B.M.S.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
BENGALURU,DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Dept. of Math., BMS Unit 5: Matrices and System of Equations

For the Course Code: 22MA1BSMCV, 22MA1BSMES, 22MA1BSMME & 22MA1BSMCS

I. RANK OF MATRICES

1. Find the rank of the following matrices by reducing them into echelon form.
1 2 3  1 3 4 3  1 2 
1 4 2  3 9 12 3  3 6 
a)  . e)  . i)  
 2 6 5  1 3 4 1  7 1 
 
Ans:  =2 Ans:  =2 4 5 

0 1 3 1 1 1 1 1  5 6 7 8
1 0 1 1  1 1 2 1 6 7 8 9
 f)  .  
b)  3 1 0 2 . 3 1 0 1  j) 11 12 13 14  .
   
1 1 2 0  Ans:  =2 16 17 18 19 
Ans:  =2 Ans:  =2
1 2 3 2 
 2 3 1 1 2 3 5 1  1 2 2 3 
1 1 2 4  g)  .  2 5 4 6 
 1 3 4 5   
c) 3 1 3 2  . k)  1 3 2 2  .
  Ans:  =2  
6 3 0 7   2 4 1 6 
Ans:  =3 1 2 3 0 Ans:  =4
2 4 3 2 
1 4 5  
2 6 8  h)  3 2 1 3 .
d)  .  
 3 7 22  6 8 7 5

Ans:  =3 Ans:  =3

1 1 1 0
4 4 3 1 
2. Find ‘ b ’ if the rank of  is 3. Ans: b  2 or b  6 .
b 2 2 2
 
9 9 b 3

II. Consistency and solution of linear system of equations:

Page 1 of 8
 Engineering Mathematics – 3 Unit 1: Matrices

n  Number of Unknowns
1. Discuss the consistency of the following system of linear equations
x  2 y  3z  0 2x  3y  7z  5
a) 3x  4 y  4 z  0 3 x  y  3z  13
e)
7 x  10 y  12 z  0 2 x  19 y  47 z  32
Ans: Consistent and has trivial solution. Ans: inconsistent

2 x1  3x2  4 x3  x4  0 2 x1  3x2  x3  1
x1  x2  x3  2 x4  0 3 x1  4 x2  3 x3  1
5 x1  x3  7 x4  0 f) 2 x1  x2  2 x3  3
b) 7 x1  8 x2  11x3  5 x4  0 3 x1  1x2  2 x3  4
Ans : Consistent and has infinitely many solutions Ans: Inconsistent
 k1  7k2  , x  6k1  3k2  , x x  2y  z  3
x1  2  3  k1 , x4  k2
5 5
2x  3y  2z  5
5x  3 y  7 z  4 3x  5 y  5 z  2
g)
3x  26 y  2 z  9 3x  9 y  z  4
c) 7 x  2 y  10 z  5 Ans : Consistent and has unique solution
Ans : Consistent and has infinitely many solutions x  1, y  1, z  2
7  16k k 3
x y zk
11 11 2 x  6 y  11  0
6 x  20 y  6 z  3  0
h)
4x  2 y  6z  8 6 y  18 z  1  0
x  y  3z  1 Ans: inconsistent
d) 15 x  3 y  9 z  21
Ans : Consistent and has infinitely many solutions 2 x1  2 x2  4 x3  3x4  9
x  1, y  3k  2, z  k x1  x2  2 x3  2 x4  6
i) 2 x1  2 x2  x3  2 x4  3
x1  x2  x4  2
Ans:Inconsistent

Page 2
of 8
 Engineering Mathematics – 3 Unit 1: Matrices

2x  y  z  0 x1  x2  2 x3  x4  3x5  1
2 x  5 y  7 z  52 2 x1  x2  2 x3  2 x4  6 x5  2
j) x yz 9 3x1  2 x2  4 x3  3x4  9 x5  3
l)
Ans : Consistent and has unique solution Ans : Consistent and
x  1, y  3, z  5 has infinitely many solutions
x1  1, x2  2a, x3  a, x4  3b, x5  b
3x  2 y  2 z  0
x  2y  4
10 y  3z  2
k)
2x  3y  z  5
Ans : Consistent and has unique solution
x  2, y  1, z  4
2 x  3 y  5z  9
2. Investigate the values of  and  so that the equations 7 x  3 y  2 z  8 have (i) no solution
2x  3y   z  
(ii) unique solution (iii) infinite number of solutions.
Ans: (i) If   5 and   9 (ii)   5 and  can be any value (iii)   5 and   9 .
x  2 y  3z  6
3. Determine the values of a and b for which the system x  3 y  5 z  9 have (i) no solution (ii) unique
2 x  5 y  az  b
solution (iii) infinite number of solutions.
Ans: (i) If a  8 and b  15 (ii) a  8 and for any b (iii) a  8 and b  15 .

4. Find the value of a for which the system x  2 y  z  3 ; ay  5 z  10 ; 2 x  7 y  az  b has a

unique solution. Also find the pair of values  a, b  for which it has infinitely many solutions.
Ans:
x  ay  z  3
5. Find the values of a and b for which the system of equations x  2 y  2 z  b is consistent.
x  5 y  3z  9
Ans: If a  1 and b =6 equations will be consistent and have infinite number of solutions.
If a  1 and b has any value, equations will be consistent and have a unique solution.
3x  4 y  5 z  a
6. Show that the equations 4 x  5 y  6 z  b do not have a solution unless a  c  2b .
5x  6 y  7 z  c
2 x  y  z  a
7. Test for consistency x  2 y  z  b where a, b and c are constants.
x  y  2z  c
Ans: if a  b  c  0 inconsistent , if a  b  c  0 , then infinitely many solution.
III. Gauss elimination method:
1. Solve the following system of equations by Gauss elimination method:

Page 3
of 8
Engineering Mathematics – 3 Unit 1: Matrices

2 x1  x2  x3  10 x1  4 x2  x3  5
3x1  2 x2  3 x3  18 x1  x2  6 x3  12
a)
x1  4 x2  9 x3  16 f) 3x1  x2  x3  4
Ans: x1  7, x2  9, x3  5. 117 81 148
Ans: x1  , x2   , x3  .
71 71 71
2 x  2 y  z  12 2 x1  x2  3x3  1
3x  2 y  2 z  8 4 x1  4 x2  7 x3  1
g)
b) 5 x  10 y  8 z  10 2 x1  5 x2  9 x3  3
51 115 35 Ans: x1  1 / 2, x2  1, x3  1.
Ans: x  ,y ,z 
4 8 4

2 x1  7 x2  4 x3  9
2 x1  4 x2  x3  3
x1  9 x2  6 x3  1
3x1  2 x2  2 x3  2 h)
c) 3x1  8 x2  5 x3  6
x1  x2  x3  6
Ans : x1  4, x2  1, x3  2
Ans: x1  2, x2  1, x3  3.

10 x  2 y  z  9
2 x  20 y  2 z  44 5 x1  x2  x3  x4  4
d) x1  7 x2  x3  x4  12
2 x  3 y  10 z  22
Ans: x  1, y  2, z  3 i) x1  x2  6 x3  x4  5
x1  x2  x3  4 x4  6
2 x1  x2  4 x3  12
Ans: x1 1, x2  2, x3   1, x4  2
8 x1  3x2  2 x3  20
e)
4 x1  11x2  x3  33
Ans: x1  3, x2  2, x3  1.

3x  y  4 z  3
2. Show that if   5 the system of equations x  2 y  3z  2 have a unique solution. If   5
6 x  5 y   z  3
show that the equations are consistent. Determine the solution in each case.
4 9 4  5k 13k  9
Ans: when   5, x  , y  , z  0 , when   5, x  , y , zk.
7 7 7 7

5 x  3 y  2 z  12
3. Prove that the equations 2 x  4 y  5 z  2 are incompatible unless c  74 ; and in that case the
39 x  43 y  45 z  c
equations are satisfied by x  2  t , y  2  3t , z  2  2t , where t is any arbitrary quantity.

x  y  z 1
4. For what values of k the equations 2 x  y  4 z  k have a solution and solve them completely in
4 x  y  10 z  k
2

each case. Ans: when k  1, x  3z, y  2 z  1 , when k  2 ,

x  1  3z, y  2 z.

Page 4
of 8
 Engineering Mathematics – 3 Unit 1: Matrices

IV. Iterative methods:

Gauss-Seidel Iteration method

The solution converges if the system is diagonally dominant.

 
Suppose AX  B is diagonally dominant with A  aij , X   xi  and B   bi  .

x1n 1 
1
a11
 b1  a12 x2n  a13 x3n 

Then the iterative formula is

x2n 1 
1
a22
 b2  a21 x1n1  a23 x3n 
x3n 1 
1
a33
 b3  a31 x1n 1  a32 x2n 1 

20 x  y  2 z  17 54 x  y  z  110
3x  20 y  z  18 2 x  15 y  6 z  72
a. . g. .
2 x  3 y  20 z  25  x  6 y  27 z  85
Ans: x  1, y  1, z  1 Ans: x  1.926, y  3.573, z  2.425

5 x  2 y  z  12 5 x1  x2  9
x  4 y  2 z  15  x1  5 x2  x3  4
b. . h. .
x  2 y  5 z  20  x2  5 x3  6
Ans: x  0.996, y  2, z  3 Ans: x1  1.99, x2  0.99, x3  1
2x  y  6z  9 8 x1  x2  x3  8
8 x  3 y  2 z  13 2 x1  x2  9 x3  12
c. . i. .
x  5y  z  7 x1  7 x2  2 x3  4
Ans: x  1, y  1, z  1 Ans: x1  1 x2  1, x3  1
28 x  4 y  z  32 4 x1  2 x2  x3  11
x  3 y  10 z  24  x1  2 x2  3
d. j. .
2 x  17 y  4 z  35 2 x1  x2  4 x3  16
Ans: x  0.9876, y  1.5090, z  1.8485 Ans: x1  1, x2  2, x3  3
.
k. Start with  2,2, 1 and solve
10 x  2 y  z  9
5 x1  x2  x3  10
2 x  20 y  2 z  44
e. . 2 x1  4 x2  12
2 x  3 y  10 z  22
x1  x2  5 x3  1
Ans: x  1, y  2, z  3
Ans : x1  2.5555, x2  1.7222, x3  1.0555
83x  11y  4 z  95
7 x  52 y  13z  104 10 x1  x2  x3  12
f. . 2 x1  10 x2  x3  13
3x  8 y  29 z  71 l. .
Ans: x  1.06, y  1.37, z  1.96 2 x1  2 x2  10 x3  14
Ans: x1  x2  x3  1

Page 5
of 8
 Engineering Mathematics – 3 Unit 1: Matrices

27 x1  6 x2  x3  85  2 1 0 0   x  0 
6 x1  15 x2  2 x3  72  1 2 1 0   y  0 
m.  
x1  x2  54 x3  110 o.  0 1 2 1  z  0  .
Ans: x1  2.4255, x2  3.573, x3  1.926     
 0 0 1 2   u  5 
. Ans: x  1, y  2, z  3, u  4
x1  8 x2  3x3   4
2 x1  x2  9 x3  12
n. .
8 x1  2 x2  2 x3  8
Ans : x1  x2  x3  1

V. Characteristic values (Eigen values) and characteristic vectors (Eigen vectors)

If A is a square matrix, then  is said to be an eigen value of the matrix if there exists a non-zero vector
X such that AX   X . X is called the eigen vector corresponding to the eigen value  .
 X   IX   A   I  X  0 . We seek non-trivial solution of  A   I  X  0 .
X is non-trivial if   A   I   n  A   I  0 .
If A is matrix of size 3  3 then  3  Tr  A  2  M 22
ii   A  0.
1 1 3  6 2 2 
1 5 1  2 3 1
   
3 1 1  2 1 3 
a. Ans:   2,3,6; x1  [k ,0, k ], . f. Ans:   8, 2, 2; x1  [2, 1,1], .
x2  [k , k , k ], x3  [k , 2k , k ] x2  [1,0, 2], x3  [1, 2,0]

3 1 4  2 1 1
0 2 6   1 1 2 
   
b. 0 0 5   1 2 1 
Ans:   2,3,5 x1  k1[1, 1,0] g. Ans :   1, 1, 4; x1  [2, 1,1], .
x2  k2 [1,0,0], x3  k3 [3, 2,1] x2  [0,1,1], x3  [ 1, 1,1]

 8 6 2 
 6 7 4 
   1 2 2
c.  2 4 3   0 2 1
 
Ans :   0,3,15 x1  [1, 2, 2],  1 2 2 
x2  [2,1, 2], x3  [2, 2,1] h. Ans :   1, 2, 2; x1  k1[1,1, 1], .
2 0 1 x2  k2 [2,1,0], x3  k3 [2,1,0]
0 2 0 
 
d. 1 0 2 
2 2 1
Ans:   1, 2,3 x1  [1,0, 1] 1 3 1 
x2  [0,1,0], x3  [1,0,1]  
1 2 2 
 2 2 3 i. Ans:   5,1,1; x1  [1,1,1], .
 2 1 6 
  x2  [1,0, 1], x3  [2, 1,0]
 1 2 0 
e. Ans :   5, 3, 3 x1  k[1, 2, 1] .
x2  [3k1  2k2 , k2 , k1 ]

Page 6
of 8
 Engineering Mathematics – 3 Unit 1: Matrices

 3 10 5 
 2 3 4 
 
 3 5 7 
j. Ans :   2, 2,3
x1  x2  [5, 2, 3], x3  [1,1, 2]

 2 2 2 
1 1 1 

1 3 1
k. Ans :   2, 2, 2
x1  x2  [0,1,1] x3  [4, 1,1]

 3 2 5
 4 1 5
 
 2 1 3
l. Ans:   5, 2, 2
x1  [3, 2, 4], x2  x3  [1,3, 1]

Dominant Eigenvalues and eigenvectors

(Rayleigh-Power method)

Page 7
of 8
 Dept. of Mathematics, BMSCE Unit 3: Linear Algebra

APPLICATIONS
1. Find the traffic flow in the net of one-way streets directions shown in the figure





2. The following figure shows the flow of traffic (in vehicles per hour) through a network of
streets.

(i) Solve the system for xi , i =1,2,3,4,5.

(ii) Find the traffic flow when x3=0 and x5=100.
(iii) Find the traffic flow when x3=100 and x5=100.

3. Find the traffic flow in the net of one-way streets directions shown in the figure




Page 8 of 9