SAFETI 3D EXPLOSIONS

Tutorial Manual

SAFER, SMARTER, GREENER

Prepared by DNV GL Digital Solutions

http://www.dnvgl.com/software

© DNV GL AS. All rights reserved

This publication or parts thereof may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
including copying or recording, without the prior written consent of DNV GL AS
CONTENTS

Chapter 1: An Introduction to Safeti 3D Explosions ................ 1

In the first chapter you open an example analysis provided with the program, explore its main features,
and run the calculations and view the results without having to enter or change any input data.

Chapter 2: Extending the analysis of explosion hazards .......... 9

The second chapter guides you through the process of extending the example analysis, defining
additional explosion hazards, and setting up other input data that will give you a better understanding of
the hazards. The tutorial supplies all of the input data that you will require to complete the analysis.

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1 AN INTRODUCTION TO SAFETI 3D EXPLOSIONS

What to Expect of this Tutorial

The aim of this tutorial is to make you familiar with the ideas and techniques involved in performing an
explosion and effects analysis with the 3D Explosion extension of Safeti.

This tutorial assumes that you are already familiar with the features of Safeti that are available without
the license for the 3D Explosion extension. There is a separate tutorial that covers those features, and
you should complete that tutorial before starting this one.

The tutorial is divided into two chapters. In this first chapter you will open an example analysis provided
with the program, explore its main features, and run the calculations and view the results without
having to enter or change any input data. In the second chapter you will extend the example analysis by
defining additional explosion hazards, and also set up other input data that will give you a better
understanding of the hazards.

The tutorial should take 1-2 hours to complete. You do not have to complete it in a single sitting, and
can take a break between the chapters if you prefer.

Starting the program running

When you start the program running, the main window will appear as shown below if you have valid
licences for the main program and for the 3D Explosion extension present on your machine.

When you have a license for the 3D Explosion extension, an Effects icon will be present in the status
bar at the bottom right of the program window to show that this functionality is enabled. Additional
features will also be present in the program, and these are described in the sections below.

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Opening the 3D example file
This tutorial uses one of the example files installed with the program to give a quick introduction to the
terminology and approach used in the 3D Explosions and effects functionality.

To open the file, choose from the File tab on

the Ribbon Bar. The Examples dialog will open, showing all of
the folders and *.psux workspace files that are installed with
the program under the Examples folder. Select the Safeti
3D Explosions and effects example.psux file, and click on
OK. There will be a brief pause, and then the data for the
example workspace will be displayed in the program window,
as described in the sections below.

Note: the Examples folder will contain files for all four Phast
and Safeti products, and for the 3D Explosions and Multi-
component extensions to the products. If you do not have a
license for the Multi-component extension, then that example
file will not be relevant to you.

The example models an LNG train and regions of obstruction around the
train
The example models an LNG train at the south-west corner of a site, as shown in the illustration.

There are buildings in the north-east corner of the site, which are included in the map image in the
example file but not shown in the illustration. One of the goals of this analysis is to examine the
cumulative explosion potential resulting from the interaction of releases from the LNG train and
obstructed regions within the train, and to assess the possible impact on the buildings at the north-east
of the site.

A number of equipment items associated with typical LNG train process units have been defined in the
Models tab. For this example, a single 100 mm Leak Scenario has been defined for each item.

The Train 1 and Utilities areas at the bottom left area of the GIS Input View shows one of the additional
features for the 3D explosion and effects modelling. These areas contains a number of pink rectanglular
shapes with diagonal hatching, and you can see from the Legend that these represent obstructions.

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The overpressure and impulse effects from a vapour cloud explosion depends strongly on the interaction
between the cloud and regions of obstuctions, and the input data for a 3D explosion analysis includes the
location and dimensions of these regions, and a description of the degree of obstruction in each region.

The input data for the 3D Explosion and effects calculations

The additional input data for the 3D Explosion and effects calculations can be found in several different
tabs in the Study Tree and also in the Ribbon Bar.

The obstructed regions are defined under a Set in the Map tab
Each of the rectangular shapes from the GIS Input View is
defined by an Obstruction node under the Train 1 Obstructions
Set in the the Map tab of the Study Tree, as shown.

The icon for the Train 1 Obstruction set includes the letters ME,
which shows that this is a Multi-Energy Obstruction Set, in which
all of the obstructions are defined using the variables considered
in the Multi-Energy explosion model.

You can see that the Map tab includes a second Obstruction Set
node that has the letters BST. This is a Baker-Stehlow-Tang
Obstruction Set, for defining obstructions using the variables
considered in the Baker-Stehlow-Tang explosion model. There
are no obstruction nodes in the BST Obstruction Set in the
example file, because the example uses only the Multi-Energy
model.

A given run of the explosion calculations must use only one of

the two models, since the methods that are used to calculate
effects and to model the interactions between different regions are specific to each model, and each
model uses a different set of variables to define the explosion-properties of a given region.

In the Multi-Energy model, one of the ways of describing

the explosion potential of a given region is to give the
Curve number and the Blockage ratio, as shown in the
illustration. The Curve number is the ID number of the
appropriate multi-energy blast curve, where 1 is the curve
for the weakest explosion and 10 is the curve for the
strongest, and the Blockage ratio is the fraction of the
volume of the obstructed region that is occupied by
obstructions. The illustration shows a Curve number that is
given as a whole number, but the model allows you to give
intermediate values, e.g. 7.5.

In the example file all of the obstructed regions have been defined as Defined strength obstructions,
which means that the value for the Curve number has been defined directly. However, the program also
gives you the option to define obstructions as Calculated strength obstructions, in which case you
specify the degree of expansion and the dimensions of obstacles, and the program will calculate a value
for the Curve number.

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The other important aspects of the input
data for an obstruction are the Lower
elevation and the Upper elevation,
which complete the definition of the
geometry. When you insert a new
obstruction the Lower elevation will be
set to a default value of zero, as shown,
but the Upper elevation will be unset and
you must specify the height of the top of
the region.

The Obstruction Set to use for the risk calculations is selected in the Run
Row Grid
When you have a license for the 3D explosion extension, the Run Row Grid will include an Obstructions
column, as shown. If you want the risk calculations for a particular Run Row to model the interaction
between the cloud and a set of obstruced regions, you must choose the appropriate set for that Run Row.

The example file has a single Run Row, with the ME Set Train 1 Obstructions selected. This means that
the calculations for the Run Row will use the Multi-Energy modelling.

If you want to compare the explosion effects for different sets of obstructions or for the two types of
explosion model, you must define separate Run Rows and select a different Obstruction Set for each Run
Row.

The effect levels of interest are defined in the Risk tab

When you have a license for the 3D explosion extension, the Risk tab
of the Study Tree will include an Effect levels folder, as shown.

You use this folder to define the types and levels of hazardous effect
for which you want to view results. The results are displayed in the
form of Risk contours, as you will see below.

In the example file, the effect levels that have been defined for
reporting are three levels of reflected overpressure, and the hazard
range for a flash fire. The flash fire is the region to a given fraction of
the LFL, where the fraction is defined in the Flammable Parameters
and is set as 100% for the example file. This has been included as an
effect level of interest because it can indicate the maximum extent of
an ignition hazard.

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In addition to defining effect levels for overpressure and flash fire, you can also
define effect levels for explosion impulse, for the radiation intensity from
different types of fire, and for toxic effects, as shown in the illustration of the
Insert menu for the Effect levels folder. The toxic effect region is defined to the
minimum probability of death set in the Toxic Parameters.

For overpressure, impulse and radiation, you specify the effect level of interest in
the input dialog for the effect level; you can insert more than one effect level node of each of these type,
and specify different levels for each different node. For flash fire and toxic effects the effect level is
defined in the Parameters instead of in the dialog, and for these types of effects you can only insert one
node of each type.

The 3D Obstructed Region option is available for Explosion method

If you have a license for the 3D explosion extension, the list of Explosion
method options in the Settings tab of the Ribbon Bar will include 3D
Obstructed Region, as shown. This option must be selected in order for the
risk calculations to model the interaction between the cloud and the
obstructions and to produce risk contours results for the different effect levels.

For a summary of the differences between the explosion methods, refer to the online Help and the topic
Explosion methods available for risk calculations

There are additional Parameters for the 3D Explosion and effects

calculations
When you have a license for the 3D explosion extension, the Explosion parameters dialog will include
three additional tabs that contain options that are specific to the 3D Explosion modelling as shown in the
illustration. Some of the options apply only to the Multi-Energy model, others apply only to the Baker-
Strehlow-Tang model, but most apply to both models.

The illustration above of the BST and ME (3D options) tab shows the range of options available that
apply to both models. This includes control over the modelling of separations between obstructed region
(the critical separation specification), control over the representation of the time-dependent 3D shape
and behaviour of the cloud (the cloud view options), control over modelling the overpressures
experienced by buildings, and control over whether or not to model detonation effects.

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Many of the options are complex and should normally be left with the default settings. The calculations
are described in more details in the technical documenation supplied with the program, and you can also
click on the Help button in the dialog for a description of each of the options in the current tab.

A minimum probability of delayed ignition has been defined for each

Leak Scenario
When the Explosion method is set
to 3D Obstructed Region, you can use
the options in the Risk tab for a
Scenario to specify a minimum
probability of delayed ignition, and to
specify the conditional explosion
probability (i.e. the relative probability that a delayed ignition will result in an explosion instead of in a
flash fire). If you specify a minimum probability, the explosion modelling will calculate the strength of an
equivalent ignition source that would give a total probability of delayed ignition equal to the value
that you supply, where the total probability is assessed over the full time-history of the Scenario.

By default these options are not selected. This means that the probability of delayed ignition at a given
time-step in the history of the flammable cloud will be based on the ignition strength of the populations
and specific ignition sources within reach of the cloud. If no populations or ignition sources have been
defined, then delayed ignition will not be modelled for that time-step.

The example file does not have any population defined, but it does have two weak ignition sources
defined: one covering Train 1, and the other covering the Utilities. The risk calculations for a given time-
step calculate the probability of ignition on these two sources and also the probability on the equivalent
ignition source, and it uses the maximum of these two values.

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Running the calculations and viewing the results
You have now seen all of the input data for the 3D Explosion and effect calculations, and can run the
calculations.

Set the LFL Fraction to 50%

As discussed above, the example file defines the extent of the flash fire as the region to 100% of the LFL.
For this tutorial, you will take a more conservative approach and change this to 50% of the LFL. To do
this, move to the Parameters tab, edit the Flammable parameters, and change the LFL fraction to
finish from 1 to 0.5.

Running the calculations

Make sure that the Mode is set to Risk in the Home tab of the Ribbon Bar, then expand the Run Row
Selector pane, select the Run Row, and click on Run in the Home tab of the Ribbon Bar (or press
[Ctrl]+M).

Viewing the risk contour results for the effect levels

When the risk calculations are complete, the Risk option will become enabled in the Results section of
the Home tab of the Ribbon Bar.

Select the Multi-Vulnerability Risk Contour from the gallery of Risk Results to open the Wizard dialog.

If the Explosion method is set to

3D Obstructed Region and you have
effect levels of interest defined in
the Risk tab, the list of
vulnerabilities available for plotting
will include the effect levels in
addition to the Personnel
vulnerabilities and Building
vulnerabilities that are defined.

For this plot, select all four effect

levels and also the Outdoor
vulnerability, and set the risk level
for plotting to 1E-8/AvgeYear, as
shown in the illustration.

With these settings, the contours

will appear as shown on the next
page.

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You can see that the contour
for the 0.3 bar reflected
overpressure covers all of
Train 1, and the contour for
0.1 bar covers both Train 1
and the area for Future Train 2.
However, even the largest
contour, for 0.04 bar, is some
distance away from the
nearest building at the north-
east corner of the site.

The flash fire contour is almost

entirely overlapped by the
Outdoor vulnerability contour.
In order to see the full flash
fire contour, you must right-click on Outdoor vulnerability in the Legend and select Display Off.

You will see that the flash fire contour covers most of the area for Future Train 2, which means that in
the future releases from Train 1 could interact with obstructed regions in both trains, giving the potential
for the explosion effects to reach even further. This is the analysis that you will perform in the next two
chapters: defining the obstructions for Train 2, and seeing the effect on the contours.

The Outdoor personnel

vulnerability contour is dominated
by flash fire effects. The example
file has the values set as shown
for explosion effects in the
Outdoor vulnerability, and this
means that the explosion effects
only make a contribution to the
individual risk within the contour
for the highest overpressure
effects, which is smaller than the
contour for flash fire effects.

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Viewing exceedance curves for effect levels at the centre of Train 1
The example file has a Risk Ranking Point defined in the middle of the piperack. If the Explosion
method is set to 3D Obstructed Region and you have Risk Ranking Points defined, the gallery of
available Risk Results will include the Exceedance Curves option.

In the Wizard dialog, you should select the Run Row and can then click Finish. There are other screens
in the dialog, but the default settings are suitable for this example.

The Results view includes exceedance curves for

several types of effects, each in a separate tab
inside the view. There is a set of curves for
explosion effects, including side-on overpressure,
dynamic pressure, and impulse, and also results for
thermal radiation.

2 EXTENDING THE ANALYSIS TO INCLUDE ADDITIONAL

OBSTRUCTED REGIONS
This chapter will guide you through the process of setting the additional input data for analysing the
effect of the Train 2 obstructions. You will create a copy of the example file, add the obstructions for
Train 2, define additional effect levels of interest (including a range of levels for side-on overpressures
and a jet fire radiation intensity level), run the calculations, and compare the results with those for the
original example.

Setting an absolute path for the Map image

In the Map tab, open the dialog for the New LNG Layout raster image. You will see as shown in the
illustration that the Path for the file is given as ..\Maps\New LNG Layout.jpg
Maps folder next to the
folder that contains the psux file.

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In the next step, you will save the example file to a different location that does not have the image files
present in an equivalent location, so before you save the file you need to change the Path to the full

has been saved.

To change to an absolute path, click on the Edit icon to the right of the Path field, which will open a File
Open dialog with the image file already selected. Click on Open to close the dialog, and you will see that
the Path has been changed to the full path. You can now click on OK to close the Raster image dialog.

Creating a copy of the example file

Select from the File tab of the Ribbon bar. The File Save dialog will appear and you should
locate the DNVGL folder under Documents (the default location for saving workspace files). If you do
not already have a folder called Tutorial, use the New Folder option in the File Save dialog to create
one, and then save the new file to this folder with the name Safeti Train 2 Analysis and the default file
format of *.psux.

Inserting a raster image with the Train 2 obstruction shapes

The raster image file is called Train2Obstructions.jpg. It is installed under the Examples folder for the
program, along with the image file for the site layout used in the example file.

To insert the raster image, take the following steps:

1. Select the GIS Input View.

2. If the full site layout is not visible in the GIS Input View, click on Fit All in the General tab of the
Ribbon Bar to display the full site layout.

3. Click on Zoom Area in the General Tab of the Ribbon Bar, and then drag and click around the
rectangle for Future Train 2. When you release the mouse button, the GIS Input View will zoom
and pan so that Future Train 2 fills the working area.

4. In the Map tab of the Study Tree, select the Raster Image Set folder, and then insert a Raster
Image.

5. In the Insert Raster Image dialog that appears, browse to select the Train2Obstructions.jpg
file from under the Maps folder for the Examples files. The illustration below shows the default
location for the example files.

6. Click on OK to proceed with inserting the image.

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 7. In the GIS Input View, click and drag around the outer border of the rectangle for Train 2, and
then release the mouse button. The image is the same size as the rectangle, so by dragging over
the border of the rectangle, you have set the correct size for the image.

8. In the Legend for the GIS Input View, drag the Train2Obstructions entry above the New LNG
Layout entry. The new image will now be displayed on top of the image for the whole site, as
shown in the illustration below.

This image gives you guidelines for drawing the shapes of the different obstructions for Train 2.

Defining the Train 2 Obstructions

There are ten obstructions for Train 2. The design of Future Train 2 is assumed to be identical to the
design of Train 1, so the shapes and locations for the obstructions are based on those for Train 1.

Creating a copy of the Train 1 Obstruction Set

Use Copy and Paste to create a copy of the Train 1 Obstructions Set, and name the copy Train 1 and
2 Obstructions. The copy will be greyed out in the tree, because it is not selected for the active Run
Row.

You could have a single Obstruction Set, and simply insert the Train 2 obstructions into the existing Set.
However, creating a separate Set for the combined obstructions means that you will still be able to view
results for the current situation, with Train 1 only, and you will also be able to view a direct comparison
between the results for the two situations.

Creating a second Run Row for the Train 2 calculations

In the Run Row Grid, select the Run Row and then click on the Duplicate button to add a second Run
Row as a copy of the first.

Name the first

Change the selection of the Obstruction Set for the second row to Train 1 and 2 Obstructions.

Return to the Input tab, and then set Train 1 and 2 as the active Run Row.

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Inserting the nodes for the Train 2 Obstructions
To insert the nodes for the first obstruction, take the following steps:

1. In the GIS Input View, use Zoom Area to zoom in on the area that contains the obstruction
shapes, so that you can read the names of the different shapes clearly.

2. In the Map tab of the Study Tree, select the Train 1 and 2 Obstructions Set, then select the
option to insert a Defined strength obstruction .

3. In the GIS View, click on the top-left corner of the T2 C1 shape to place the first corner of the
region, then click on the top-right corner to place the second corner, and finally click on the
bottom-right corner to finish drawing the rectangle.

4. In the Map tab of the Study Tree, rename the new node to T2 C1.

The new node will be shown as incomplete. You will insert the nodes and draw the shapes first, and then
complete the input data in the next section.

Repeat the steps above for the other nine shapes. Draw the shapes in order from T2 C2 to T2 C10,
giving each node the appropriate identifying name after you have drawn the shape. If you wish, you can
zoom in further on each shape in the image before drawing the region for that shape.

Using the Grid View to complete the input data for the obstructions
The mandatory input fields for a new defined obstruction are the Curve number, the Blockage ratio
and the Upper elevation. You must complete these values for all of the obstructions before you can run
the explosion and effects calculations with the new Set.

The values for the Train 2 obstructions are shown in the table below.

Name Curve Blockage Upper elevation

number ratio (m)
T2 C1 Main Piperack 7 0.2 27.5
T2 C2 Acid Gas Removal Area 7 0.2 9.5
T2 C3 NGL Recovery Piperack & Platform 7 0.2 8
T2 C4 Liquefaction Process Area 7 0.2 16
T2 C5 LPG Fractionation 7 0.2 5.7
T2 C6 End Flash Gas Compression Area 7 0.2 27.5
T2 C7 Liquefaction Process Equipment 7 0.2 19
T2 C8 Compressor A 7 0.2 10
T2 C9 Compressor B 7 0.2 10
T2 C10 Gas Dehydration & Mercury Removal Areas 7 0.2 10
These values are identical to those for the Train 1 obstructions, and the easiest way to set the values is
to use the Grid View to copy and paste the values between the two trains.

The steps are as follows:

1. Select the node for the Train 1 and 2 Obstructions Set

2. Select the Grid View pane

3. If the Grid View is locked, click on the Lock button as shown at the top of the Grid View.

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 4. Bring up the Grid filter list near the top of the Grid View, and set the filter to Defined strength
obstruction. The Grid View will list all of the obstructions in the Set, in the order in which they
appear in the tree.

5. Click in the Curve number cell for the C1 Main Piperack obstruction, then hold down the Shift
key and press the Down cursor key to highlight until you can see that all ten rows for the Train 1
obstructions are selected.

6. Use Copy, then click in the Curve number cell for the T2 C1 obstruction, and use Paste to paste
the values from the ten Train 1 obstructions to the rows for the ten Train 2 obstructions.

7. Repeat the process for the Blockage ratio values.

8. Scroll to the right until you can see the Upper elevation column, and repeat the copy/paste
process for these values.

The input data for the Train 2 obstructions is now complete.

Defining additional effect levels of interest

Adding more effect levels of interest can give greater understanding of the hazards but it will also
increase the calculation times. If you decide that a particular effect level is no longer relevant to an
analysis, you can delete it to reduce run-times.

Three effect levels for side on overpressures

You will define three additional Overpressure effect levels with the same overpressure levels as the
existing ones, but with the Pressure method set to Side on instead of to Reflected.

To define these three Overpressure effect levels, take the following steps:

1. Select the three nodes for the existing Reflected effect levels, and create copies of them.

2.

3. In the Grid View, set the Grid filter to Overpressure effect level.

4. In the Grid View, change the Pressure method setting for the first Side on effect level from
Reflected to Side on.

5. In the Grid View, copy this value and paste it to the other two Side on effect levels.

One effect level for jet fire radiation

You will define one Jet fire radiation effect level.

Insert a Jet fire radiation effect level, and open the dialog.

For the radiation effect levels,

you choose a radiation
intensity level of interest from
a list of the levels that are
defined for that type of fire in
the Parameters.

For this tutorial, set the level

to 25 kW/m2, as shown, and the exposure time to 20 s.

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Running the calculations and viewing the results
Expand the Run Row Selector pane, select the All Run Rows node at the top of the list of rows, and
click on Run in the Home tab of the Ribbon Bar (or press [Ctrl]+M).

With two Run Rows and with the additional effect levels, you view the results in a range of different ways.

Viewing the reflected overpressure and flash fire contours for the Train 1
and 2 Run Row
First, view the same vulnerabilities as in the original example to get a direct comparison with the risk
levels with obstructions for Train 1 only.

Select the Multi-Vulnerability Contours, and in the Wizard dialog select Outdoor vulnerability, the three
reflected overpressure levels, and the flash fire level, set the risk level to 10-8/AvgeYear, and select the
Train 1 and 2 Run Row, and then click on Finish to view the contours.

You will see that the

contour for 0.3 bar
reflected overpressure
covers both Train 1 and
Train 2, and that the
contour for 0.1 bar covers
the area for Future Train 3.
The largest contour
extends further to the
north and east, but is still
several hundred metres
from the buildings.

The outdoor vulnerability

is again identical to the
flash fire contour.

However, the flash fire contour has not been changed by the addition of the Train 2 obstructions. It still
only reaches the edge of Train 3, so releases from Train 1 will barely interact with obstructions in Train 3,
and the contours above do show the maximum extent of these overpressure effects in the event of
releases from Train 1.

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Comparing the contours for 0.1 bar reflected overpressure for the two
Run Rows
Select the Multi-Row
Contours, and in the Wizard
dialog select both Run Rows,
set the risk level to 10-
8/AvgeYear, and select the
0.1 bar reflected
overpressure effect level
vulnerability, as shown.

You can see that the green

contour for Train 1 and 2 is
made up of the near-circular
blue contour for Train 1 alone,
overlapping with another near-
circular contour that is centred
on Train 2.

Comparing the contours for the reflected and the side on overpressures
Select the Multi-Vulnerability
Contours, and select the Train 1
and 2 Row, the 10-8/AvgeYear
risk level, and the 0.1 and 0.3
bar effect levels for both
Reflected and Side on
overpressures.

For 0.3 bar, the difference in the

maximum effect distances is
slight, but for 0.1 bar, there is a
significant difference in the
proportion of Train 3 that is
covered.

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Viewing the contours for the jet fire radiation effects
Select the Multi-Vulnerability Contours, and in the Wizard dialog select the Train 1 and 2 Run Row, set
the risk level to 10-8/AvgeYear, and select the Jet fire radiation effect level vulnerability.

The shape of the contours

reflects the location of the
equipment items and of the
variations in operating
conditions within the items.

The shape of the effect zone for

jet fire radiation is longer than it
is wide, and more directional
than the circular effect zone for
explosions.

Saving the workspace

You have now completed the tutorial, and you should save the workspace in order to save the changes
you have made.

What next?
This tutorial has not covered every feature for the 3D explosion and effects modelling, but you should
now have enough of an understanding of the approach and methods used in the program to be able to
explore the remaining features yourself, with the assistance of the Help. In the Contents tab of the Help
window, there is a folder called Explosion methods available for risk calculations that gives quick
access to details of the features. You can also use the Index and Search tabs to find help on a particular
topic.

If you need further details on any aspect of the program, or if you need guidance on how to model a
particular situation for your facility, you should contact software support using the details given in the
Help tab of the Ribbon Bar.

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ABOUT DNV GL
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process and maritime industries. Our solutions support a variety of business critical activities including
design and engineering, risk assessment, asset integrity and optimization, QHSE, and ship management.
Our worldwide presence facilitates a strong customer focus and efficient sharing of industry best practice
and standards.