, In Surah Alaq it mentioned; “Who created
man out of a clot of congealed blood”
Protector
• Man is made development on Allah
• He nurtures man physically and spiritually
• For physical grow He sustain man with food
• For spiritual nourishing He guides man
• For survival, He also offers protection from internal and external enemies
• Allah put need inside a man to submit and to worship someone
• In surah Fatiha it mentions; “Praise to Allah the cherisher and Sustainer of the world”

THE EFFECTS OF THE BELIEF IN

ONENESS OF ALLAH ON INDIVIDUAL LIFE

The belief in the Oneness of Allah brings about remarkable and revolutionary changes in the
personality of man, described as under:
Humbleness
• Oneness of Allah develops an attitude of humility
• A true believer realizes that he is helpless before Allah Almighty and everything in his
possession is a gift of Allah Almighty.
• Quran states; And the servants of Allah Most Gracious are those who walk on the earth in
humility.
Broad Mindedness
• A believer in the Oneness of Allah Almighty is never narrow-minded.
• He has firm faith in the mercy and beneficence of Allah Almighty Who is the Creator and
Provider of theniverse
Optimism
• A true believer is never disappointed and always waits for the blessings and help of Allah
Almighty.
• He knows that Allah Almighty is always with him. As Allah says; “Despair not of the mercy of
Allah”

THE EFFECTS OF THE BELIEF IN

ONENESS OF ALLAH ON SOCIAL/COLLECTIVE LIFE

 Like the individual life, beliefs of Monotheism are also influenced by the society. Some of them
as follow:
Peaceful Environment
• When it is possible to establish the limits set by Allah, the tension and the environment of
indecency change in peace.
• Every criminal knows that he will be punished if he makes a crime, so it remains away from
harmony, which may result in the formation of peace in the society.
• This peaceful environment is also due to Monotheism.
Unity and Brotherhood
Belief in Oneness of Allah Almighty purges human mind of all the prejudices of color and creed .
• Thus, all the believers become a brotherhood. As declared by the Holy Qur'an: “ Verily all
the faithful are brothers”.
 BELIEF IN ANGELS OF ALLAH
Introduction
• Angels (Malaik/Malayek) in Islam are light-based creatures, created from light by God to serve
and worship him.
• Believing in angels is one of the six Articles of Faith in Islam, without which there is no faith.
• Quran states; "Say, 'If there were settled, on earth, angels walking about in peace and quiet,
we should certainly have sent them down from the heavens an angel for a messenger.”
(17:95)

DUTIES OF ANGELS

• Angels are intangible (indefinable), sentient (alert) entities, who do not possess free will.
• They were created for the sole purpose of serving God.
• Being made of light, they can assume almost any form, completely real to the human eye, and
traverse a distance as fast as light or faster.
Arch Angels:
• Due to varied methods of translation from Arabic and the fact that these Angels also exist in
Christian contexts and the Bible, several of their Christian and phonetic transliteral names are
listed.
1. Jibraaiyl/Jibril/Gabriel [A.S.]
 Jibraaiyl [A.S.] is the archangel responsible for revealing the Qur'an to Muhammad  , verse by
verse. Jibrail [A.S.] is known as the angel who communicates with (all of) the prophets.
2. Mikaaiyl/Michael [A.S.]
Mikaaiyl is often depicted as the Archangel of mercy who is responsible for bringing rain, wind
and sustenance for all living things and thunder to Earth. He is also responsible for the
rewards doled out to good persons in this life.
3. Israfil/Israafiyl/Raphael [A.S.]
• According to the Hadith, Israafiyl [A.S.] is the Angel responsible for signaling the coming of
Qayamah (Judgment Day) by blowing a horn or trumpet and sending out a Blast of Truth.
• The blowing of the trumpet is described in many places in Qur'an. It is said that the first
blow will destroy everything, while the second blow will bring all human beings back to life
again.
4. Izrael/Azrael [A.S.]
• Izrael who is responsible for parting the soul from the body.
• Although he is frequently referred to as Israel, he is referred to as Malak-Al-Maut (the
angel of death) in the Qur'an with the following words; “Say, The Angel of death will take you
who has been entrusted with you. Then to your Lord you will be returned”. (32:11).
5. Other Angels
• Maalik is the chief of the angels who guard Hell.
• Ridwan is the angel who is responsible for Heaven (Paradise).
• Kiraamun and Kaatibeen are the angels who record the good and bad deeds of a person.
• Munkar and Nakeer are the angels who interrogate a person in the grave about his good and
bad deeds.
• The Qur'an also mentions angels who are ruling the Hell. A verse stipulates this: " O you who
believe! Save yourselves and your families from a Fire (Jahannam) whose fuel is Men and
Stones, over which are (appointed) angels stern and severe, who flinch not (from executing)
the Commands they receive from God, but do (precisely) what they are commanded." (66:6)
• Also, the number of Angels of Fire mentioned as Nineteen: "Over it(Fire) are nineteen
(Angels)” (74:30)
QUALITIES OF ANGELS

• The Qur'an also mentions that angels have qualities that may be typified (symbolize) by the
word wings. Another verse stipulates this; "Praise be to God, who created (out of nothing) the
heavens and the earth, who made the angel messengers with wings - two, or three, or four
(pairs) and adds to Creation as He pleases: for God has power over all things." (35:1)
 The preceding sentence does not imply that all angels have two to four wings.
• Most notably, Archangels namely Gabriel and Michael are described as having thousands of
wings.
• Tradition also notes that certain angels, created solely for the purpose of praising God, have 70
thousand heads, each with 70 thousand mouths that speak 70 thousand languages solely to
praises for the Almighty.
• This type of angel, whose type is nameless, accompanied Muhammad up to Jannah (Heaven)
when he received commands from Allah.
• Instead of riding on an angel, Muhammad rode a creature called a Buraq whose stride spans
from horizon to horizon.

VERSES IN THE QUR'AN THAT DIRECTLY NAME

ANGELS
• Gabriel and Michael (A.S) are mentioned early on the Qur'an in Surah Al-Baqarah; "Say:
Whoever is an enemy to Gabriel - for he brings down the (revelation) to your heart by God's
will, a confirmation of what went before, and guidance and glad tidings to those who believe -
Whoever is an enemy to God, and His angels and prophets, to Gabriel and Michael - Indeed!
God is an enemy to those who reject Faith." (Al-Baqarah 2:97-98)
• Another Angel, Malik is defined in the Qur'an as a being who is the warden of Hell.
• Malik also translates into "King" from Arabic, so it is assumed that Malik is "King" of Hell.
• The Quran says; "They [the people in Hell] will cry: ‘O Malik! Would that your Lord put an end
to us!’..." (Az-Zukhruf 43:77)
• Apart from these, other angels also continually visit human beings; they gather to witness the
prayers

PRAYER (SALAH)

Introduction

• The word Salat which means “To Pray”, and “blessing”

• In Islamic terminology it conveys the way of expressing devotion by the man to his real Creator
and object His worship in the special manner taught by Allah to the people through His Apostle
• It was the first act of worship made obligatory by Allah at the time of Mairaj in the 10 th year of
Prophethood
• Salah is the first act that a person will be held accountable for.
• A Muslim has to offer prayers five times a day at the appointed times.
  Quran says; “Establish regular prayer, for prayer restrains from shameful and unjust deeds”
(29:45)
• Another occasion it is mentioned in Quran “Verily I am Allah there is none worthy of worship
but Me, so worship Me and establish prayer for My remembrance.
 Prophet (PBUH) said regarding Salah “what stands between a man and disbelief is the
abandonment of salat”

CONDITIONS OF PRAYER
• Before offering any prayer, a Muslim need to fulfil following condition purify himself
• Cleanliness (Body, clothes, place)
• Satar (Prescribed parts of body must be properly covered)
• (For Male) Naval to knees, (For Female) whole body except face, hands and feet
• Time
• Direction
• Intention

Cleanliness of Body (Wudhu Or Ablution)

• Islam encourages believers to keep their bodies clean especially from impurity
• Ablution or wudhu is essential for prayer, without it person cannot offer prayer
• It is made to remove minor impurities which cause due to different reasons like flow of blood,
vomit, passage of wind, loss of consciousness through sleep, drowsiness etc.
• It is mentioned in Quran with following words; “O you who believe! When you intend to offer
prayer, wash your face and your hands up to the elbows, rub (by passing wet hands over) your
heads, and wash your feet up to the ankles” (5:6)

Four Obligatory Acts of Ablution

• To wash face from top of forehead to the chin and as far as each ear
• To wash arms with elbow
• To wipe the head with hands
• To wash the feet up to the ankles
Bath (Ghusl)
• Ghusl means to wash or the act of washing the whole body
• It is performed to get purification from the major impurities
• Major impurities happened due to different reasons like marital relation, period of child birth
etc.
• Generally, “Ghusl” is of three kinds

Three Obligatory Acts of Ghusl

• To rinse the mouth thoroughly
• To rinse the nose right up to the nasal bone
• To wash all the parts of the body thoroughly including hairs

Dry Ablution (Tayammum)

• Tayammum or dry ablution is the alternative of ghusl/wudhu
• It is performed to have purity under different conditions
• when water cannot be found
• water injurious for health
• Danger of enemy might attack
• Tayammum can be done with dry stone, clean and pure earth or sand, Bricks

Method of Dry Ablution

• Intention
• Place both hand of earth or sand
• Blow the dust off the hands  Wipe the face, hands

Cleanliness of Clothes
• If clothes get impure by any mean like, flowing blood, pus, wine etc., must be washed

Cleanliness of Place
• Any place that is free from impurity is suitable for prayer

Time
• All the Muslims must pray regularly at times defined by Allah for each prayer
• Delaying prayer until its time is over without a reason is prohibited, and is a major sin
Direction
• Prayer may not be valid in any direction
• Therefore, it is must for Muslims to face Qibla in the direction to Makkah

Intention (Niyah)
• It means to intend in heart and simply by responding to the call of prayer
• Uttering words of intention are not necessary

ADHAN
• Adhan is to call Muslims to prayer.
• This system of calling was introduced by Prophet PBUH
• It is compulsory to say wherever Muslims offer their obligatory prayer
• The person who call the adhan is called Muezzin (caller)

Importance of Adhan
• The Azan is not only an announcement of the time of prayer, but also of the great principles of
Islamic faith
• It is an announcement, made five times daily, of the unity of Allah and of the Prophethood of
Hazrat Muhammed (PBUH)
• The announcement also carries the real significance of the unity of Allah, so the man must bow
only before Him  The words “Come to Prayer” followed by “Come to Success” signify the
prayer is the real way to attain success.

IQAMAH
• It is the second call to prayer which is said before the congregational prayer
• It is similar to Adhan but with the addition of the “Prayer has indeed begun”
• It is said when Muslims stand in rows by standing behind the Imam of congregational prayer
 TIMES OF PRAYER
• Each prayer has its own timing at which it must be performed.
• Allah says “Prayer at fixed hours has been enjoyed upon the believers” (Al Nisa 103)  FAJR:
begins from the break of dawn, ends at sun rise.
• DUHR: when sun begins to decline and the shadow of man is the same as his height, ends the
shadow of man becomes double of his height
• ASR: begins when the Duhr time ends and lasts till sunset
• MAGHRIB: begins from sunset till disappearance of redness on the horizon
• ISHA: begins from disappearance of redness on the horizon ends before dawn. It is desirable to
say this prayer before midnight)

PERFORMANCE OF PRAYER
 Prayer includes; Intention, Thana (Sana), T’awuz, Tasmiah, Fatiha, Ruku (bows down and
holding knees), Qoamah (stand straight before prostrate), Sajdah (Prostrating), Jalsa, Second
Sajdah, Tahiyaat, Tashahud and Salam

IMPORTANCE OF PRAYER

• It is the important pillar of Islam and most regular compulsory action in a Muslim’s life 
Prayer is the shield against evil because without seeking Allah’s help, it is impossible to
refrain from evil.
• Allah says “Verily, prayer restrain (oneself) from shameful and unjust deed”
• Prayer satisfies one’s spiritual need to be in contact with Creator
• Prayer cleans soul and body because it involves inward and outward purification
performing ghusl and ablution
Holy  Prophet said; “Purification is one half of faith”

CONGREGATIONAL PRAYER
• On hearing the adhan, person should hasten to the masjid for the congregational prayer 
It is very much appreciated to offer the obligatory prayers in a Masjid with congregation. 
Prayers should be said in congregation under the leadership of Imam
• This was the practice of the Holy Prophet and his immediate successors who always led the
congregational prayers of the believers’ five times a day in the mosque at Madinah. 
Islam lays special stress on prayer in a congregation.
• The Quran says; “And bow down your heads with those who bow down (in worship)” (2:43)
• The Holy Prophet PBUH said; “A man offers in a Masjid with congregation is 27 times
more excellent in degree than that which he offers at home”
• This is also vindicated by the Holy Quran that a worshipper earns good deeds and rewards
on each step he takes to a Masjid for offering the congregational prayer.
• Only Fard are to be said in congregation, other units are said singly
• Women are allowed to join the congregation but their houses are better
• Men are excused from congregation, only in case illness, extreme weather etc.

Rules of Congregational Prayer

• The best man fit for Imamah is the one who is well with Quran and Hadith  Before the
congregational starts, the rows are straightened, gaps are filled.
• Worshipper stand shoulder to shoulder
• The elder and the pious occupy the front row, then children and then women.
• Someone standing in close to the imam (generally Muezzin) says Iqamah in a low voice
• The intention is made, all say the Takbir Tahrima
• When the Imams read loudly, the followers listen to him, but if the imam ends the fatiha,
the followers say “Ameen”
• When the Imam bows they all bow, the congregational follow Imam in all actions 
Followers do not go ahead of the Imam in standing, bowing or prostrating etc.
• If anyone joins the congregation after prayer has begun and advanced, he must follow the
Imam in the stage in which the Imam is at that time
Importance of Congregational Prayer
• Muslims are encouraged to offer their prayers in the Masjid
• Congregational prayers ensure that every believer interacts with other members of the
society
• Islam does not like seclusion and isolation for an individual specially in the name of worship
• Congregational prayer brings people together for the best purposes
• It is a symbol of the aim and purpose of Muslims’ collective life
• It is a vital pillar of the Islamic system, whoever upholds it, upholds the system. Whoever
abandons it, destroys the system