Experiment-9.

Study and implementation of

#Aim: Study and implementation of Data Visualization with ggplot

#Install and Load Package

#installing package

#install.packages("ggplot2")

library(ggplot2)

library(plyr)

library(dplyr)

##

## Attaching package: 'dplyr'

## The following objects are masked from 'package:plyr':

##

## arrange, count, desc, failwith, id, mutate, rename, summarise,

## summarize

## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':

##

## filter, lag

## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':

##

## intersect, setdiff, setequal, union

#Histogram, Density plots and Box plots are used for visualizing a continuous variable.

#Creating Histogram:

View(iris)

ggplot(data = iris, aes(x = Sepal.Length)) + geom_histogram()

## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.

#To change the width of bin in the histograms we can use binwidth in geom_histogram( )

ggplot(data = iris, aes(x = Sepal.Length)) + geom_histogram(binwidth=1)

#One can also define the number of bins being wanted, the binwidth in that case will be adjusted automatically.

ggplot(data = iris , aes(x=Sepal.Length)) + geom_histogram(color="black", fill="white", bins =10)

#How to visualize various groups in histogram

ggplot(iris, aes(x=Sepal.Length, color=Species)) + geom_histogram(fill="white", binwidth = 1)

#Creating Density Plot

#Density plot is also used to present the distribution of a continuous variable.

ggplot(iris, aes( x = Sepal.Length)) + geom_density( )

#How to show various groups in density plot

ggplot(iris, aes(x=Sepal.Length, color=Species)) + geom_density( )

#Creating Bar and Column Charts :

#Now mpg data will be used for creating the following graphics.

ggplot(mpg, aes(x= class)) + geom_bar()

#Using coord_flip( ) one can inter-change x and y axis.

ggplot(mpg, aes(x= class)) + geom_bar() + coord_flip()

#How to add or modify Main Title and Axis Labels

p = ggplot(mpg, aes(x= class)) + geom_bar()

p + labs(title = "Number of Cars in each type", x = "Type of car", y = "Number of cars")

#How to add data labels

p = ggplot(mpg, aes(x= class)) + geom_bar()

p = p + labs(title = "Number of Cars in each type", x = "Type of car", y = "Number of cars")

p + geom_text(stat='count', aes(label=..count..), vjust=-0.25)

#How to reorder Bars

#Using stat="identity" we can use our derived values instead of count.

count(mpg,class) %>% arrange(-n) %>%

mutate(class = factor(class,levels= class)) %>%

ggplot(aes(x=class, y=n)) + geom_bar(stat="identity")

#Showing Mean of Continuous Variable by Categorical Variable

df = mpg %>% group_by(class) %>% summarise(mean = mean(displ)) %>%

arrange(-mean) %>% mutate(class = factor(class,levels= class))

p = ggplot(df, aes(x=class, y=mean)) + geom_bar(stat="identity")

p + geom_text(aes(label = sprintf("%0.2f", round(mean, digits = 2))),

vjust=1.6, color="white", fontface = "bold", size=4)

#Creating Stacked Bar Chart

p <- ggplot(data=mpg, aes(x=class, y=displ, fill=drv))

p + geom_bar(stat = "identity")

#Stacked - Position_dodge

p + geom_bar(stat="identity", position=position_dodge())

#Creating BoxPlot

mtcars$cyl = factor(mtcars$cyl)

ggplot(mtcars, aes(x=cyl, y=disp)) + geom_boxplot()

#To create a notched boxplot we write notch = TRUE

ggplot(mtcars, aes(x=cyl, y=disp)) + geom_boxplot(notch = TRUE)

## notch went outside hinges. Try setting notch=FALSE.

## notch went outside hinges. Try setting notch=FALSE.

#Scatter Plot

# Creating a scatter plot denoting various species.

ggplot(data = iris, aes( x = Sepal.Length, y = Sepal.Width,shape = Species, color = Species)) + geom_point()

# Creating scatter plot for automatic cars denoting different cylinders.

ggplot(data = subset(mtcars,am == 0),aes(x = mpg,y = disp,colour = factor(cyl))) + geom_point()

# Seeing the patterns with the help of geom_smooth.

ggplot(data = mtcars, aes(x = mpg,y = disp,colour = hp)) + geom_point() + geom_smooth()

## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula 'y ~ x'

# Plotting the horsepower using geom_line

ggplot(data = mtcars, aes(x = mpg,y = disp,colour = hp)) + geom_point(size = 2.5) + geom_line(aes(y = hp))

#Modifying the axis labels and appending the title and subtitle

#Adding title or changing the labels

ggplot(mtcars,aes(x = mpg,y = disp)) + geom_point() + labs(title = "Scatter plot")

#Alternatively

ggplot(mtcars,aes(x = mpg,y = disp)) + geom_point() + ggtitle(label = "Scatter plot")

ggplot(mtcars,aes(x = mpg,y = disp)) + geom_point() + ggtitle(label = "Scatter plot",subtitle = "mtcars data in

a <- ggplot(mtcars,aes(x = mpg, y = disp, color = factor(cyl))) + geom_point()

#Changing the axis labels.

a + labs(color = "Cylinders")

a + labs(color = "Cylinders") + xlab("Mileage") + ylab("Displacement")

#Combining it all

a + labs(color = "Cylinders") + xlab("Mileage") + ylab("Displacement") + ggtitle(label = "Scatter plot", subtitle

#Playing with themes

#Changing the themes.

b <- ggplot(mtcars,aes(mpg,disp)) + geom_point() + labs(title = "Scatter Plot")

#Changing the size and color of the Title and the background color.

b + theme(plot.title = element_text(color = "blue",size = 17),plot.background = element_rect("orange"))

b + theme_minimal( )

#Removing the lines from the background.

b + theme(panel.background = element_blank())

#Removing the text from x and y axis.

b + theme(axis.text = element_blank())

b + theme(axis.text.x = element_blank())

b + theme(axis.text.y = element_blank())

#Changing the legend position

c <- ggplot(mtcars,aes(x = mpg, y = disp, color = hp)) +labs(title = "Scatter Plot") +geom_point()

c + theme(legend.position = "top")

#Combining everything.

c + theme(legend.position = "bottom", axis.text = element_blank()) +theme(plot.title = element_text(color = "Fore

#Changing the color scales in the legend

c + scale_color_gradient(low = "yellow",high = "red")

#if we want 3 colors

c + scale_color_gradient2(low = "red",mid = "green",high = "blue")

#To serve the purpose of having 3 colors in the legend we use scale_color_gradient2 with low = "red",mid = "gree
n" and high = "blue" means it divides the entire range(Starting from 0) to the maximum observation in 3 equal par
ts, with first part being shaded as red, central part as green and highest part as blue.
c + theme(legend.position = "bottom") + scale_color_gradientn(colours = c("red","forest green","white","blue"))

#Changing the breaks in the legend.

c + scale_color_continuous(name = "horsepower", breaks = seq(50,350,75), labels = paste(seq(50,350,75),"hp"))

#Changing the break points and color scale of the legend together

#Trial 1 : This one is wrong

c + scale_color_continuous( breaks = seq(50,350,75)) +scale_color_gradient(low = "blue",high = "red")

## Scale for 'colour' is already present. Adding another scale for 'colour',

## which will replace the existing scale.

#Trial 2: Next one is wrong.

c + scale_color_gradient(low = "blue",high = "red") +

scale_color_continuous( breaks = seq(50,350,75))

## Scale for 'colour' is already present. Adding another scale for 'colour',

## which will replace the existing scale.

#The correct way to do is to define the arguments in one function only.

c + scale_color_continuous(name = "horsepower", breaks = seq(50,350,75), low = "red", high

= "black") + theme(panel.background = element_rect("green"),

plot.background = element_rect("orange"))

#Changing the axis cut points

d <- ggplot(mtcars,aes(x = mpg,y = disp)) + geom_point(aes(color = factor(am))) +

xlab("Mileage") + ylab("Displacement") +

theme(panel.background = element_rect("black") , plot.background = element_rect("pink"))

#To change the axis cut points we use scale_(axisname)_continuous.

d + scale_x_continuous(limits = c(2,4)) + scale_y_continuous(limits = c(15,30))

## Warning: Removed 32 rows containing missing values (geom_point).

#To change the x axis limits to 2 to 4, we use scale_x_continuous and scale_y_continuous set the least cut off po
int to 15 and highest cut off point of y axis to 30.

d + scale_x_continuous(limits = c(2,4),breaks = seq(2,4,0.25)) +

scale_y_continuous(limits = c(15,30),breaks = seq(15,30,3))

## Warning: Removed 32 rows containing missing values (geom_point).

#Faceting.

View(mtcars)

unique(mtcars$carb)

## [1] 4 1 2 3 6 8

ggplot(mtcars,aes(mpg,disp)) +geom_point() +facet_wrap(~carb)

#alternatively

ggplot(mtcars,aes(mpg,disp)) +geom_point() +facet_wrap("carb")

# Control the number of rows and columns with nrow and ncol

ggplot(mtcars, aes(mpg, disp)) + geom_point() + facet_wrap(~carb,nrow = 3)

#We can mention the number of rows we need for faceting.

# Control the number of rows and columns with nrow and ncol

ggplot(mtcars, aes(mpg, disp)) + geom_point() + facet_wrap(~carb,nrow = 3)

## Use the `labeller` option to control how labels are printed:

ggplot(mtcars, aes(mpg, disp)) + geom_point() + facet_wrap(~carb + am, labeller = "label_both")

#R provides facet_grid( ) function which can be used to faced in two dimensions.

z <- ggplot(mtcars, aes(mpg, disp)) + geom_point()

#We store our basic plot in 'z' and thus we can make the additions:

z + facet_grid(. ~ cyl) #col

z + facet_grid(cyl ~ .) #row

z + facet_grid(gear ~ cyl,labeller = "label_both") #row and col

#Adding text to the points.

ggplot(mtcars, aes(x= mpg,y = disp)) + geom_point() +geom_text(aes(label = am))

require(ggrepel)

## Loading required package: ggrepel

ggplot(mtcars, aes(x= mpg,y = disp)) + geom_point() +geom_text_repel(aes(label = am))