CONCEPT OF DERIVATIVE
Different Derivative Formula
ENGR. JAIME J. DAVID IV
CONCEPT OF DERIVATIVE
Given a continuous function y = f(x) let us choose some fixed value
of x, differing from the first one by an amount (positive or
negative) which will we call the increment of x, and will denote by
the symbol Δx. – love&rainville
If the variable x changes from one side fixed value x1 to another
value x2 the difference x2 → x1 is called the increment of x –
chua&reyes
In general an increment of x may be positive or negative
according to whether the change is an increase or a decrease and
is denoted by the symbol Δx, read as “delta x”.
In calculus, a branch of mathematics, the derivative is a measure
of how a function changes as its input changes. Loosely speaking,
a derivative can be thought of as how much one quantity is
changing in response to changes in some other quantity; for
example, the derivative of the position of a moving object with
respect to time is the object's instantaneous velocity. - Wikipedia
As Δx approaches zero, P’ approaches P along the curve, and in all
ordinary cases the line PP’ approaches a certain straight line (PT in
the figure) as a limiting position. That is, for sufficiently well
behaved curve, the ratio Δy/Δx approaches a limit. This limit is
called the derivative of y with respect to x.
The operation of finding the derivative is called differentiation.
Each function to be studied must, for some range of values of the
independent variable, be continuous, one valued and
differentiable.
DETERMINATION OF DERIVATIVE
The determination of the derivative is also called the four-step
rule:
1.Replace x by x + Δx and y by y + Δy
2.Transpose y and substitute the value of y. This becomes Δy =
f(x+ Δx ) – f(x). Simplify.
3.Divide both equation by Δx Δy/Δx = [f(x+ Δx ) – f(x)] / Δx
4.Determine the limit as Δx approaches zero
Examples
1. y = x2 + 3x – 5
2. y = 3 + 4x – x2 (changed)
3. y = 5x3 + 2x2 – 5x + 3
DERIVATIVE FORMULA
The use of four-step rule is the fundamental procedure for finding
the derivative of any given function. But this, as seen on the
example, is tedious and difficult. Some formulas have been
derived from the four-step rule to facilitate our differentiation.
1. Derivative of constant is zero
𝑑𝑦
lim =0
𝑑𝑥
2. Derivative of xn
If 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑛 Then 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
3. Derivative of sum/difference
The derivative of the sum of two functions is equal to the
sum/difference of their derivatives.
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
(𝑢 + 𝑣) = +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1. y = x2 + 3x – 5 5. x = (1/2)t4 – 5t – 3
2. y = 4x2 – 3x – 2
3. y = 5x3 + 2x2 – 5x + 3
4. x = y4 – 2y3
4. Derivative of product
The derivative of the product of two functions is equal to the
first function times the derivative of the second plus the second
times the derivative of the first
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5. Derivative of quotient
The derivative of the quotient of two functions is equal to the
denominator times the derivative of the numerator minus the
numerator times the derivative of the of the denominator, all
divided by the square of the denominator
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
( ) = 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣
1. y = (1 + x2)(3 – 2x)
2. y = (v2 + 3)(v2 – v + 1)
3. y = (4x – 1)(x + 3)
(x + 2)
4. y = (x2 + 5)
(3 – x2)
5. y =
(5 + x)
3
6. y =
(2 + 5x)
6. General power formula
The derivative of the nth power of a function is equal to n times
the product of the (n – 1)th power of the function and the
derivative of the function with respect to the independent
variable.
𝑑𝑢𝑛 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑛𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 3 5
3 𝑥+1
𝑦=
𝑥−1
𝑦= 𝑥4 + 6
2
𝑦 = 3 − 2𝑥 𝑥2 − 2 3
4𝑥 2 − 3
𝑦=
𝑥2 − 1
7. The Chain rule
If y is a function of u and u in turn is a function of x then y is also
a function of x and its derivative with respect to x is found by
using what is known as the Chain Rule of differentiation.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ( )( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑦= 𝑢2 + 4 𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 + 1
𝑦= 𝑢 𝑢 = 𝑥2 + 1
𝑦= 𝑢
𝑢 = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5
7
𝑦= 𝑢 𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥
8. Derivative of implicit function
An equation such as y = f(x) where y is expressed directly in terms
of x, is said to define y as an explicit function of x for some
domain R. It may happen that x and y are related by an equation
where y is not easily solved for in terms of x, such as y4 + x3 – 2x2
+ y – 6 = 0. then y is called an implicit function of x. the notation
generally adopted for implicit function is F(x,y) = 0
RULE: differentiate each term of the equation with respect to x,
bearing in mind that y is a function x and solve for dy/dx from the
resulting differential equation
𝑑𝑦 3 3
1. Find if 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑎𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥
2. Find 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 12𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 5 = 0
3. solve implicit way 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑥 + 2𝑦
4. Solve implicit differentiation 𝑥 =
2
𝑥 − 2𝑦
9. Derivative of parametric function
Frequently, the functional relationship between two variables x
and y is given by expressing each one in terms of a third variable
called a parameter. The two given equation are called parametric
equation
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≠0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑡−1 𝑡
find if 𝑥 = 2
and 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑡−2 𝑡−2
3
𝑑𝑦 2𝑡
find if 𝑥 = 2𝑡 − 𝑡 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 −
𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑡
find if 𝑥 = and 𝑦 = 2
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑡 𝑡 −1
𝑑𝑦 𝑢 𝑢2
find if 𝑥 = 3
and 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑢 1 + 𝑢3
10. Derivative of inverse function
For the inverse function y = f(x) and x = g(y), the derivative of y
with respect to x is equal to the reciprocal of the derivative of x
with respect to y.
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑥
= ≠0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
find if 𝑥 = 𝑦 4 + 2𝑦 2 + 5
𝑑𝑥
11.Higher derivatives
The derivative is computed more than once.
𝑑2 𝑦
𝑦 ′′ 𝑓 ′′ 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
find the seventh derivative
𝑦 = 𝑥 6 − 7𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2
2
𝑥
𝑦 ′′′ for 𝑦 =
𝑥+1
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
