Zveli egviptis xelovneba

msoflios xelovnebis istoriis erT-erTi uZvelesi da ubrwyinvalesi etapi

egviptesTanaa dakavSirebuli. Crdilo-aRmosavleT afrikaSi mdinare nilosis
napirebze mieca dasabami udidesi da sruliad gansxvavebuli kulturis
ayvavebas. xuTi aTasi wlis winaT aRimarTnen egviptelTa kolosaluri SromiT
“xelTqmnili mTebi”_ piramidebi, faraonTa samarxebi. swored piramidebma da
maTTan dakavSirebulma taZrebma Semogvinaxes egviptis mefeebis _ faraonebis
gandidebisadmi miZRvnili xelovnebis mravalferovani Zeglebis udidesi
raodenoba.
XIXs. miwurulamde egviptis Zveli istoriis Sesaxeb sakmaod bundovani da
naxevrad legendaruli warmodgenebi arsebobda. mecnierebi ZiriTadad
eyrdnobodnen berZeni da romaeli avtorebis cnobebs, agreTve Zvel egviptur
werilobiT wyaroebs. Zvel egviptel istorikoss, q. heliopolisis uzenaes
qurums maneTons (Zv. w. IV_IIIss.) ekuTvnis berZnul enaze dawerili “egviptis
istoria”. egviptis istoria man 30 dinastiad (faraonebis mixedviT) _ Zvel, Sua
da axali samefos periodebad dahyo. mecnierebaSi dResac miRebulia es dayofa,
zogierTi cvlilebiT. SemdgomSi am dayofas miemata adrindeli samefo (Zv. w.
3000_2800ww), am xanas winadinastiursac uwodeben. Zveli samefo (Zv. w. 2263_2040);
Sua (Zv. w. 1795 _ 1580); axali (Zv. w. 1085 _ 712). Aam periodebs emateba e. w.
gviandeli periodi (Zv. w. 712 _ 332). Zv. w. 332 wels aleqsandre makedonelma
daipyro egvipte. berZnebis mier egviptis dapyrobis Semdeg safuZveli eyreba
sruliad axal kulturas, romelic istoriaSi cnobilia elinizmis epoqis
saxeliT.
Zveli samefos epoqaSi iwyeba monumenturi piramidebis mSenebloba. es ki
SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod da mxolod ganviTarebuli kulturis mqone Zlier
saxelmwifoSi; saxelmwifoSi, sadac mecnierebisa da xelovnebis done maRali
iqneboda, xolo sameurneo cxovreba da religiuri sistema _ mowesrigebuli.
centralizebuli qveynis saTaveSi idga ganusazRvreli uflebebiT aRWurvili
faraoni _ despoti. faraoni amave dros uzenaesi qurumic iyo da amrigad,
saero xelisuflebasTan erTad sasuliero xelisuflebasac flobda. mTeli
egviptis miwa-wyali mosaxleobiTurT faraonis sakuTrebas warmoadgenda. Zveli
samefos dros yalibdeba religiuri sistemis mniSvnelovani dogmatebi da
Teoriebi, faraoni oficialurad warmodgenili hyavdaT RmerTis Zed da
moadgiled dedamiwaze, rac xels uwyobda misi ganuyofeli Zalauflebis
damkvidrebas. faraonis RvTiuri bunebis Sesaxeb warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad
iqmneba rTuli religiuri rituali, dResaswaulis misteriuli xasiaTi,
sabolood yalibdeba micvalebulis kultTan dakavSirebuli wesebi.
micvalebulis kultTan iyo dakavSirebuli monumenturi qvis arqiteqturis
ganviTareba, romlis mwvervals warmoadgens giganturi piramidebi. maT jer
kidev Zvel droSi samyaros Svid saocrebas miakuTvnebdnen. xangrZlivi Ziebis
Semdgom yorRanuli tipis samarxebidan ganviTarda prizmis formis mastaba,
romelic Semdgom piramidas daedo safuZvlad.
monumenturi qvis xuroTmoZRvrebis uZvelesi Zeglia faraon joseris (Zv. w.
2800 – 2723) sulis mosaxsenebeli sataZro ansambli (III dinastia). misi avtoria
Tavisi drois didi xuroTmoZRvari da saxelganTqmuli brZeni, swavluli,
astronomi da eqimi imhotepi.
joseris kompleqsi aRmarTulia sakaraSi. rTuli ansambli mravali
nagebobisagan Sedgeboda. mTavari adgili uWiravs e. w. safexurebian piramidas.
xangrZlivi konstruqciuli Ziebis Sedegad, imhotepma piramidis safuZvlad
sworkuTxa forma airCia. piramidis safuZveli qvis filebiT aris nagebi; TviT
piramida eqvsi safexurisagan Sedgeba. TiToeuli momdevno safexuri zomiT
mcirdeba. qvis filebi Sua RerZis mimarT daxrilad aris dawyobili, rac
duRabis gareSe agebul piramidas did simyares aZlevs. piramidas CrdiloeTis
mxridan aqvs Sesasvleli. saZirkvelis qveS, kldovan qanebSi iyo gamokveTili
miwisqveSa derefnebi da samarxi senaki, sadac idga sarkofagi faraonis
Semuruli gvamiT _ mumiiT.
kompleqsis teritoriaze mdebareobda agreTve samxreTi akldama _ kenotafi
(cru akldama, romelSic ar asvenia micvalebuli), romelsac midgmuli hqonda
samlocvelo; samlocvelos skulpturul samkaulad karnizze urei (samefo
emblema egvipteSi; gvelis gamosaxuleba RmerTebis, faraonebis da dedoflebis
Tavsaburavze; agreTve gamoiyeneboda SenobaTa skulpturul samkaulSi) hqonda.
ZiriTadi nagebobebi religiuri kultis moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad iyo
ganlagebuli. maT Soris mniSvnelovani iyo hebsedis ezo, gankuTvnili faraonis
saritualo sirbilisaTvis. joseris ansamblis dekori gamoirCeva udidesi
sisadaviT: gareTa kedlebis morTulobaSi gamoyenebulia tradiciuli Suq-
Crdilebis kontrasti, rasac xuroTmoZRvari aRwevs Sverilebisa da niSebis
monacvleobiT. Sesasvleli derefnis naxevarsvetebi papirusebis Reroebis konis
saxiT aris gamoqandakebuli. frizebis da svetisTavebis ornamentul
morTulobaSi gamoyenebulia lotosis, papirusis da palmis yvavilebis
stilizebuli gamosaxulebebi; aris agreTve ieroglifuri niSnebis da ureis
motivebic. joseris mTel ansamblSi mxolod safexurebian piramidas ar gaaCnia
morTuloba. Tavisi sisadaviT da daxvewili konstruqciiT piramida
gabatonebulia mTel ansamblze da xiblavs mnaxvels safexurebis siluetis
moqnili moxazulobiT, formis mSvidi sidiadiT da, amave dros, zecisken
dinamikuri ltolviT.
piramidis formis evolucia egviptur xuroTmoZRvrebaSi grZeldeba faraon
snofrus piramidiT daSurSi. misi forma gardamavalia joseris safexurovan
piramidasa da piramidis klasikur formas Soris. faqtobrivad, snofrus 100m-is
simaRlis piramidas ori safexuriRa aqvs da igi klasikurs uaxlovdeba. aqedan
ukve erTi nabijia gizas cnobil piramidebamde.
Zveli egviptis nekropolisi ( [berZ. nekros mkvdari da polis qalaqi] _ Zveli
aRmosavleTis qveynebsa da antikur samyaroSi: sasaflao, samarxi) nilosis
dasavleT sanapiroze iyo ganlagebuli, sarwyavi miwebisa da libiis mkvdari
udabnos sazRvarze. Zveli egviptelebis rwmeniT, Camavali mzis mxare sikvdilis
sauflo iyo. faraon snofrus (IV dinastiis damaarsebeli) memkvidreebma
TavianTi sasufevlis adgilad dRevandeli giza airCies, radganac es adgili
akmayofilebda astronomiul, geodeziur Tu sakulto xasiaTis yvela
moTxovnilebas. micvalebulis “maradiuli saxlis” _ piramidis konstruqcia
religiuri warmodgenebis Sesabamisi unda yofiliyo. faraonebis xeofsis
(xufus), xefrenis (xafras) da mikerinis (menkauras) sami grandiozuli piramida
swori geometriuli formisaa. joseris safexurebiani piramidisagan
gansxvavebiT, am piramidebis safuZveli kvadratia.
uZvelesia xeofsis piramida (simaRle daaxl. 147 m. udidesi qvis nageboba
msoflioSi), romelic gizas mTeli ansamblis (piramidebi, taZrebi da faraon
xefrenis didi sfinqsi) proporciul Tanafardobas gansazRvravs. piramidebi
mxareebis mixedviT aris ganlagebuli. pirveli ori piramidis centri Zevs erT
diagonalze, romelic momcro piramidis Crdilo-dasavleT kuTxes kveTs. erT
xazzea samive piramidis samxreT_aRmosavleTi kuTxeebis wverebi. mTeli
ansamblis proporciebi “oqros kveTis” (harmoniuli gayofa: gayofa saSualo da
kidura SefardebiT, mTelis iseTi gayofa or aratol nawilad, rodesac mcire
nawili ise Seefardeba dids, rogorc didi _ mTels) principzea agebuli.
A radganac gizas samive piramida msgavsi konstruqciiT aris agebuli,
ganvixilavT erT-erT maTgans, kerZod xeofsis piramidas. piramida aago
xuroTmoZRvarma xemiunma (faraonis naTesavi). ZeglSi yvelaferi gaazrebulia:
dawyebuli adgilidan, damTavrebuli astraluri simbolikiT, romlis
Sesabamisadac piramida kosmiur orbitaSi unda Caweriliyo. piramidis
CrdiloeT mxares datanebuli viwro SesasvleliT CadixarT miwisqveSa senakSi;
senaki orientirebulia gveleSapis Tanavarskvlavedis alfa varskvlavze,
romelic piramidebis mSeneblobis dros samyaros polusad iyo miRebuli (alfa
varskvlavi mdebareobs Crdilo polusis wertilSi). gizas nekropolisSi
piramidebis mSeneblobis dros egviptelebs unda gaeTvaliswinebinaT pirobebis
mTeli kompleqsi; pirvel rigSi, geologiuri _ gauZlebda Tu ara niadagi qvis
masiur nagebobas; astronomiuli _ piramidebis agebis dros qveynierebis
mxareebis gaTvaliswineba; micvalebulis kultTan dakavSirebuli wesebi,
radganac piramida micvalebuli faraonis samaradiso samyofels warmoadgenda,
da bolos, mkacri konstruqciuli formis ageba. piramidis konstruqciuli
gaangariSebis safuZveli iyo “oqros kveTis” proporciebi, romlis mixedviTac
adgendnen ZiriTad zomebs, waxnagebis daxrilobis kuTxeebis CaTvliT.
piramidis saerTo zomebi Seesabameboda Sida sivrces, romelic moicavda
nagebobaTa rTul sistemas. viwro Sesasvleli derefani damrecad eSveba
baqnamde, saidanac sawinaaRmdego mxareebisaken ori derefani miemarTeba: erTi
im miwisqveSa senakSi Cadis, zemoT rom vaxseneT (orientirebuli alfa
varskvlavze), meore zeviT, 33 m. simaRleze adis da or derefnad iyofa. 50 m.
sigrZis didi derefani samarxi senakisaken miemarTeba. senakis kedlebi
mTlianad nagebia wvrilmarcvlovani kirqviT, Weri cru TaRis STabeWdilebas
qmnis. kedlebi mopirkeTebulia granitiT. granitisavea masiuri sarkofagi,
romelic pirvelsave mkvlevarebs ukve carieli daxvdaT. gaqra ara marto
sarkofagis mZime saxuravi, aramed faraonis mumiac.
 gaocebas iwvevs piramidis Sida sivrcis arqiteqturuli gadawyveta. aq
waawydebiT mTel rig gonebamaxvilur teqnikur mignebebs. magaliTad, samarxi
senakis Tavze moTavsebulia simZimis dawolis gamanawilebeli oTaxi. piramida
agebulia duRabis gareSe 2 300 000 qvis blokisagan (TiToeulis saSualo wona
2,5 t). mopirkeTebulia gasaocari sizustiT erTmaneTze morgebuli TeTri
kirqvis samwaxnagovani filebiT. TeTri qva udabnosa da lurji cis fonze
Zlier feradovan aqcents qmnida. drom Secvala piramidebis garegnuli saxe,
mxolod xefrenis piramidis sul zeda nawilze SemorCa mzis mcxunvare
sxivebiT gaxunebuli mopirkeTebis naSTi.
gizas ansamblSi sulis mosaxsenebeli taZrebic Sedis. taZrebis Sida sivrce
Sevsebulia boZebiT, romlebsac Weri eyrdnoboda. xefrenis sulis
mosaxsenebeli taZris interieris gaformebaSi gamoyenebulia sxvadasxva feris
qva. vardisferi granitis mZime oTxwaxnagovani boZebi SesaniSnavad exameba
iatakis TeTri kirqvis filebs da faraonis muqi mwvane dioritis qandakebebs,
romlebic kedlebis gaswvriv dgas. gizas ansamblis kompoziciaSi harmoniulad
zis faraon xefrenis didi sfinqsi _ faraonis saxiani giganturi arseba _
naxevrad adamiani, naxevrad lomi, udabnos daraji (simaRle 20 m. sigrZe 57 m).

* * *
taZrebisa da akldamebis kompleqsis ganuyofel nawils Seadgenda
arqiteqturuli dekoris sxvadasxva elementi: mrgvali qandakeba, reliefi da
monumenturi ferwera.
qandakebis mTavari daniSnuleba iyo mefeTa gandideba, maTi didebulebis
samaradisod SenarCuneba. egviptelTa religiis Tanaxmad qandakebaSi
isadgurebda gardacvlili faraonis suli, igi warmoadgenda faraonis oreuls.
faraonis samsaxurSi myofi moqandakeebi mkacr kanonebs emorCilebodnen. aman
ganapiroba oficialuri egvipturi qandakebis ZiriTadi niSnebi_ frontaluroba,
mZlavr, monoliTur sxeulTa gaSeSebuloba, idealizacia. egvipturi qandakebis
geometrizmi erTgvarad gapirobebuli iyo agreTve egvipturi arqiteqturis
formebis lakonurobiT, romelTanac upiratesad dakavSirebuli iyo qandakeba.
ukve Zveli samefos periodSi Camoyalibda egvipturi qandakebis mkacrad
kanonizirebuli tipebi. mjdomare figura, taxtis formebTan Serwymuli,
gaSeSebuli sxeuli, simetriulad muxlebze dawyobili xelebiT, an mkerdTan
moxrili marjveniT, Sors, sivrceSi momzirali TvalebiT; fexze mdgomi figura
_ zeaRmarTuli TaviT, daZabuli, frontalurad dayenebuli sxeuliT, masze
mWidrod mikruli, Zirs daSvebuli xelebiT, wingadmodgmuli marcxena fexiT. am
mkacri sqemis SigniT axerxebdnen egvipteli moqandakeebi SeeqmnaT egvipturi
qandakebis mTeli mravalferovneba.
qandakebis daniSnulebam ganapiroba misTvis masalis SerCeva. faraonTa
maradiuli gamosaxulebebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda yvelaze magari jiSis qvebi _
dioriti, bazalti, graniti.
miuxedavad pozaTa erTgvarovnebisa egvipturi qandakebebi individualuria,
ra Tqma unda, im tipologiuri msgavsebis sazRvrebSi, romelic aucilebeli
piroba iyo mefis saxis warmosaxvisas. aseTia faraonebis joserisa da xefrenis
portretuli qandakebebi.
egvipturi qandakeba metwilad gaferadebuli iyo. SeferilobaSic uryevi
kanonebi moqmedebdnen: Savi feriT iRebeboda Tma, TeTriT _ samosi,
narinjisfer _ moyavisfro iyo mamakacTa sxeuli, yviTeli ki qalTa sxeuli.
Seferili qandakebis ubrwyinvales nimuSs warmoadgens skulpturuli jgufi
_ princi rahotepi da misi meuRle nofreti. aq kargad Cans mkacri kanonebis
moqmedeba: statikuri poza, frontaluria figuris dayeneba, maqsimaluria
ganzogadeba. amasTanave guldasmiTaa gadmocemuli saxis damaxasiaTebeli
nakvTebi, cocxali mzera. mocisfro gamWvirvale kvarcitiT inkrustirebuli
nofretis Tvalebi sicocxlis iluzias qmnian. feradovani da sazeimoa qalis
samoseli da samkauli.
egvipturi qandakebis normebi emyareba saukuneebis manZilze SemoqmedebiT
procesSi gamomuSavebul proporciaTa sistemas. proporciaTa sistemaze
dayrdnobiT egviptelebi axerxebdnen erT saxeSi adamianisa da cxovelis
sxeulis nawilebis organul Serwymasac. saxelganTqmuli egvipturi sfinqsi
adamianis TaviTa da lomis taniT savsebiT bunebrivad gamoiyureba. amgvarad,
sfinqsis saxiT iyo ukvdavyofili dedofali xaTSefsutic, qali faraoni,
romelmac mniSvnelovani kvali daaCnia egviptis istorias. orasi aseTi sfinqsi
amkobda odesRac oqrosferi kirqvisagan agebul xaTSefsutis didebul taZars
deir-el-baharSi.
Zveli egvipteli mxatvrebi portretSi did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen Tvalis
gamosaxvas. religiuri rwmenis mixedviT, Tvalebs hqondaT is Zala, romliTac
xdeboda mkvdreTiT aRdgoma. swored amitom akldamebSi Catanebul qandakebebs
magiuri gamometyveleba aqvT miniWebuli. am STabeWdilebas mxatvrebi aRwevdnen
inkrustaciis an quTuToebis garSemo reliefuri konturis SemovlebiT.
gandgomil da usazRvroebis mWvretel gamoxedvas cocxal gamometyvelebas
aZlevs Tvalis gugis nacvlad Casmuli sxiviani brolis natexi (gansakuTrebiT
kirqvis, xis da liTonis qandakebebs udgamdnen inkrustirebul Tvalebs). am
mxatvruli xerxiT miRweulia ganumeorebeli mxatvruli efeqti; qandakebis
gamoxedva mayureblis mzeras ar xvdeba da iqmneba Tavis TavSi Caketili
adamianis gamometyvelebis STabeWdileba.
mravladaa Semonaxuli didebulTa, faraonTan daaxloebul pirTa
portretebi. am gamosaxulebebis Seqmnis dros moqandake imdenad ar iyo
SezRuduli oficialuri xelovnebis kanonebiT da cdilobda Seeqmna
sicocxliT aRsavse, metyveli saxeebi. msoflios portretuli xelovnebis
Sedevrebs miekuTvneba “mefis mwerlis” (gadamwerTa) qandakebebi (miwaze
fexmorTxmuli da muxlebze gaSlili papirusis gragniliT) luvrsa da kairos
muzeumSi. isini gaocebas iwveven ara marto uaRresi portretulobiT da mkafio
individualuri TaviseburebebiT, aramed mxatvruli saxis siZlieriT,
STagonebiT.
didebulTa akldamebSi didi raodenobiT aRmoaCines msaxurTa mcire
qandakebebis nimuSebi. es is miniaturuli gamosaxulebebia, romelTac
samarxebSi atandnen gardacvlil faraons, raTa mas imqveyniur cxovrebaSic ar
mokleboda mis msaxurTa mzrunveloba: meTuneebi WurWlis mzadebis procesSi,
qalebi comis zelvis an marcvlis dafqvis procesSi da a. S. maTi metyveli
saxeebi, cocxali pozebi, dinamikuri, rTuli moZraoba egviptel ostatTa
udides daxelovnebaze metyveleben.

* * *
egviptis xelovnebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi etapia faraon amenhotep IV
anu exnatonis mmarTvelobis xana (axali samefo Zv. w. XVI_XIss). am drois
qandakebebsa da reliefebSi adamiani udidesi gulmodginebiTaa gadmocemuli.
exnatonis portretSi faraoni pirveladaa warmodgenili, rogorc Cveulebrivi
adamiani _ maRal kiserze Taviseburad damjdari Tavi, saxis wagrZelebuli
ovali, Tvalebis viwro, iribi Wrili, mZime naxevrad daxuWuli quTuToebi
gamometyvelebas ramdenadme melanqoliurs xdis. didi grZnobiTa da siTboTia
gamosaxuli exnatonis qaliSvilebi, maTi deda _ mSvenieri nefertiti. am
dedoflis ori skulpturuli portreti (Zv. w. XIVs.) msoflio xelovnebis
unatifes da romantikul saxes warmoadgens. kairos muzeumSia daculi Tbili
yviTeli feris qviSaqvisagan gakeTebuli nefertitis daumTavrebeli portreti
(simaRle 19 sm.), romelic waruSlel STabeWdilebas axdens mnaxvelze.
dedofali gamosaxulia ymawvilqalobis Jams. igi odnav iRimis. misi saxe savsea
fiqriani ocnebiT. saxis unazesi ovali, nuSiseburi Tvalebi, natifad
Semoxazuli tuCebi iseTi virtuozulobiTaa Sesrulebuli, rom am poetur,
STagonebul saxes Znelad Tu moeZebneba toli Zveli xelovnebis ZeglTa Soris.
Zalze popularulia nefertitis Seferadebuli TeTri kirqvisagan
Sesrulebuli naturaluri sididis biusti berlinis muzeumidan. am saocari
silamazis skulpturul portretSi dedofals amkobs maRali lurji gvirgvini.
misi saxe vardisferia, tuCebi _ wiTeli, warbebi _ Savi. marjvena TvalbudeSi
mTis brolis Tvali aqvs Casmuli, guga Savi xisaa. natifi grZeli yeli TiTqos
idrikeba morTulobis simZimisagan. Tavi odnav winaa wamoxrili da farTo
quTuToebi odnav faraven dedoflis Tvalebs, mis saxeze simSvidea aRbeWdili.
Cvens winaSea genialuri didostatis qmnileba.
bednieri SemTxvevis wyalobiT Cven SevityveT ostatis saxeli. es portretebi
napovni iyo moqandake TuTmosis saxelosnos gaTxrebisas el-amarnaSi. am
saxelosnos erT-erT nivTze warwerili iyo, rom TuTmoss aqebda faraoni da
igi yofila samuSaoTa zedamxedveli. aqedan dadginda, rom TuTmosi Tavisi
drois did moqandaked iTvleboda.
exnatonis epoqis moqandakeebi udides mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen naturis
Seswavlas, bunebaze dakvirvebas. TuTmosis saxelosnoSi aRmoCnda TabaSiris
niRbebi, sxeulis nawilebis TabaSiris modelebi, romlebsac moqandakeebi
muSaobis procesSi damxmare saSualebad iyenebdnen.
faraon-reformatoris _ exnatonis sikvdilis Semdeg taxtze adis misi mesame
asulis qmari _ tutanhamoni. Wabuki faraonis xanmokle mmarTvelobis periodi
arafriT aris aRsaniSnavi, magram misi saxeli WeSmaritad ukvdavyo ingliselma
arqeologma houard karterma, romelmac 1922w. aRmoaCina tutanhamonis
gauZarcvavi akldama. (me-18 dinastia. Zv. w. XVs.).
akldamaSi aRmoCenilia tutanhamonis Zvirfasi liTonebisagan Sesrulebuli
mravalricxovani portretuli qandakeba, romlebSic 17 wlis faraoni udidesi
ostatobiTaa gamosaxuli. rogorc Cans, yvela skulpturaSi Wabuki faraonis
WeSmariti portretuli nakvTebia gadmocemuli, radgan TiToeul maTganSi
ganmeorebulia mkafiod gamokveTili erTi da igive individualuri niSnebi _
nazi ovalis norCi saxe, ganaTebuli didi nuSiseburi TvalebiT. amasTan Zveli
egvipteli ostati portrets qmnis ganusazRvreli drois SegrZnebiT da saxes
maradiul yofas aniWebs; ganazogadebs adamianurisa da RvTaebrivi sawyisebis
Serwymas, cxovrebiseuli simarTlisa da magiuri Zalis srulyofil
gamovlinebas. faraonis qandakebebi kanonikur pozebSia warmodgenili da
SeRebilia pirobiTi ferebiT. feri Seesabameba saxis simbolur gaazrebas.
tutanhamonis portretebSi gancvifrebas iwvevs mxatvari, romelic axerxebs
xilul gamosaxulebaSi uxilavi sulieri arsis gadmocemas. ostatebma SeZles
arsebobis yvela fazis dakavSireba, adamianurisa da maradiuli cxovrebis
sazRvrebSi, sinamdvilis da simboluris harmoniul formaSi ganxorcieleba.
aseTia tutanhamonis oqros portretuli niRabi, urnis Tavi da sxva mravali
Zegli. tutanhamonis niRabi inkrustirebuli cisferi qaSanuriT oqromWedluri
xelovnebis srulyofil nimuSadac CaiTvleba, radganac safuZvlad
dekoraciuli sawyisi udevs.
moqandake TuTmosis saxelosnoSi Seqmnili Zeglebis gverdiT tutanhamonis
portretebi ufro ritualur xasiaTs atarebs da amdenad pirobiTia.
pirobiToba miRweulia feris da masalis saSualebiT. esenia inkrustirebuli
oqros niRabi anda mooqrovili qandakebebi. maSin, roca amarneli ostatebi
(TuTmosis saxelosno) upiratesobas aniWebdnen kirqvas da qviSaqvas, romelTa
rbili faqtura sxeulis bunebriv fers mSvenivrad gadmoscemda.
egviptel moqandakeTa mier ramdenime aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi Seqmnili
plastikis saganZuri dResac agrZelebs Tavis maradiul sicocxles da udidesi
ZaliT moqmedebs adamianze.

* * *
Zvel egviptur reliefebsa da moxatulobebSi Tavs iCens sibrtyeze figuris
gamosaxvis damaxasiaTebeli wesi: Tavi da fexebi profilSi, mxrebi da torsi
fasSi. Zveli egviptelis religiur _ filosofiuri koncefciis mixedviT,
adamianis sxeuli mTlianad unda warmosaxuliyo sibrtyeze, swored amitomaa,
rom erTdroulad aris mocemuli sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilebi fasSi da
profilSi. es warmodgenebi dakavSirebuli iyo micvalebulis kultTan da
sulis maradiuli sicocxlis rwmenasTan. adamianis plastikuri gansaxiereba
pirovnebis maradisobas aRniSnavda. cxondeboda is, visi sxeulic (sulis
TavSesafari), Seuryvneli rCeboda didxans. reliefebisa da moxatulobebis
didi nawili wminda ritualur xasiaTs atarebda. maT Soris didi adgili ekava
micvalebulis cxovrebis amsaxvel scenebs, romlebic saiqio cxovrebaSi
simbolur gardasaxvas warmoadgenda. akldamebis dagegmarebis Camoyalibebis
procesSi TandaTanobiT dgindeboda reliefebisa da moxatulobebis ganlagebis
gansazRvruli sistemac. reliefebi da mxatvroba kedlebze ganlagebuli iyo
sartylebad, romelTa simaRle da sigane Seesabameboda mTeli xuroTmoZRvruli
ansamblis proporciebs. amrigad aRwevdnen arqiteqtul _ plastikuri
gadawyvetis sinTezs. TiToeuli akldamisa da, miT umetes, taZris gaformebaze
kolosaluri moculobis samuSaoebs asrulebda ostatTa ramdenime jgufi.
gaformebis mTliani mxatvruli Canafiqri erT mxatvars ekuTvnoda, romelsac
egviptelebi “samuSaoTa ufross” uwodebdnen. danarCeni ostatebi muSaobdnen
reliefebze, anda gadahqondaT kedlebze da masStabSi adidebdnen mza
kompoziciebs.
kedlebs winaswar faravdnen baTqaSiT, gasworebul kedlebze momavali
kompoziciis Canaxati keTdeboda da Semdeg iwyebda muSaobas ostati saWreli
iaraRiT an balaxis funjiT.
Zvel egvipteSi reliefis damuSavebis ori teqnikuri wesi arsebobda:
bareliefi da CaWrili reliefi CaRrmavebuli konturiT. bareliefs foni ar
hqonda, meore SemTxvevaSi fons xeluxleblad tovebdnen da ostati
gamosaxulebaze konturis SigniT muSaobda.
reliefebisa da moxatulobis kompoziciebi ara marto Tematurad
uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs, aramed Sesrulebis teqnikiTac. reliefis mkveTri
CaWrili xazi msgavsebas avlens moxatulobaSi gamosaxulebis moxazulobasTan.
Cveulebriv reliefebs Rebavdnen. reliefSi gamoyenebuli ferebi pirobiTi iyo
da simbolur xasiaTs atarebda. mxatvrobaSic mxolod lokalur ferebs
iyenebdnen. akldamebis moxatulobaSi zogjer mineraluri saRebavebis garda
ixmareboda feradi pastis CanarTebic. gamosaxuleba, figura iqneboda Tu
sagani, fonidan gamoyofili iyo farTo konturiT. sWarbobda reliefi,
kopoziciis mxolod calkeuli fragmentebi ifareboda moxatulobiT, ase rom,
zogjer sakmaod Zneldeba zRvris dadeba SeRebil reliefsa da moxatulobas
Soris.

* * *
Zveli egvipteli ostatebi brwyinvaled avlendnen masalis dekoraciul
specifikas. alebastris monoliTuri WurWlis gaprialebul zedapirze kargad
Cans qvis bunebrivi simSveniere _ nazi ZarRvebis qseli. sxvadasxva masalaSi
Sesrulebuli WurWlis forma erTgvarovania, magram did STabeWdilebas axdens.
WurWlis forma ZiriTadad kanonikuri normebiT iyo dadgenili, romelic
asaxulia mTeli rigi ieroglifuri niSnis dawerilobis ganzogadoebul saxeSi.
egvipteli ostatebi qvis garda muSaobdnen Zvalze, liTonze, xeze; flobdnen
inkrustaciis teqnikas da farTod iyenebdnen sxvadasxva masalis harmoniul
Sexamebas.
 * * *
axali samefos epoqaSi egvipte kvlav erTiandeba Tebes meTaurobiT.
faraonebi iwyeben farTo samSeneblo moRvaweobas, ageben amon-ras (saxelmwifos
uzenaesi RvTaeba, uZRvnidnen himnebs da samxedro gamarjvebebsac mas miawerdnen.
amoni niSnavs “idumals”. SemdgomSi amonis kulti Seerwya mzis RvTaebas ras)
kultisaTvis gankuTvnil taZrebs.
am epoqaSi zustdeba sataZro xuroTmoZRvruli kompleqsebis ZiriTadi tipebi
_ miwiszeda, naxevrad kldeSi nagebi, kldeSi nakveTi taZrebi. Tebes aRmosavleT
nawilSi mdebareobs ori mTavari samlocvelo _ karnaki da luqsori, romlebic
miwiszeda taZrebis tips ganekuTvneba.
axali samefos kanonikuri tipis taZari aseTia: SesasvlelSi aRmarTuli iyo
pilonebi (berZ. karibWe. trapeciis formis masiuri koSki), romlebzedac
droSebi frialebdnen. kedlebTan Camwkrivebuli iyo faraonis qandakebebi da
obeliskebi, romelTa Soris datanebuli viwro SesasvleliT mziT
gakaSkaSebul Ria ezoSi SediodiT, ezos gars evleboda svetnari, Semdgom
dabinduli erTi an ramdenile hipostiluri (hipostili _ svetnariani darbazi)
darbazi iyo, ganaTeba TandaTan klebulobda da bolos ritualuri procesia
bnel sakurTxevelSi mTavrdeboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom samSeneblo problemebis
garda xuroTmoZRvrebs sivrcis kompoziciis amocanac unda gadaewyvitaT;
taZris mTavar nagebobebs sigrZiv RerZze ganalagebdnen. sataZro kompleqsebi
Cawerilia geremoSi. arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeboda taZris mdebareobas
nilosis mimarT. taZari niloss sfinqsebis xeivniT ukavSirdeboda, rac nilosis
aRm. napiris ansamblebisa da das. napiris sulis mosaxsenebeli taZrebis
aucilebel plastikur elements warmoadgenda.
am periodis taZrebi daxvewili dekoraciulobiT gamoirCeva. magaliTad,
svetebiani darbazebi papirusis Sambnars an palmis xeivnebs mogagonebdaT, Weri
cis imitacias warmoadgenda _ moxatuli iyo lurjad zedgabneuli oqros
varskvlavebiT. axali samefos sataZro ansamblebSi vxedavT arqiteqturul _
dekoraciul _ plastikuri formebis Serwymas musikasTan, simRerasTan,
cekvasTan, romelic misteriebis ganuyofeli nawili iyo. kedlebze amokveTili
himnebis teqstebi strofebis ritmuli gameorebiT exmianeboda reliefSi
gaSlil kompoziciebs.
XVIII dinastiis yvela faraoni agebda karnakis sataZro kompleqss, romelic
jer kidev Sua samefos periodSi daiwyes da daaxloebiT aTi saukune
mimdinareobda. axali samefos periodSi Seiqmna am kompleqsis mTavari nawili,
romelic amonis taZris garda Seicavs muTis (amonis coli, Tayvans scemdnen
Zeris saxiT) da xonsus (mTvaris RvTaeba, amon-ras da muTis Ze, gamosaxavdnen
SiSveli yrmis saxiT, romelsac bageebTan saCvenebeli TiTi miutania; Tavze
adgas disko axali mTvaris gamosaxulebiT da frTebis gvirgvini) kompleqsebs,
es ukanasknelni mTavari taZridan samxreTiT arian ganlagebulni.
amenhotep III-is dros xonsus taZari verZis Taviani sfinqsebis xeivniT
daukavSirda Tebes saxelganTqmul luqsoris amon-ras taZars. igi mdebareobs
nilosis sanapiroze da did farTobzea gaSlili CrdiloeTidan samxreTiT.
dagegmarebaSi mTavari roli svetnars ukavia. Ria ezos orrigad gars ertymis
papirusis Reroebis konebis saxiT gamoqandakebuli kolonebi mTavari svetebiani
talani (derefani. grZeli gasasvleli) daumTavrebeli darCa. giganturi svetebi
gamoirCeva araCveulebrivi simsubuqiT, rasac arqiteqtori aRwevs papirusis
msgavsi svetisTavebis damagvirgvinebeli patara kvadratuli filebis (abakebi)
saSualebiT. xuroTmoZRvars taZris Sida sivrce iseTnairad aqvs gadawyvetili,
rom iqmneba STabeWdileba moZraobisa, romelic centraluri svetnaris
mimarTulebiT Zlierdeba. papirusis Reroebis konebis saxiT gamoqandakebuli
erTmaneTTan axlos ganlagebuli orriga svetebis ritms enacvleba
paralelurad aRmarTuli erTmaneTisagan sakmaod daSorebuli svetebi, wina
ezos svetis Tavebs yvavilis kokrebis forma aqvs, mTavari talanis svetis
Tavebs ki _ gaSlili yvavilis forma. amrigad, mnaxvelis Tvalwin TiTqos-da
sicocxlis ori faza iSleba _ dabadeba da ayvaveba.
tradiciisamebr nilosis dasavleT sanapiroze agebdnen sulis mosaxsenebel
taZrebs, romlebic sfinqsebis xeivnebiT ukavSirdebodnen niloss da amnairad
aRmosavleT sanapiroze ganlagebuli taZrebis gagrZelebas warmoadgendnen.
amrigad, iqmneboda Tebes erTi mTliani arqiteqturuli kompleqsi.
Ddedofal hatSefsutis sulis mosaxsenebeli taZari deir el-baharSi
naxevrad kldeSia gamokveTili. gegmaSi taZris zogierTi nageboba sarTulebad
aris ganlagebuli, nawili ki horizontalurad. mSeneblobis am terasul
princips jer kidev Sua samefos periodSi iyenebdnen. hatSefsutis sulis
mosaxsenebeli taZari aago xuroTmoZRvarma senmuTma. taZarSi mTavari roli
svetnars aqvs miniWebuli. qveda sarTulSi burjebad gamoyenebulia kvadratuli
boZebi, romelTa rigi talanis saxiT miuyveba mTel aRmosavleT kedels. am
talans SuaSi hyofs pandusi (misasvleli daxrili gza. usafexurebo).
analogiurad aris agebuli Semdegi terasac, romelsac misasvlelad kibe aqvs
datanebuli. taZris meore sarTulis Crdilo nawilSi xuroTmoZRvari talanis
monoliTur oTx waxnagovan boZebs uxamebs natif, sigrZiv daRarul svetebs,
ris gamoc mTlianad nageboba simsubuqes iZens. taZris miwiszeda nagebobebi
organulad erwymis kldeSi nageb sakurTxevlebs.
karnakis, luqsoris, deir el-baharis reliefebi da moxatuloba gamoirCeva
didi dekoraciulobiT, ferwerulobiT, siuJetebis simdidriT, aq aris gaSlili
faraonTa sagvareulo istoriis amsaxveli scenebi, romlebSic CarTulia
egvipturi RvTaebebi. XVIII dinastiis periodSi peizaJi damoukidebel
mniSvnelobas iZens. peizaJSi cxovelTa figurebi realisturad aris
warmodgenili, xolo mcenareTa gamosaxulebebi stilizebulia. Tebes skolis
ostatebi met yuradRebas uTmoben lamaz siluets, plastikur moZraobas;
sxeulis pirobiTi mdgomareoba, rodesac profili da fasi erTdroulad aris
gadmocemuli, akrobatuli cekvis rTul pozaSia gamosaxuli.

* * *
egvipteSi berZnebisa da Semdeg romaelTa batonobis Jams egvipturma
xelovnebam berZnuli da romauli kulturis Zlieri gavlena ganicada. berZnul
_ romaul epoqaSi egviptelebi micvalebulebs saxeze Zveleburad niRbebs ki ar
adebdnen, aramed ficarze an tiloze elinisturi ferweris tradiciebis
mixedviT Sesrulebul portretebs.
axali welTaRricxvis I_IIIss. Sua egviptis teritoriaze Seqmnil am
portretebs aRmoCenis ZiriTadi adgilis mixedviT faiumis portretebi ewodeba.
1887 w. adgilobrivma mosaxleobam faiumis oazisis samarxebSi SemTxveviT
aRmoaCina mumiebis saxeebze mimagrebuli portretebi (mumiebisaTvis CaetanebinaT
firfitebi zed aRniSnuli micvalebulTa saxelebiTa da gardacvalebis
TariRebiT).
portretebi (sul 400-mdea napovni), romlebic SesaniSnavadaa Senaxuli,
Sesrulebulia cviliT Sezavebuli saRebavebiT (ferweris aseT teqnikas cvilis
ferwera anu enkaustika ewodeba), romelic am epoqaSi farTod iyo
gavrcelebuli. cvilis saRebavebiT xatvis Tavisebureba mdgomareobda
moculobiT monasmebSi. monasmebi, Cveulebriv, saxis nakvTebis formas
mihyveboda; cxvirze, loyebze da nikapze, agreTve Tvalis moyvanilobaze
saRebavs sqlad adebdnen; Tmebis da saxis konturebs SedarebiT Txeli
saRebavebiT xatavdnen.
cvilis teqnikas advilad gamoarCevT zeTisebri kriala zedapiriT. gamdnar
saRebavebs ficarze usvamdnen funjiT an liTonis ReroTi. ostatebi
saRebavebis wasmis mravalgvar wess flobdnen, amitomac SeZles ase kargad
gamoexataT saganTa faqtura Tu qsovilis zedapiri, Tmis kululebi, TvalTa
elvareba da a. S.
faiumis portretebi gvaocebs ferebis silamaziT, magram mTavari mainc
gamosaxvis uCveulo sicxovelea. saxeebi uTuod naturidan unda iyos
Sesrulebuli. Tu romaul portretSi mTavari mainc konkretuli sinamdvilea,
egviptur saxeebSi sulieri sawyisi sWarbobs fizikur arss.
faiumis portretebi gansacvifrebeli sicocxliT gamoirCeva. Tavebi,
Cveulebriv, 3/4-iT aris Sebrunebuli, saRebavis fena plastikuria. ferweruli
specifika mdidaria konturuli xazebis mravalferovnebiT, CrdilebiT,
aTinaTiT an xazebiT.
III_IVss. faiumis portretebSi SesamCnevi xdeba pirobiTobisaken,
dekoraciulobisaken ltolvis tendenciebi. am portretebSi sul ufro da
ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba sibrtyobrivi xazovani ferwera, rac Semdgom
xatwerilobas daedo safuZvlad.

Zveli egviptis xelovneba ufro xangrZlivi aRmoCnda, vidre TviT

saxelmwifo. egviptis mxatvrulma memkvidreobam udidesi gavlena moaxdina im
qveynebze, romlebTanac uSualo kontaqti hqonda. im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca
damorCilebul mdgomareobaSi iyo.
Zveli egviptis kulturam safuZveli Cauyara mecnierebis, literaturisa da
xelovnebis dargebs. am dargebma SemdgomSi ganviTareba antikur samyaroSi
hpova, xolo arabebis gziT Sua saukuneebis evropaSic gavrcelda.