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Matrices PDF

A matrix is a rectangular array of m x n numbers arranged in m horizontal rows and n vertical columns. For example, a 3x3 matrix A has 3 rows and 3 columns with elements a11, a12, a13, a21, a22, etc. There are different types of matrices including row matrices, column matrices, square matrices, and rectangular matrices. Matrices can also be diagonal, identity/unit, zero, upper/lower triangular, orthogonal, invertible, singular, and symmetric/asymmetric. Methods for finding the inverse of a matrix include the adjoint method using the adjugate matrix and the transformation method converting the matrix to an identity matrix using row and column operations.

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Aryan Mahakalkar
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169 views

Matrices PDF

A matrix is a rectangular array of m x n numbers arranged in m horizontal rows and n vertical columns. For example, a 3x3 matrix A has 3 rows and 3 columns with elements a11, a12, a13, a21, a22, etc. There are different types of matrices including row matrices, column matrices, square matrices, and rectangular matrices. Matrices can also be diagonal, identity/unit, zero, upper/lower triangular, orthogonal, invertible, singular, and symmetric/asymmetric. Methods for finding the inverse of a matrix include the adjoint method using the adjugate matrix and the transformation method converting the matrix to an identity matrix using row and column operations.

Uploaded by

Aryan Mahakalkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Marfces

A rectongular arraj of mxn numbers


in the form of 'm horizontal lines (KRows)
and 'n vertical lines Ccolumns) is called
matrix ot order mxn

Cn A12 Qin

A a21 A22

LOmi ama amnmn


xample

A [amxn D i n e s hS I Y

A [a]3x3

4 A12 13
. A =
a12 923
31 d d33

Types ot Matr+ces

ORow matrix: Column matrix


-
No of Rous =. No.of columns = 1

[2Ja
) Square matrix 4Rectangulor noti
m:n m#n

mat vix Scalar mati.


DiagO nal
D i n o hS i
Diagono!
o 2 o eiemen 15 must
be sa rn

Ideneitg/unit mot rix zevo Matrix Null mot rir

UPPer Trionguiar Mot rix. Lowe Trianguar mat rix


3 -1
2
So
2 3 o Dinah
Sir

Determinont ot a mat rix.


A

IAI l|
A Sx -3x2 A 2C2-1) -i (3-1) +4 3-2)
AI 2-2+4
AI 1 4 1A
( Singular mat vix Non -singulav mat vix
A=o AI#O

TransPOSe of a matTix.

a3).*
Jaks
mat rix
13) SymmetTc
A A'

Here, A A' D i n e s h
S i r

(16) Asymmetric matrix.

A-A

o-3 4
E4 1
-3 4

A=-A'

14) Orttogonal mat rIX


AA=I tere. A= A
mat1X
(18) Inve tible
I f a matrix is
-5ingular
non motix
then it is invertble mat7ix
eA #O
Tnverse of matrix

A and 3 are non- 6ingular


mat tix and then A an d

SaidSaid to be in verse 4 each othev.

A =L

In ve rse ot Invese 4
A'A =
AA I

ie 8 ie. A

Miet hods tofind inverse a matrix


OAdjoint Method
Transformat1on Mehod D i n e s S
h i ' y

OAdjoint Metho d
A ad CA)
AI

of
Tranopose cofactor of
odJR) A

cofactor of A = Aij =-1 mi


ini) mu mino
Popetie
A adj (A) =
odjA) A =IA|IL

laal Al = JAI

3. adj LadjA)
= A . A

ads (A8) = adj G . odj cA)

(A8) = A

Transformation Method
matTix
for 2x2 mattix, Conve rt liven
I dentit matTIK
into 2 2
matrix
convert iven
for 3x3 mattix,
matTix.
into 3x3 Tdentit
Row Transformattoncolumn Trqnsformatio
AA I.

AA1
u s e
followin9 transformat1on 5teps
D ! n e s5
h iv

O Ri RJ
Ri + n Rj
Applhcoton of matrices

O Recducion Mettho d
Inversion Methoo
ReductionMetho
Let
tC22 = da DineshS i T

Aat b2
bs +3z d 3
a3
matrix form is
C
b
a2 ba C2
b3 C3
1
Coe fficient conatant
matri x
matsix

Steps
eguotiono in
O write the aiven system of
matrix form

elementary row transformations


Apls
on A as well ao on the column matrix 3

Then equations
rewrite the a a set

Aincar equattona.
Now, Colculate value of al unknour
aTiable
Inversion Method
method 42b1J+ 2 =
d
Ca+ ba3 teaz a da

matrix form is

a bi C
d
Dinesh
Sir

a2 ba Ca

AX=G
b Ci
A
ba Ca2
La3 b3 Ca

AX = B
Pre multtply b A
Ax A B3
A =

x AB
wHth 3
find A and then multiply
caculated adjoint
ether by
A Can be
Trantormatton method
method or

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