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Limiters

Syed Suleman Azher, roll number 221720, submitted a lab report on clipper circuits. The objective was to become familiar with clipper function and circuit development using diodes. The report explained different types of clipping circuits including positive diode, negative diode, clipping both half cycles, and bias diode circuits. Proteus simulations showed the output waveforms of each circuit. The conclusion stated that different clipper circuit concepts and implementations were learned in the lab.

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29 views6 pages

Limiters

Syed Suleman Azher, roll number 221720, submitted a lab report on clipper circuits. The objective was to become familiar with clipper function and circuit development using diodes. The report explained different types of clipping circuits including positive diode, negative diode, clipping both half cycles, and bias diode circuits. Proteus simulations showed the output waveforms of each circuit. The conclusion stated that different clipper circuit concepts and implementations were learned in the lab.

Uploaded by

Ali Fida
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Name: Syed Suleman Azher

Roll No: 221720

Electronic Devices & Circuits


Instructor: Sir Muzammil Ghaffar
Lab Report 5
Topic: Clippers Circuits
Objective: To become familiar with the function of clipper

and development of Clipper Circuit using Diodes.

Apparatus:

Sr. No Name of Apparatus


1 Diode
2 Resistors
3 Regulated Power Supply
4 Bread Board
5 Oscilloscope
7 Function Generator

Introduction:
Clipper circuits are the circuits that clip off or removes a portion of an input
signal, without causing any distortion to the remaining part of the waveform.
These are also known as clippers, clipping circuits, limiters, slicers etc. Clippers
are basically wave shaping circuits that control the shape of an output waveform.
It consists of linear and non-linear elements but does not contain energy storing
elements.
Explanation:
The circuit with which wave form is shaped by removing a portion of the applied
wave is known as clipping circuit. Clipping circuits (also known as limiters, amplitude
selectors, or slicers), are used to remove the part of a signal that is above or below
some defined reference level.
An example of a clipper circuit is the half-wave rectifier. The half-wave rectifier is a
circuit that allows only part of an input signal to pass. The circuit is simply the
combination of a single diode in series with a resistor, where the resistor is acting as
a load.

Why are clippers used?:


Clipper circuits are used to eliminate amplitude noise or to produce new waveforms
from an existing signal.Further clipping circuits are used to select for purposes of
transmission, that part of a signal wave form which lies above or below a certain
reference voltage level.

Positive Diode Clipping Circuit:


In this diode clipping circuit, the diode is forward biased (anode more positive than
cathode) during the positive half cycle of the sinusoidal input waveform. For the diode to
become forward biased, it must have the input voltage magnitude greater than +0.7
volts (0.3 volts for a germanium diode).
When this happens the diodes begins to conduct and holds the voltage across itself
constant at 0.7V until the sinusoidal waveform falls below this value. Thus the output
voltage which is taken across the diode can never exceed 0.7 volts during the positive
half cycle.
During the negative half cycle, the diode is reverse biased (cathode more positive than
anode) blocking current flow through itself and as a result has no effect on the
negative half of the sinusoidal voltage which passes to the load unaltered. Then the
diode limits the positive half of the input waveform and is known as a positive clipper
circuit.
Negative Diode Clipping Circuit:
Here the reverse is true. The diode is forward biased during the negative half cycle of
the sinusoidal waveform and limits or clips it to –0.7 volts while allowing the positive
half cycle to pass unaltered when reverse biased. As the diode limits the negative
half cycle of the input voltage it is therefore called a negative clipper circuit.

Clipping of Both Half Cycle Circuits:


If we connected two diodes in inverse parallel as shown, then both the positive and
negative half cycles would be clipped as diode D1 clips the positive half cycle of the
sinusoidal input waveform while diode D2 clips the negative half cycle. Then diode
clipping circuits can be used to clip the positive half cycle, the negative half cycle or
both.
For ideal diodes the output waveform above would be zero. However, due to the
forward bias voltage drop across the diodes the actual clipping point occurs at +0.7
volts and –0.7 volts respectively. But we can increase this ±0.7V threshold to any value
we want up to the maximum value, (VPEAK) of the sinusoidal waveform either by
connecting together more diodes in series creating multiples of 0.7 volts, or by
adding a voltage bias to the diodes.
Positive Bias Diode Clipping:
To produce diode clipping circuits for voltage waveforms at different levels, a bias voltage,
VBIAS is added in series with the diode to produce a combination clipper as shown. The
voltage across the series combination must be greater than VBIAS + 0.7V before the diode
becomes sufficiently forward biased to conduct. For example, if the VBIAS level is set at
4.0 volts, then the sinusoidal voltage at the diode’s anode terminal must be greater than
4.0 + 0.7 = 4.7 volts for it to become forward biased. Any anode voltage levels above
this bias point are clipped off

Negative Bias Diode Clipping:


Likewise, by reversing the diode and the battery bias voltage, when a diode conducts the
negative half cycle of the output waveform is held to a level –VBIAS – 0.7V as shown.

Proteus Simulations:
Clipper Waveforms:
Positive Diode Clipping Circuit:

Negative Diode Clipping Circuit:

Clipping of both Half Cycles:


Positive Bias Diode Clipper:

Negative Bias Diode Clipper:

Conclusion:
In this lab we learnt about the concepts of clippers circuits and its different types. And
also to implement the circuit on the breadboard and to generate the output on
oscilloscope using function generator. We learnt different types of Clipping, Positive
Diode, Negative Diode, Clipping on Both Half Cycles, Positive Bias Diode and Negative
Bias Diode. We generated the outputs as above.

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