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Practice 1
• In the diagram below, what is the horizontal force (lb/ft) that the bracing has
to support for one side. Disregard any current or wave forces.

Force

24 ft

10 ft

Soil Soil Soil

a) 9360 lbs/ft b) 12,566 lbs/ft

c) 14,851 lbs/ft d) 15,393 lbs/ft

Solution - Practice 1 61

• Find the force applied by the water on the outside and inside of the wall.
Force outside of the wall: ( 62.4 lbs / ft 3 )  ( height of water ) 2
2
( 62.4 lbs / ft3 )  ( 24 ft )2
 17,971 lb / ft
2
Force on the inside of wall: ( 62.4 lbs / ft 3 )  ( height of water ) 2
2
( 62 .4 lbs / ft 3 )  ( 10 ft )2
 3,120 lb / ft
2
The horizontal force on the cofferdam is:
Force (lbs/ft) = 17,971 lbs/ft - 3120 lbs/ft = 14,851 lbs/ft Answer is c

24 ft

10 ft

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Practice 2
• A tower crane with an 10,000 lb counterweight (C) is used to pick a load
with a 22 ft boom extension. The boom has a weight of 1500 lb. The
tower weighs 4000 lbs and the 8 ft x 8 ft footing weighs 27,000 lbs.
Ignoring wind forces, the maximum load (kips) that the crane can safely
lift without overturning is most nearly:
a) 6 c) 14 CGboom
C
b) 11 d) 16
7 ft 15 ft
9’ 22’ 9 ft

Load
7’ ?
10k 4k 1.5k
4’

A
A
27k
8ft

Solution Practice 2
63

• Calculate moments around point A which is the tipping point. Take the
summation of overturning and resisting moments about point A.
• Overturning moments are due to the pick load (P) and due to the weight
of the boom. Stabilizing moments are due to the weight of footing, the
weight of tower and the counterweight.

M A 0

(1 . 5 k )( 7  4 )  ( P )( 15  7  4 )  ( 27 k )( 4 )  ( 4 k )( 4 )  (10 k )( 9  4 )

• Solve for P: P = 13.9 kips

• Since the maximum load based on calculation is 13.9 kips, then we
need to round down the answer and choose the answer that does not
exceed the calculated answer. Therefore round down to 11 kips.
• Answer is b

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Practice 3
• A construction project calls for concrete walls 13 ft in height. The
concrete mixture is made with type I cement, is poured into the wall
form at a rate of 6 ft/hr and has a temperature of 70°F during pouring.
The concrete is normal weight and has a unit weight of 150 lb/ft3
without any admixture or fly ash.
• What is the maximum pressure (psf) generated from the wet concrete?
a) 854 c)1105
b) 921 d)1950
• Depth from the top where max pressure is reached?
a) 6.14 ft c) 7.14
b) 6.88 ft d) 7.88

Solution- Practice 3
• Formwork must be able to withstand loading from wet concrete. Equation for lateral
pressure is
pmax = CwCc (150 + 9,000 x R) Where R = rate of placement (ft/hr)
T T = concrete temperature (F)
Cw = 1.0 normal weight concrete
Cc = 1.0 Type I cement – No admixtures or fly ash
pc = 150 + 9,000 x R = 150 lb/ft3 + (9000) (6 ft/hr)
T 70°F
pmax = 921 lb/ft 2 Answer is b.
The wet concrete acts as a fluid and the lateral pressure of concrete on the form
increases linearly with depth until it reaches the maximum lateral pressure of 921
lb/ft2. The depth at which this maximum pressure is reached is:
pmax = wh therefore p 921 lb / ft 2
h  max   6.14 ft
w 150 lb / ft 3
From the bottom of the formwork a maximum lateral pressure of 921 lb/ft2 will occur
up to a depth of 6.14 ft and decreases linearly until the pressure drops to zero at the
top.
Answer is a.

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Practice 4
A 12-in basement wall has a total length of 160 ft and a height of
10 ft. Calculate the rate of pour based on a concrete pump
capacity of 50 yd3/hr. (to the nearest ft/hr)

a) 6.5 c) 8.3
b) 7.4 d) 8.8

67

Solution- Practice 4
• Since a concrete pump normally delivers concrete continuously, only
the capacity of the pump need to be considered in the calculation of the
rate of pour.
12 1
• Volume of pour: (  10  160 )   59 .3 yd 3
12 27

• Time required to pour wall: 59.3

 1.2 hrs
50
• Rate of pour in feet per hour:
10
 8.3 ft / hr
1.2
Answer is c

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Practice 5
Consider the cable system below, the tension in cable AB is most
nearly (kips):
a) 21
b) 26 A C

c) 32
1
d) 43 1
3 1
B

40k

69

Solution Practice 5
Using equation for unequal unsymmetrical:
WDB L A
FA 
(DB  H A )  (D A  H B )

A C

32 + 1 2 12 + 1 2
1 1
3 1
B

40  1 10
FA   31.6 kips
(11)  (3 1)
40k
Answer is c

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Solution Practice 5 (Alternate)

System in equilibrium: ƩFx = 0 and ƩFy = 0
F x 0
3 1
TAB   TBC 
3 1
2 2
1  12
2

3
TBC  TAB   1.414  1.343  TAB
3.16

F y 0
1 1
TAB   TBC 
 40K Substitute TBC with TAB and solve for TAB
3 1 2 2
1  12 2

TAB  0.316  1.343  TAB  0.707  40K

TAB = 31.6 K

Answer is c

71

Practice 6
Which type of compaction equipment is most suitable for
compacting an impervious zone for earth dams or linings
where bonding of lifts is important?
a) Vibratory Roller
b) Rubber tire roller
c) Smooth-drum roller
d) Sheeps-foot roller

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Solution Practice 6
An impervious zone will require cohesive material ( fine
grained soil) and thus a sheepsfoot roller is best suited in
this situation.
Answer is d
Vibratory roller should be used for coarse grained soils or
sand-gravel mixtures.
Rubber tire roller can be used for both clean, coarse grained
soils and fine-grained soils, with the condition of decreasing
the lift thickness and increasing the number of passes when
compacting cohesive material
Smooth wheel roller is typically used for compacting
subgrades or base courses and is appropriate for both fine
grained and coarse grained soils.

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Practice 7
An excavator having a capacity of 3yd3 operates 8 hrs in a workday. A
single cycle of operation consists of excavation, travel (2-ways) and
transfer of excavated. Cycle time for the excavator is 8 min. Operation
Efficiency factors are:
Site 0.90
Equipment & operator 0.72
The daily production rate (yd3/day) is most nearly:
a) 115
b) 130
c) 145
d) 160

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Solution Exercise 7
The daily production rate (yd3) in an 8-hr workday is most nearly:
Number of cycles in 8 hrs = 480 min/8 min = 60 cycles
Ideal daily production = 3 yd3 x 60 = 180 yd3
Actual production:
0.90 x 0.72 x 180 = 116.64 yd3
Answer is a

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Exercise 8
A contractor needs to bring in 5000 yd3 of select soil to replace
unsuitable subgrade material for a new highway. The borrow site is
located 3.0 miles away with an average round trip
travel/loading/dumping time of 30 min. The soil has a unit weight of 125
lb/ft3 and the dump truck drivers are on 10-hr workdays. The minimum
number of 10-ton (net capacity) trucks needed to complete the job within
8 working days is:
a) 4
b) 5
c) 6
d) 7

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Solution Exercise 8
76

Calculate volume of one truck load.

Truck volume capacity: 10 tons  2000
Vtruck   160 ft 3  5.93 yd 3
125

Total truck cycle = 30 minutes.

Calculate total volume hauled by 1 truck in 10 hours:
10 hrs  60 min/ hr
 5.93 yd 3  118.6 yd 3 / day
30 min/ cycle
In 8 days one truck will haul = 118.6 yd3 x 8 = 948.8 yd3
5000
 5 .26 trucks
948 .8
Total number of trucks needed: Use 6 trucks
Answer is c