TT tye \ a 2020! Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission Combined State Engineering Services Examination Assistant Engineer Civil Engineering Water Resources Engineering Well Illustrated Theory with Solved Examples and Practice Questions MADE EASY Publications Note: This book contains copyright subject mater MADE EASY Publications, New Deh. No part ofthis book may be reproduced, tore in avetrenlaitem or tansned in any form or by anytneane. laters ae able tobe legal prosecutedWater Resources Engineering Contents UNIT TOPIC 1. Irrigation Principles, Practices & Project. 2, Soil Water, Plant Relationship... 3, Water Requirements of Crop wn. 4, Canallrrigation, Canal Design & Lining of Canals, 5. Weir, BarrageandDam 6. Water Logging and Land Reclamation, 7. RiverTraining, Diversion Head Works and Cross Drainage Works 8. Design of CanalFalls and Outlets 9. Spillways and Energy Dissipators.... 10, Theories of Seepage PAGE NO. 2 42 ow 6B 88 97 113 121 135 2000zmavSxmn 21 22 23 Soil, Water, Plant Relationship Introduction + Water which is added to the soil mass during irrigation is held in the pores of soil and is called as soil water (or soil moisture) + Soilwater causes the sol to appear wet or even damp based on amount of moisture held by soll mass, + Factors responsible for growth of the crops are (@)_ Rate of entrance of water to the soil (0) The water retained by soll (6) Availabilty of water to plant roots Classes and availability of soil water Water prsentinthe soi may be clasied under teoheads: Sum rua itu ett tlomvnta 1. Hygroscopiewater 2. Capillary water 3. Gravitational water When an oven-dried sample is kept open in the atmosphere, it absorbs some amount of water from the atmosphere. This is known as hygroscopic water, and is not capable of moment by the force of gravity or capillary forces. * Capillary water is that part in excess of hygroscopic water which exists in the pore space of the soil by molecular attraction * Gravitational water is that part in excess of hygroscopic and capillary water which will move out of the soil if favourable drainage is provided. 2] Hyrscopic Water 4 Soil M ture Tension/Soil Moisture Stress Soil moisture is defined as force per unit area that must be exerted in order to extract water from the soll ‘© Soil moisture tension is usually expressed in terms of atmosphere. * Fora given soil, soil moisture tension is inversely proportion to water content, © If we know SMT (Soil moisture tension) and various moisture content then we can determine h much water is available for plants and what amount of water must be added to the soil for the purpose of irigation. * Soil moisture stress in sum of SMT (Soil Moisture tension) and OP (Osmotic pressure) ‘© The force with which water moves across the cell membrane is called osmotic pressure.14 Civil Engineering UPPSC-AE MADE EASY 2.4 Soil Moisture Constants Saturation cw File capacity, Soll soll AMC — Available Moisture Content RAMC — Readily available moisture content (Saturation Capacity) — itis defined as total water content + Alsaturation capacity SMT is zero. (Field Capacity) — Fiold capacity is the maximum water which can be held by the soll against gravity. + Itdepends on porosity and capiliarity * Moisture content a field capacity includes hygroscopic water and capillary water. Weight of water retained in certain volume of soil fe Weight of same volume of dry soil + SMTat field capacity ranges between (1/10 ATM ~ 1/3 ATM) Wilting Point/Permanent Wilting Point (PWP) * Iti the moisture content below which plant can no fonger extract moisture from the soil for its growth + AUthis moisture content plant leaves will wil + PWPdepends on nature of soil + PWPis the lower limit of capillary water and upper limit of hygroscopic water. + ALPW, SMT is in the range of (7-32) ATM, but for calculation purpose we take an average value of 415 ATM for all the soil Available Moisture Content (AMC) + itis the water available for the growth of crop. Itis also called as maximum storage capacity of the soil Readily Available Moisture Content (RAMC) + That portion of available water/moisture which is most easily extracted by the plant and such a limit is called OMC (Optimum Moisture Content) + Inabscence of data available we can assume RAMC = 75% of available moisture content. * Soil moisture near PWP can't be easily extracted by plant roots. Soil Moisture Deficiency/Field Moisture Deficiency + Soil moisture deficiency is the amount of water which is to be added to the soil such t content raised to field capacity * Graph between moisture content and growth rate moistureMADE EASY Water Resources Engineering Soil, Water, Plant Relationship 15 * For healthy or optimum growth of Plants moisture is allowed to fall only upto OMC and not up to Pwr, Moisture Equivalent + tis defined as percentage of moisture retained in 10 mm thick saturated sample of soil subjected toa centripetal force of 1000 g for a period of 30 min. + Itcan be quickly determine in laboratory and gives very good indication of FC. 1/3rd Atmospheric Moisture Point * tis percentage of moisture retained in soil sample when placed on a porous plate subjected to atmospheric pressure of 1/Srd ATM, + Italso provides good estimate of FC. 2.5 Depth of Water Held in Root Zone For ease in calculation water present in the voids of the soil needs to be expressed as depth of water. Let toot zone depth = dm Specific weight of dry soil = 7 cross-section area of soil considere equivalent depth of water present in voids of the soil = Dm Weight of water retained in certain volume of soil Weight of same volume of dry soil AXDX4y Adx 1g Ye p- are Ww itis the depth of water stored in the root zone for full field capacity. But this entire depth of water can't be extracted by the plants, hence available moisture content will be given as: Available dpthof water = 7#-0-(FO- PUP) Notavailable water = jeaPwP) Ye Equivalent depth of water readily available, RAMC = 1) FE OMe)16 | Civil Engineering UPPSC-AE MADE EASY 2.6 Frequency of Irrigation (F,,) ‘ome wc a (Moisture ‘centent) PwP tne RAMC _ Maximum allowable deficie F, w™ (Culday) ~~ Consumptive use per day ms Example-2.1 Depth of water in root zone at field capacity and permanent wilting point are 0.5 m per metre depth of soil and 0.2 m per metre depth of soil. Find field capacity and permanent ing print. Take ¥q= 13.73 kmim? Soluti Given: dy, =0.5m ; dy, =0.2m ; Depth of soll, d= tm ; yy= 13.73 kNIm® Weight of water retained in root zone corresponding to FC Field capacity (FC) = Weight of dry soil tw (dy, x) 9.81x(0.2x 1) . = Eda = TaTaating 0 N29= 14.20% Alternate solution: xr on 3872 25 25 Since depth of water in root zone at FC is 2.5 times that at PWP. PWP = % = 14.29% mus [7 Example-22 A loam soil has field capacity of 25% and wilting coefficient of 10%. The dry unit weight of soll is 1.5 gir/cc. Ifthe root zone depth is 60 cm, determine storage capacity of the soil. Irrigation water is applied when moisture content falls to 15%. Solution: Given: FC = 25% =0.25 ; PW.P.=0.10 ; Drydensity, p,= 1.5 gm/ec ; Root zone depth, d= 60 cm Moisture holding capacity of soil in root zone depth, dis given by = Pt iF, pwr] =" x60 [0.25 0.11=13.50m PwMADE EASY Water Resources Engineering Soil, Water, Plant Relationship 17 When moisture content falls to 15%, the deficiency of water depth created will be given by a Xd [F.C, ~ Fall in moisture content] = "Eeo(025-018)-90m Hence, 9.cm depth of water is the net irrigation requirement, Example-23 For best growth of a particular crop, F.C = 30%, PWP = 11%, ‘Y= 1300 kg/m®. Effective depth of root zone = 800 mm, C, per day = 12mm. Moisture content must not fall below 25% of water holding capacity between field capacity and permanent wilting point. Determine frequency of irrigation, Solution Fo=30% 0.75 (FC -PWP) ome 0.25 (FC -PWP) Pw = OMG = PWP + 0.25 (FC - PWP) = FC - 0.75 (FC PWP) FC-OMC = 0.75 (FC -PWP) BANC ya (Fo-oMc) 1300 = 32 x08x0.750.3-0.11) = RAMG = 5555 X0-8X0.75i ) = 0.1432 m RAMC _ 143.2mm C,perday 12mm frequency of irrigation = 12 day [MII [77 fxanic-24 The following data ware recorded from an ir Field capacity = 20% Permanent wilting point = 10% Permissible depletion of available soil moisture = 50% Dry unit weight of soil = 15,000 N/m* Effective rainfall = 25 mm Based on above data, the net Irrigaton requirement per metre depth of soil will be frequency of irrigation (FW) = = 12.35 day (a) 25mm (b) 50mm (c) 75mm (a) 125mm [UPPSC 2004] Solution: (b) Let depth of root zone = 1000 mm Given : FC = 20%, = 15 KNIm®: PWP = 1%, Pag = 25 mm Permissible depletion of available soil pressure = 50%18 Civil Engineering Optimum Moist Readily Available Moisture Content, RAMC = 42 x1000(0.20-0.18) UPPSC-AE 2 g(Fc-oMc) 75mm Consumptive irrigation required = C,—P, Publications re Content, OMC = 0.6(20- 10) + 10 = 15% Fo= 20% ome = 15% 5% CIR = 75-25 =50mm PWP = 10% NIR = CIR+Leaching required NIR = 50+0=50mm Student's Assignment az as aa The water which can be utlized by the crops from soll is called (@) field capacity water (©) capillary water (6) hygroscopic water (@) none of the above The moisture held! by a well drained soil against gravity drainage, by force of surface tension between the soil grains and water drops, is called (a) Field capacity water (6) Hygroscopic water (©) Capillary water (d) Water of adhesion Available moisture for a crop is equal to (@) Field capacity moisture content witing point moisture content (0) field capacity moisture content hygroscopic moisture content (6) both (a) and (b) (@) none of the above The state of soll when plants fai sufficient water for their requirements is (a) maximum saturated point (b)_ permanent wilting point (©) ultimate utilization point (d) none of these to extract as a6 ar as The optimum Moisture Content (M.C.) which is. retained in the root zone of a soil, before applying irigation wateris (@) equal to : (the field capacity M.C.-willing pointM.C.) {b) less than : (the field capacity M.C.-wilting point M.C.) (6) more than: (the field capacity M.C.-willing pointM.C.) {d) may be more than or less than capacity M.C.-wilting point M.C.) Irrigation water is usualy applied tothe fields, when available moisture content in the root zone of crop, get depleted by (a) 0-10% (b) 10-25% (©) 50-80% (a) 100% (the field What is moisture depth available of ‘evapotranspiration in root zone of 1 m depth soil if dry weight of sol is 1.5 gmicc, field capacity 30% and permanent wilting point is 10% (a) 450mm {o) 800mm (c) 200mm (@) 150mm Irigation water has to be supplied to crops when the moisture level falls {@) below field capacity (0) to wilting point (©) below witting point (a) none of the aboveMADE EASY Q.9 The field capacity of silis 25%, its permanent wilting printis 15% and specific dry unit weig 's 15, if depth of root zone of crop is 80 cm, the storage capacity of soil is (@) Bem (©) 100m (c) 120m (a) t4em Q.10 The following data were noted from an irrigation field: FC = 20%, PWP = 10% Permissible depletion of available soil moisture = 50% Dry unit weight of soil = 15 kN/m* Effective rainfall = 50 mm The net irrigation requirement per meter depth of soil will be (@) 75mm (b) 125mm (©) 50mm (d) 25mm Q.11 Cotton is grown ina field of 4km? with intensity of irrigation 60%. For cotton the base period is 200 days and duty of canal water is 1400 hectares per cumec. The volume of water requiredis (a) 14515ham (6) 296 ham (c) 34ham (@) 493ham Q.12 Permanent wilting point moisture content for a crop represents the (a) hygroscopic water (b) capillary water (c) field capacity water (d) none of the above Q.13 At field capacity, water is held in most of the soils at a tension of (@) 15atm (b) Zeroatm 1 () 3am () 1 atm Q.14 A clayey soil has a field capacity of 35% and permanent wilting point of 20%, If the specific, weight of the soil is 12.75 kNim?, the available moisture holding capacity in 80 cm depth of soi constituting the root zone depth of a crop is (a) 15.60m (b) 17.50m (c) 20.80m (d) 36.4cm Water Resources Engineering Soll, Water, Plant Relationship 19 Q.45 During a particular stage of the growth of a orop, consumptive use of water is 2.8 mav/day. If the amount of water available in the soilis 25% of 80 mm depth of water, what is the frequency of itigation? (@) Sdays (b) 13:days (©) 21 days (@) 25 days STUDENT'S Y ANSWERKEY / SURAT 1. (b) 21 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (b) +B (a) 9. (c) 10. (d) 1.6) 26) 12 Wa 1510 HINTS &soLUTIONS / ,SIURNTS, () Mast doom = Me xa fO—PAR) Brrxos-09 = 0.3m = 300 mm. Bie Ye, Ww Storage capacity of soil 1 '=80em. 4a xg (FC -PWP) Yw 1.5 x 80 (0.25 -0.15) = 120m Hie Netitrigation requirement = Consumptive use ~ Effective rainfall Total irrigation water required = 05(0.2-0.x18x 1000 10 Effective rainfall = 50 mm Net irrigation requirement = 75-50 = 26 mm20 Civil Engineering Bo A= 4km? = 4 x 108 m? = 4x 10? Hectares Intensity of irrigation = 60% Base period = 200 days Duty = 1400 hectares per cumee ‘Area of cotton crop irrigated = 240 hectares ‘Area of crop irrigated - Sinee, duty= Discharge 240 hectares: “Discharge, 2= Diiyhectare per cumecs = 0.1714miys :. Volume of water required, V= Discharge x Time = 0.1714 x 200 x 24 x 60 x 60 = 2962285.714 m® = 296,22ham Hence option (b) is correct. UPPSC-AE MADE EASY Be Available moisture holding capacity 4 g(Fc-PwP) Yw 12.78 5 8(0.35-0.20) 981 = 0.1859m ~ 15.6 em Be Available water = 25% of 80 mm depth required water toreach to field capacity Frequency of irrigation 60mm 28 mnvday 21.42 days = 21 days