URDANETA CITY

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

AND ARCHITECTURE
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

BASIC SI UNTIS

(075) 600 - 1507

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Bright future starts here ucu.edu.ph | [email protected]
 URDANETA CITY
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND ARCHITECTURE
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

ELECTRICAL THEORY

ALL MATTER IS MADE UP OF ATOM.

 ALL ATOMS ARE MADE UP OF A CENTRAL POSITIVELY
CHARGED NUCLEUS SURROUNDED BY NEGATIVELY
CHARGED ELECTRONS.

 THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OFMATERIALS

DEPENDS LARGELY UPON HOW TIGHTLY THESE
ELECTRONS ARE BOUND TO THE NUCLEUS.

 A CONDUCTOR IS A MATERIAL THAT IN

WHICH THE ELECTRONS ARE LOOSLEY
BOUND TO THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS
AND, IN FACT, CAN VERY EASILY
BECOME FREE ELECTRONS.THESE FREE
ELECTRONS DRIFT AROUND RANDOMLY
INSIDE A CONDUCTOR AS SHOWN IN
THE FIGURE 2.1. GOOD CONDUCTORS
ARE :
o GOLD
o SILVER
o COPPER
o ALUMINUM
o BRASS, ETC

 AN INSULATOR IS A MATERIAL IN WHICH THE ELCTRONS ARE VERY

TIGHTLY OR STRONGLY BOUND TO THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS. GOOD
INSULATORS ARE:
o PVC GLASS
o RUBBER WOOD
o PERSPEX PORCELAIN

(075) 600 - 1507

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Bright future starts here ucu.edu.ph | [email protected]
 URDANETA CITY
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND ARCHITECTURE
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

ELECTRON FLOW OR ELECTRIC CURRENT

IF A BATTERY IS ATTACHED TO A GOOD CONDUCTOR MATERIAL, THE

FREE ELECTRONS DRIFT TOWARD THE POSITIVE TERMINAL AS SHOWN IN THE
FIGURE 2.1B

THE DRIFT OF ELECTRONS WITHIN A CONDUCTOR IS WHHAT WE KNOW

AS AN ELECTRIC CURRENT FLOW.

CURRENT FLOW IS GIVEN THE SYMBOL I AND IS MEASURED IN AMPERES.

ELECTRICAL CABLES
ELECTRICAL CABLES ARE USED TO CARRY ELECTRIC CURRENTS. MOST
CABLES ARE CONSTRUCTED IN 3 PARTS.
1. THE CONDUCTOR - CARRIES THE CURRENT AND MAY HAVE A
STRANDED OR SOLID CORE.

2. THE INSULATION – CONTAINS THE CURRENT AND IS COLOR CODED FOR

IDENTIFICATION.

3. THE OUTER SHEATH THAT MAY CONTAIN SOME MEANS OF PROVIDING

PROTECTION FORM MECHANICAL DAMAGE.

(075) 600 - 1507

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Bright future starts here ucu.edu.ph | [email protected]
 URDANETA CITY
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND ARCHITECTURE
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

THREE EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT

I. HEATING EFFECT
 THE ELECTRONS MOVING IN THE CONDUCTOR CAUSES THE
CONDUCTOR TO HEAT UP.

 AMOUNT OF HEAT GENERATED DEPENDS UPON THE

a. AMOUNT OF CURRENT FLOWING
b. DIMENSIONS OF THE CONDUCTORS
c. TYPE OF CONDUCTOR MATERIAL USED

 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE HEATING EFFECT OF AN ELECTRIC

CURRENT ARE:
a. RADIANT HEATERS WHICH HEAT ROOMS
b. CIRCUIT PROTECTION FUSES AND MCBS WITH CUT OFF THE
SUPPLY WHEN AN OVERCURRENT FLOWS

II. MAGNETIC EFFECT

 WHENEVER A CURRENT FLOWS IN A CONDUCTOR A MAGNETIC FIELD IS
SET UP AROUND THE CONDUCTOR LIKE AN EXTENSION OF THE
INSULATION.

 INCREASING THE CURRENT MEANS INCREASING THE MAGNETIC FIELD

 SWITCHING THE CURRENT OFF CAUSES THE MAGNETIC FIELD TO

COLLAPSE

 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE MAGNETIC EFFECT ARE:

a. ELECTRIC MOTORSWHICH ROTATE BECAUSE OF THE MAGNETIC
FLUX GENERATED BY THE ELECTRICAL SUPPLY

III. CHEMICAL EFFECT

 WHEN AN ELECTRIC CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH A CONDUCTING
LIQUID, THE LIQUID SEPARATES INTO ITS CHEMICAL PARTS, A PROCESS
CALLED ELECTROLYSIS

 ALTERNATIVELY, IF TWO METALS ARE PLACED IN A CONDUCTING

LIQUID THEY REACT CHEMICALLY AND PRODUCE A VOLTAGE

 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE CHEMICAL EFFECT ARE:

a. ELECTRICAL PLATING
b. MOTOR CAR BATTERIES WHICH STORE ELECTRICCAL ENERGY

(075) 600 - 1507

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Bright future starts here ucu.edu.ph | [email protected]
 URDANETA CITY
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND ARCHITECTURE
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

OHM’S LAW

Georg Ohm found that, at a constant temperature, the electrical current flowing
through a fixed linear resistance is directly proportional to the voltage applied across it,
and also inversely proportional to the resistance. This relationship between the Voltage,
Current and Resistance forms the basis of Ohms Law and is shown below.

By knowing any two values of the Voltage, Current or Resistance quantities we

can use Ohms Law to find the third missing value. Ohms Law is used extensively in
electronics formulas and calculations so it is “very important to understand and accurately
remember these formulas”.

Ohms Law Triangle

Transposing the standard Ohms Law equation above will give us

the following combinations of the same equation:

Electrical Power in Circuits

Electrical Power, ( P ) in a circuit is the rate at which energy is absorbed or produced
within a circuit. A source of energy such as a voltage will produce or deliver power while the
connected load absorbs it. Light bulbs and heaters for example, absorb electrical power and
convert it into either heat, or light, or both. The higher their value or rating in watts the more
electrical power they are likely to consume.

The quantity symbol for power is P and is the product of voltage multiplied by the current
with the unit of measurement being the Watt ( W ). Prefixes are used to denote the various
multiples or sub-multiples of a watt, such as: milliwatts (mW = 10-3W) or kilowatts (kW =
103W).
(075) 600 - 1507
San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Bright future starts here ucu.edu.ph | [email protected]
 URDANETA CITY
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND ARCHITECTURE
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

The Power Triangle

Transposing the basic Ohms Law equation above for

power gives us the following combinations of the same equation
to find the various individual quantities:

Electrical Energy in Circuits

Electrical Energy is the capacity to do work, and the unit of work or energy is
the joule ( J ). Electrical energy is the product of power multiplied by the length of time
it was consumed. So if we know how much power, in Watts is being consumed and the
time, in seconds for which it is used, we can find the total energy used in watt-seconds.
In other words, Energy = power x time and Power = voltage x current. Therefore
electrical power is related to energy and the unit given for electrical energy is the watt-
seconds or joules.

Electrical Power and Energy Triangle

To find the various individual quantities:

(075) 600 - 1507

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Bright future starts here ucu.edu.ph | [email protected]
 URDANETA CITY
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND ARCHITECTURE
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. FIND THE CURRENT I THROUGH A RESISTOR OF RESISTANCE R = 2 Ω IF THE

VOLTAGE ACROSS THE RESISTOR IS 6 V.

2. AN ELECTRIC FAN HEATER WAS FOUND TO TAKE 10 A WHEN CONNECTED TO

THE 230 V MAIN SUPPLY. CALCULATE THE RESISTANCE OF THE HEATER
ELEMENT.

RESISTIVITY

RESISTIVITY, ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF A CONDUCTOR OF UNIT CROSS-

SECTIONAL AREA AND UNIT LENGTH. A CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTY OF EACH
MATERIAL, RESISTIVITY IS USEFUL IN COMPARING VARIOUS MATERIALS ON
THE BASIS OF THEIR ABILITY TO CONDUCT ELECTRIC CURRENTS. HIGH
RESISTIVITY DESIGNATES POOR CONDUCTORS.

(075) 600 - 1507

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Bright future starts here ucu.edu.ph | [email protected]
 URDANETA CITY
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND ARCHITECTURE
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

 Series Circuits
When several passive elements are connected in series with an energy source,
such a circuit is known as a series circuit. For a series circuit, same amount of
current flows through each element and voltage is divided. In series circuit, as the
elements are connected in a line, if there is faulty element among them, complete
circuit acts as open circuit.

 For a resistor connected in DC circuits, the voltage across its terminals is directly
proportional to the current passing through it, thus maintaining a linear relationship

(075) 600 - 1507

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Bright future starts here ucu.edu.ph | [email protected]
 URDANETA CITY
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND ARCHITECTURE
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

between the voltage and current. For resistors connected in series, the total resistance is
equal to the sum of all resistance values.

 Parallel Circuits
In a parallel circuit, one terminal of all the elements is connected to the one
terminal of the source and the other terminal of all elements is connected to the
other terminal of the source.
In parallel circuits, the voltage remains the same in the parallel elements while
the current changes. If there is any faulty element among parallel elements there
is no effect on the circuit.

 For resistors connected in parallel, the reciprocal of the equivalent total resistance is equal
to the sum of reciprocals of all resistance values.

(075) 600 - 1507

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Bright future starts here ucu.edu.ph | [email protected]
 URDANETA CITY
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND ARCHITECTURE
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. A battery with a terminal voltage of 9 V is connected to a circuit consisting of four 20Ω and
one 10Ω resistors all in series. Assume the battery has negligible internal resistance
a. Calculate the equivalent resistance of the circuit
b. Calculate the current through each resistor.
c. Calculate the potential drop across each resistor

2.

BASED ON THE FIGURE

a. Calculate the equivalent resistance of
the circuit
b. Calculate the current through each
resistor.
c. Calculate the potential drop across
each resistor

COMPONENT PARTS OF AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

(075) 600 - 1507

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Bright future starts here ucu.edu.ph | [email protected]
 URDANETA CITY
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND ARCHITECTURE
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

DIRECT CURRENT AND ALTERNATING CURRENT

 SINGLE-PHASE ALTERNATING CURRENT POWER

 THREE-PHASE ALTERNATING CURRENT POWER

(075) 600 - 1507

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Bright future starts here ucu.edu.ph | [email protected]
 URDANETA CITY
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND ARCHITECTURE
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

TRANSFORMING VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

TRANSFORMER

A transformer is an electrical
device that uses the principle of
electromagnetic induction to
transfer energy from one
electric circuit to another. It is
designed to either increase or
decrease AC voltage between
the circuits while maintaining
the frequency of the current.

SAMPLE PROBLEM: A 225 kW transformer located outside a building is used to step-down

the voltage for the building. It is connected to a 7200V AC power source. The ration of the
primary windings to the number of secondary windings on the transformer is 30 is to 1.
a. Approximate the voltage provided to the building.
b. Approximate the current available in the building in amps.

(075) 600 - 1507

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Bright future starts here ucu.edu.ph | [email protected]
 URDANETA CITY
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND ARCHITECTURE
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

CAPACITOR
The capacitor is a component
which has the ability or “capacity” to
store energy in the form of an
electrical charge producing a
potential difference (Static Voltage)
across its plates, much like a small
rechargeable battery.
In its basic form, a capacitor
consists of two or more parallel
conductive (metal) plates which are
not connected or touching each
other, but are electrically separated
either by air or by some form of a
good insulating material. This
insulating material could be waxed
paper, mica, ceramic, plastic or some
form of a liquid gel as used in electrolytic capacitors.
As a good introduction to capacitors, it is worth noting that the insulating layer between
a capacitors plates is commonly called the Dielectric.
Due to this insulating layer, DC current can not flow through the capacitor as it blocks it
allowing instead a voltage to be present across the plates in the form of an electrical charge.

INDUCTOR
An inductor is a passive electronic component that temporarily stores energy in a
magnetic field when electric current flows through the inductor's coil. In its simplest form, an
inductor consists of two terminals and an insulated wire coil that either loops around air or
surrounds a core material that enhances the magnetic field. Inductors help to handle fluctuations
in an electric current running through a circuit.

(075) 600 - 1507

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Bright future starts here ucu.edu.ph | [email protected]
 URDANETA CITY
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND ARCHITECTURE
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

IMPEDANCE
ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE, measure of
the total opposition that a circuit or a part of
a circuit presents to electric current.
Impedance includes
both resistance and reactance. The resistance
component arises from collisions of the
current-carrying charged particles with the
internal structure of the conductor. The
reactance component is an additional
opposition to the movement of electric
charge that arises from the
changing magnetic and electric fields in
circuits carrying alternating current.
Impedance reduces to resistance in circuits
carrying steady direct current.

SAMPLE PROBLEM:
1. A 400 mH coil of negligible resistance is connected to an AC circuit in which an effective
current of 6 mA is flowing. Find out the voltage across the coil if the frequency is 1000 Hz.

2. Find the impedance of a series RLC circuit if the inductive reactance, capacitive reactance
and resistance are 184 Ω, 144 Ω and 30 Ω respectively. Also calculate the phase angle
between voltage and current.

(075) 600 - 1507

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Bright future starts here ucu.edu.ph | [email protected]
 URDANETA CITY
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND ARCHITECTURE
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

SAMPLE PROBLEM: A wound coil that has an inductance of 180mH and a resistance of 35Ω
is connected to a 100V 50Hz supply. Calculate: a) the impedance of the coil, b) the current, c)
the power factor, and d) the apparent power consumed.
Also draw the resulting power triangle for the above coil.

SOLUTION:

(075) 600 - 1507

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Bright future starts here ucu.edu.ph | [email protected]
 URDANETA CITY
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND ARCHITECTURE
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

(075) 600 - 1507

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Bright future starts here ucu.edu.ph | [email protected]
 URDANETA CITY
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND ARCHITECTURE
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

COST OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND POWER

 The cost of energy consumption

Energy (KWHR) = Power (KW) × Time(HR)

The quantity used for energy consumption is the kilowatt-hour (kWh). 1 kWh is the
energy used if a 1000 W appliance is used for 1 hour.

Energy Cost = Energy Consumed In Kwhr X Unit Price Per Kwhr

SAMPLE PROBLEM: A 2000 watts (2kW) water heater operates for 6 hours on a daily basis.
Find the monthly charges of electricity if the unit price is 9 cents.

(075) 600 - 1507

San Vicente West, Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Bright future starts here ucu.edu.ph | [email protected]