PASAY CITY EAST HIGH SCHOOL

E. Rodriguez St., Malibay Pasay City

The Cause of Absenteeism Among Adolescent and its Effect

to Academic Performance of Senior High School Learner’s

Researchers

Ramirez, Karl
Plecis, Mark Glendel
Pacaanas, Mark Christian
Oraa, Angelica
Gian, Jhazmin Ice
Bade, Richel
 CHAPTER 1
The Problem and Its Background

Background of the Study

Everyday there are so many students that are absent from school, the
causes of absences are numerous and can arise both from within and outside
of school.

Absenteeism can be intentionally or unintentionally based.

Unintentionally based, where a student must miss the school due to their life
conditions, these absences are not in the student control. Whereas it can be
intentional, because there are some students who don't want to go to school,
these absences are voluntary decisions. Absenteeism may not only affect the
academic progress of the student that includes: lower academic performance,
dropping out of school, suspension, etc. but also influence the motivations of
other students in the class, that may result in low self-esteem, social isolation
and dissatisfaction. Absenteeism can have numerous negative impacts on
student academic outcomes, also Absenteeism can have deleterious effects
that child later life.

According to the (Maburger, 2011) states that the difficulty inferring the
effect of absenteeism on performance because, once a student is absent in a
class, he or she may miss the opportunity of learning other techniques.

The general tendency to engage in such unwillingness is referred to

absenteeism. Students’ absenteeism is defined by Teasley (2004) as a period
of time when a student does not attend school, and has become a major and
continuous problem among senior high school students in many countries.

This study was to identify the risk factors for student absence, answers
to the why behind excessive student absenteeism, and attempted to provide
potential solutions to the problem of senior high student absenteeism that
affects Pasay City East High School.
Statement of the Problem

This study determined The Cause and Effect of Absenteeism to Senior

High School Learners of Pasay City East High School during 1st Quarter (S.Y.
2022-2023).

This research will seek to answer the following questions:

1. What are the factors that lead to students committing absence?

2. What are the impact of absenteeism in terms of:

1.1. Academic Performance:

1.2. Failing Grade:

1.3. No Learning?

3. What can be the action plan and solution that can make the absenteeism
less of the student?

2.1. Reward Good Attendance:

2.2. Attendance Clear Policy:

2.3. More Interesting Activities?

4. To give solutions and suggestions for further improvement towards

absenteeism.

Conceptual Framework

This study was a conceptual framework of factors influencing

absenteeism. This figures the Direct and Indirect relationship of students in
their environment. That may affect the student school attending on a regular
basis.

• SCHOOL FACTORS

• INDIVIDUAL FACTORS - School Safety

- Personal Health - School Transportation System

- Health Issues - Discipline Policy

- Personal Problem - Student Learning Environment

- School engagement
 STUDENT
ATTENDANCE:

• FAMILY FACTORS • ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

- Residential mobility - Health Care System
- Parental Employment - Crime
- Parental Involvement - Poverty
- Family Financial Status - City Transit System
- Family Issues

Theoretical Framework
All students, yet for one reason or another, at one time or other time
want miss to a day of school. The general tendency to engage in such
unwillingness is referred to absenteeism. Student absenteeism is defined by
Teasley (2004) as a period of time when a student does not attend school,
has become major and continuous problem among high school students in
many countries. Indeed, numerous studies conducted to answer a question
that is why high school students miss classes. In this notion, Teasley have
noted numerous risk factors that contribute to student absenteeism such as
family health, low income, poor school climate, drug and alcohol use,
transportation problems, and community attitudes towards education.
Pehlivan (2006) found that the major reason given by students for non-
attendance at lecture or school were bored at school, dislike of school and
lessons, encouragement of friends, and lack of expectations about education.
Wilkins (2008) has reported four themes, which play important role to motivate
students to attend school such as school climate, academic environment,
discipline, and relationships with teachers. Ingul, Klöckner, Silverman, and
Nordahl (2012) found that school absenteeism associated with internalizing
and externalizing behavior, family work and health, and school environment.

In another study, Henry (2007) has noted that parents’ education levels
contribute to students’ absenteeism. Simons, Hwang, Fitzgerald, Kielb, and
Lin (2010) found that there are an association between absenteeism of
student and unfavorable school setting conditions. In addition, some
researches argued that students’ attitude and motivation for learning was a
key factor in student absenteeism (Devadoss & Foltz, 1996; Gump, 2006;
Gökyer, 2012; Kottasz, 2005; Marburger, 2001; Paisey & Paisey, 2004). For
example, Kottasz (2005) found that student with low motivation are absent
more than student with high motivation level. Schwartz, Radcliffe, and Barakat
(2009) reported that absenteeism negatively related to future-oriented
academic goals. Watkins and Watkins (1994) found that student absenteeism
was predicted by academic failure, low school effort and previous grades.
Another group authors argued that students’ attitude towards teacher and
school play important role in school absenteeism (Adıgüzel & Karadaş, 2013;
Attwood & Croll, 2006; Gökyer, 2012; Pehlivan, 2006; Veenstra, Lindenberg,
Tinga, & Ormel, 2010; Wilkins, 2008). For example, Adıgüzel and Karadaş
(2013) found that student with high level of absenteeism reported negative
attitudes towards school. Attwood and Croll (2006) found that students’
negative attitude to teachers is related to school absenteeism. As a result,
school absenteeism has a complex nature that includes risk factors
associated with personal, academic, family, school environment, and social
variables. Because of absenteeism has a complex nature, the consequences
of high-level school absenteeism can be detrimental for students. In the other
words, the absenteeism among high school students can lead to more
negative effect such as low academic performance and many social
problems. In regarding relationship between student absenteeism and
academic achievement, Epstein and Sheldon (2002) stated that student with
absenteeism miss opportunities to learn the material that enables them to
succeed later in school and; fall behind their classmates in academic
achievement. In this notion, previous studies have revealed that student
absenteeism is related academic failure and academic performance (Adıgüzel
& Karadaş, 2013; Altınkurt, 2008; Gottfried, 2009; Klem & Connell, 2004;
Korir, Charo, Ogichi, & Thinguri, 2014; McCluskey, Bynum, & Putchin, 2004;
Moonie, Streling, Figgs, & Castro, 2008; Nichols, 2003; Morrissey, Hutchison,
& Winsler, 2014; Yakovlev & Kinney, 2008). In addition, some authors
believed that level of academic achievement lead school absenteeism
(Devadoss & Foltz 2001; Watkins & Watkins, 1994; Wayt, 1990). Student
absenteeism is also associated with social problems. In this notion, Smink
and Reimer (2005) stated that student with absenteeism often engage in high-
risk behaviors that lead to referral to the juvenile justice system. Indeed,
research has revealed that student absenteeism is related to juvenile
delinquency (McCray, 2006; McCluskey et al., 2004; Smink & Reimer, 2005).
Previous studies noticed that there is strong relationship between student
absenteeism and school dropout (Battin-Pearson et al., 2000; Alexander et
al., 2001 as cited in Tanner-Smith & Wilson, 2013, p. 469). In conclusion,
student absenteeism impacts not only students’ educational progress but also
affects their social development.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

Through a survey that will be administered during the semester of

School Year 2022-2023, This research was conducted to find out the reasons
and effects of absenteeism to the performance of students and to their future
in Pasay City East High School, also this was focused on finding ways to
make the student absences less, to improved student motivations, self-
confident and academic achievements.

The researcher is going to get respondents in senior high level that

have a higher absence to answer the questions related to the topic in
particular school to gather some data that can help the researcher for this
study.
 The goal of the study is to know the negative impact of absenteeism in
senior high school learners’ academic performance, and what are the
solutions can be implemented to less the absenteeism.

Significance of the Study

This research aims to provide crucial information and knowledge

regarding the topic. This would help students, parents, guardians, community,
and other future researchers.

Teachers. This study will be useful to teachers, particularly for those students
that always absent in school, they would be able to monitor what are the
factors that may affect the student absenteeism in school, and evaluate the
possible solutions.

Parents. The parents will be able to guide their children's academic

performance profile and work with the school teachers to known the possible
problem that occur why the student absenteeism.

Students. The students will be aware the possible negative side effects of
absenteeism in terms of academic performance, and also, they well be aware
the impact and knowing the action's on how to deal with it.

Future Researchers. This will be an instrument that guide the future scholars
in navigate them in terms of discovering credible and reliable factors that are
known as data to further understanding the topic, also this study provides
them tools as guide to better try understanding the cause - effect of
absenteeism in school, and source of data that they need in their future
studies.

Definition of Terms. In order to give a common definition, the following terms

were defined. To provide a common frame to facilitate understanding in the
part of readers.

Academic Performance. Refers to the measurements and outcome of

student achievements across various academic subject.

Profile. Refers to the respondent sex, age, address, and parent occupation.
Influence. Refers to the ability to cause someone to change a behavior, belief
or opinion.

Interest. Refers to the amount of student's dislike or like and curiosity of

particular things.

Study Habit. Refers to usual form and action of a person in case of studying.

Personality Traits. Refers to the good relationship of the teachers with the
students.

Teaching Skills. Refers to the skill of teacher in terms of teaching his/her

lesson.

Absenteeism. Refers to the habitat pattern of absence with/without good

reasons.
 CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Attending class regularly and arriving at school on time are two

examples of the essential determinants of a student's success, both
academically and otherwise a person whose life will eventually be managed
on their own. Given the significance of being on time, this study attempts to
investigate and identify the variables that influence SIS students' punctuality.
In this chapter, we will be discussing about the background of our subject. It
provides information about tardiness, the various variables that contribute to
it, and how it affects students both as individuals and as custodians of their
own futures. We will present some facts and theories from writers, teachers,
and prominent people from trustworthy study materials like online journals and
research papers in order to have a concrete justification of our study.

Regular attendance at school is essential to academic performance for

both students and teachers. Excessive absence from school is linked to lower
academic accomplishment, therefore attendance at school—by both teachers
and students—is crucial to the success and levels of educational
advancement of any academic institution and of all enrolled pupils.

High absenteeism among students can cause them to become less

interested in learning in general. As stated by author Jason A. Excessive
Schoeneberger's "Longitudinal Attendance Patterns" study. The likelihood that
a kid will eventually leave school increases with absenteeism, which can have
long-term effects for these children, including lower average salaries, higher
unemployment rates, and a higher likelihood of incarceration. Schoeneberger
claims that because they are unable to work, kids who drop out of school are
more likely to become poor.

For more than a century, school districts all around the country have
worked to lower the rate of student truancy and absenteeism. Remarkably,
little study focuses on what schools can do to increase and preserve students.
Daily attendance and even fewer studies investigate how families, schools,
and communities can work together to achieve this goal.
 Corville and Smith, (1995) remark that "Despite the lengthy history of
concern over student attendance, the topic has gotten very little attention from
educational scholars” Poor attendance is a proven predictor of dropping out,
and frequent absences can be detrimental to both the student and the
institution. Lack of attendance prevents students from learning and from
receiving the preparation they need to succeed in both school and in life.
Studies on truancy and absenteeism suggests that “students with better
attendance score higher on achievement tests than their more frequently
absent peers” (Lamdin, 1998)

If schools across the nation are being met with the challenge of making
adequate yearly progress, which is a state mandate, then more programs
need to be funded in schools to address the issue of truancy.

In the past, schools have always held the offending student responsible
for their actions. Corville-Truant and persistently absent students were seen
as deviants, according to Smith (1995) and Hoyle (1998). In many cases,
schools didn't get in touch with families until the issue was so serious that the
student was failing courses. Furthermore, study reveals that the learning
environment of an entire school can be altered by an individual student
‘attendance issue. The number of students who regularly attend their schools
determines how much money most schools receive. If Enrollment and school
attendance rates are poor, educational programs and resources are in threat
of being eliminated. Additionally, in some places, student attendance is used
as a gauge of how well a school is performing, and standards are established
and tracked for evaluation (Maryland State Department of Education, 1999). I
draw the conclusion that this research reveals a lot of important information
about student attendance. Identifying students early on who show signs of
absenteeism is a predictor of warning signs students dropping out. Even
though truancy is a major issue in middle school and high school, perhaps
students should be identified and monitored early on in elementary school.
Educators need to continue to find innovative ways to bridge the gap between
home and school to communicate with parents the need for a strong
partnership so students can find success. Students need to "now that coming
to school on time, every day is important".
 According to the study, low performance is substantially correlated with
missing three days in a row. It is critical for educators to understand the
threshold. Establishing guidelines for where to draw the line when drafting
rules on school intervention about absence is necessary. It is not possible to
create policies out of thin air. Researchers came to the conclusion that there
are three days in a month, and that number serves as a good benchmark for
educators. The article's description of the study merely includes a preliminary
examination of the data.

According to (Gatherer and Manning. 1998), there may be

psychological advantages to taking sporadic absences. But, if one were to
attempt to arrange this in a timetable and do so, they would only book lessons
for Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday. The opinions of students about the
classroom.

Student absenteeism and truancy were linked to perceptions of

teachers as chaotic, uncaring, or boring (Duckworth and Dejong, 1989).
Redericket (1997) discovered that a number of family and community
enrollment practices were linked to student attendance, including giving
families information about who to contact at school or intuitions, holding
worships on attendance, and offering after-school programs for students
(Epstein and Sheldon, 2002).

Low academic attainment and high rates of unexcused absences have

been related to "school disengagement". Students from (Gottfried, 2009).
Therefore, the reasons for school institutions absences are related to the
extent to which students learn. Recent studies show students who are
chronically absent are involved with the following disruptive classroom
behavior in the current percentiles: 29% are bullies, bullied 19%. Have
disrespect for teachers 19% are afflicted with gangs, a 15% gang member, a
5% gang member, a 5% gang member, a 5% gang member, a 5% gang
member (Sommer and Najd 1991).
 CHAPTER 3

Methodology

The chapter explains various methodologies that were used in

gathering data and analysis which are relevant to the research, the selection
criteria for the sample are all clearly described in this chapter. It also
addresses the reason that a specific questions instrument was chosen as
suitable in the given investigation. The methodologies will include areas such
as research design, research instrument, questionnaire, data collection tool,
and sampling method. Explanations are also provided on how data was
collected and analyzed.

Research Design

This study adopted descriptive research design. Descriptive research design

is used when the purpose of the study is to learn who, what, when, where and
how of a variable ( Kothari and Grag 2019) .This research attempted to get
the answer to the aforementioned problem and to justify and satisfy the
objectives of the study. It also attempted to know the different impact of
absenteeism in learners later life.

Since descriptive research design was used in this study, data

collecting and analysis methods were used. Because the researcher allowed
to gather, summarize, interpret the information appropriately, also a survey in
a form of standardized questions in a questionnaire was established to collect
learners’ views and experience.

The purpose of this study is to know and evaluate the cause and effect
of absenteeism in learners’ academic performance of Pasay City East
Highschool. Because it may describe the relationship of absenteeism in
academic performance of senior high school at Pasay City East High School.

Research Instrument

The researcher used a questionnaire that is based on the topic "the

cause of absenteeism among adolescent and its effect to academic
performance of senior high school learners", the research instrument consist
of the item which gathered learners profile such as their name, sex, age ,
education background and occupation.The second part or last part of the
research instrument consist of the questions that have number 1 - 15 with
corresponding blank space where you going to put a check in every
corresponding number. The questionnaire will require 5 minutes of answering,
also this this instrument must be valid, reliable, and suited for the study.

Close-
QUESTIONNARE

TOPIC - The Cause of Absenteeism Among Adolescents and its Effect to

Academic Performance of Senior Highschool Learners.

Name:

Section:

Directions: Please check the blank questions that best suit your choice
provided for each statement below. Kindly answer it carefully, the
question will be highly confidential and be treated for academic
purposes only. Thank you for your cooperation.

1. Age of the learner

( ) below 17 years old

( ) 18 years old

( ) 19 years old

( ) above 20 years old

2. Gender of the learner

( ) Male

( ) Female

( ) Other :

3. Does the learner have a job ?

( ) Yes

( ) No
3.1 Experience at the work

( ) None

( ) Below 6 Months

( ) 6 - 1 year

( ) 1- 2 year

( ) 2 years and above

3.2 Learner opinion about the job

( ) None

( ) Part time

( ) Heavy work load

( ) Long hours of work

( ) Poor working environment

3.3 Duration of hours of the work in a day

( ) 3 - 4 hours below

( ) 4 - 7 hours

( ) 7 - 11 hours

( ) 12 hours and above

4.What time do you usually wake up in the morning on a school day ?

( ) 3 am below

( ) 3 - 4 am
( ) 4 - 5 am

( ) 5 - 6 am above

5.How do you usually wake up for school in the morning?

( ) I use an alarm clock (clock, cellphone, etc.)

( ) My parent/guardian wakes me

( ) My sibling wakes me

( ) My own

6. How do you usually get to School in the morning ?

( ) I Walk

( ) I take public transportation (sidecar, jeep, etc.)

( ) I get ride from a parent

( ) I get ride from a sibling

( ) I get ride from a friend

7. How long does it actually take you to get school ?

( ) Less than 10 minutes

( ) 10 - 30 minutes

( ) 30 - 1 hour

( ) Not sure

8. About how often you late in school?

( ) Never
( ) 1 - 2 times a week

( ) 2 - 4 times a week

( ) Everyday

( ) Not sure

9. How often are you absent in school in a week?

( ) 1 - 2 times a week

( ) 2 - 4 times a week

( ) 5 times a week

10. Causes of absenteeism

( ) None ( Voluntary )

( ) Family Problem/Issues

( ) Work

( ) Financial support

( ) Others:
Ended Questionnaire

Close-ended questions are question formats that provoke a simple

response from a respondent. They are designed not much thought into the
single word answer. There are a few versions of close-ended questions, such
as those that only allow “yes” or “no” answers, or “correct” or “incorrect”
answers to statements. These are classed as dichotomous questions.
Alternatively, multiple choice questions are also by definition closed, as
response options are limited and respondents must select from a list of
choices. In research, a closed-ended question refers to any question in which
participants are provided with options to choose a response from. Close-
ended questions allow a limited number of responses and ideal for surveys
because you get higher response rates when users don’t have to type so
much. We created thirteen (13) different sorts of survey questions to choose
from , so that the responder will only have easy to answer the different sorts
of corresponding questions, Also to answer the following questions without
hesitation, no doubt and not be biased.