D.

INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS – LONG DIVISION

IN CASE
THE DEGREE OF NUMERATOR ¿ THE DEGREE OF DENUMERATOR, THEN
CONDUCT THE LONG DIVISION

Example 5  Evaluate the following integral.

                                                     

Solution:

Long Division

                                                  

So, from the long division we see that,

                                           

and the integral becomes,

                                
                                                    
Setting numerators equal gives us,

                                               

                   

The integral is then,

                       

Example 6  Evaluate the following integral.

                                                                
Solution
In this case the numerator and denominator have the same degree.  As with the last example
we’ll need to do long division to get this into the correct form.  I’ll leave the details of that
to you to check.
                                   

So, we’ll need to partial fraction the second integral.  Here’s the decomposition.

                                                  
Setting numerator equal gives,

                                                       

Picking value of x gives us the following coefficients.

                                    
The integral is then,

                                       

F. DEFINITE INTEGRALS
Theorem
 b
d
[ F ( x )]=f ( x ) ∫ f ( x )dx=[ F( x ) ]ba=F ( b )−F ( a)
Let dx , then a is called
definite integral of f (x ) over interval [ a, b ] .

3 0 2

∫ x 2 dx −∫ x 2 dx ∫ ( x 2−3 x +2 ) dx
Example 1: Evaluate (a) 0 , (b) 3 (c) −1

Solution:
3

∫ x 2 dx= 13 x 3|30= 13 (3 )3− 13 (0)3=9

a. 0

( )
2
∫ ( x 2−3 x +2 ) dx=|13 x 3− 32 x 2+2 x| 1 3 1 3
= (8 )− (4 )+ 4− (−1 )− (1 )+(−2) =
9
b. −1 −1 3 2 3 2 2

∫ ( 4−x 2) dx
Example 2: Evaluate −2

[ ] ( )
3 3 3
x3 33 (−2 ) 25
∫ ( 4−x ) dx= 4 2
x−
3
=4 . 3− − 4 .(−2)−
3 3
=
3
Solution: −2 −2

Example 3: Evaluate: ∫ 3 sin 2 xdx

2
0

Solution:

[( )] [ { }]
π π

∫0 3 sin 2 xdx= 3 −2 cos2 x 2 = −32 cos2 2π −cos2(0)

2 1
0
()
3 3
¿− (cos π −cos 0 )=− (−1−1)=3
2 2

Example 4: Find
Solution: We know that is an anti-derivative of

Now is continuous on and on

is continuous on and is integrable on .

By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,

Remark

is often written as to emphasize on the variable .

Example 5: Find

Solution: is continuous on , so it is integrable on . We need to find one

antiderivative of .

We need only one antiderivative of , we choose

Thus

2 3xdx
∫0
Example: Evaluate: √2 x 2+1
2
Solution: Let u=2 x +1
du du
∴ =4 x , dx=
dx 4x
whenx=2,u=9,
x=0,u=1
 1
1 2 9
2 3 xdx 3 9 du 3 9 −2 3 u 3
∫0 ∫1 √u = 4 ∫
= u du=| | = [ √ 9−√ 1 ] =3
√ 2 x 2
+1 4 1 4 1 2
Thus 2 1
π

Example: ∫ 2
0
cos 2 xdx
Solution:

[ ]
π π π π
∫ cos xdx =12 ∫20 2 cos2 xdx= 12 ∫20 ( 1+cos2 x ) dx= 2x + 14 sin2 x
2
0
2 2
0
π 1 π
¿ + sin π=
4 4 4
1 sin−1 x
∫0 dx
Example: √ 1−x 2

1
sin−1 x=θ , ∴ dθ= dx
Solution: Putting √ 1−x 2

π
θ=0 ;x =1, θ=
When x =0, 2

[]
π π
1 sin −1 x θ2 2 π 2
∴ I=∫0 dx=∫2
θdθ= =
√1−x 2 0 2 0 8
a

Example: ∫0 √ a2−x 2 dx
Solution: Put x=a sin θ , dx=a cosθdθ
π
θ=0 ; and x=a ⇒ θ=
When x=0 ⇒ 2
π π

[ ]
π
1 2 a2 sin 2 θ 2 πa2
∴ I=∫ 2
a cos θdθ=a . ∫0 ( 1+cos 2θ ) dθ= θ+
2 2 2
=
0 2 2 2 0 4

General properties of definite Integral:

b b c a
a
i.∫ f ( x )dx=−∫b f ( x )dx , ii .∫ f ( x )dx=∫ f ( x )dx+∫ f ( x )dx , a< c <b
a a a c
a a na a
iii .∫ f ( x )dx=∫ f ( a−x )dx , iv .∫ f ( x )dx=n∫ f ( x ) dx , if , f (x )=f ( a+ x )
0 0 0 0
a a a
v .∫−a f ( x)dx=0, vi .∫−a f ( x)dx=2∫0 f ( x)dx
if f(x) is odd function, , if f(x) is even function
Cor: A function f(x) is said to be an odd function of x, if f(-x)= - f(x). e.g x, sinx
2
A function f(x) is said to be an even function of x, if f(-x)= f(x). e.g f (x )=x ,cos x
 π

Example: Show that ∫ 2

0
logtan xdx =0
Solution:
π π π π
I =∫ logtan xdx=∫
2
0
2
0
π
2 ( )
logtan −x dx=∫20 logcot xdx =−∫20 logtan xdx=−I
∴2 I=0 , ∴ I =0
π

∫ √sin√xsin
2
0
x
+ √ cos x
dx=
π
4
Example: Show that
Solution:

I=∫
√
π
sin x
2
dx=∫
√ ( π
2
−x ) π
2
sin
dx=∫
√cos x
π
2
dx
√sin x + √ cos x
√sin(2 −x)+ √cos (2 −x ) √cos x + √ sin x
0 0 0
π π

π π
∴2 I=∫
√ sin x
2
dx+ ∫20
√ cos x dx
√ sin x + √ cos x
0
√ cos x + √ sin x
π π π
2 √ sin x+ √ cos x 2 π π
=∫0 dx= ∫0 dx=[ x ]0 = , ∴ I =
2
√ sin x+ √cos x 2 4

F. APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
1. Displacement
2. Arc length of a curve,
3. the area of a surface of revolution
4. the volume of a solid of a revolution.
5.

F.1. Displacement

Let x=x (t ) is the displacement at x-direction at time t , then the velocity and
acceleration at time t are given, respectively, by:
' dx
⃗v (t )=x (t )=
(i) dt
2
'' d ⃗v d x
⃗a (t )=x (t )= = 2
(ii) dt dt
 2
'' d ⃗v d x
⃗a (t )=x (t )= =
It means that, if it is given acceleration dt dt 2 , then

(iii) ⃗v (t )=∫ ⃗a (t )dt

(iv) x(t )=∫ ⃗v (t )dt

Example 1: A car is travelling at 72 km/h. At a certain instant its brakes are

applied to produce a constant deceleration of 0.8 m/s2. How far does the car
travel before coming to a stop?

Solution: Let x(t ) be the distance the car travels in the t seconds after the breaks
'' 2
are applied. Then the deceleration x (t )=−0 . 8(m/ s ) , and the velocity at time t
is given by
v(t )=x (t )=∫ x (t )dt=∫−0 .8 dt=−0. 8t+c1 m/s.
' ''

Since x (0 )=72 km/h = 20 m/s, we have c 1=20 . Thus,

'

x ' ( t )=20−0 . 8 t
And
x(t )=∫ ( 20−0. 8 t ) dt=20 t−0 .4 t2 +c 2 .
2
Since x(0)=0 , we have c 2 =0 and x(t )=20 t−0 .4 t . When the car has stopped,
its velocity will be 0. Hence, the stopping time is the solution t of the equation
0=x (t )=20−0 . 8 t , that is, t=25 s .
'

2
The distance travelled during deceleration is x (25)=20(25)−0 . 4(25 ) =250 m.

F.2. Arc length (Length of a curve)

The length of the curve is defined as

The length of the line segment joining and is given by

Theorem 1.
If y=f ( x ) is a function with continuous first order derivative on the interval
, then the length of the curve (arc length) y=f ( x), x∈[ a , b ] is defined by
the integral
b
Arc length , L=∫ √ 1+[ f ( x ) ]2 dx
'

Theorem 2.
If x=x (t ) , y= y(t ) , t 0 <t <t 1 is parametric function of the curve with
continuous first order derivative, then the length of the curve (arc length) , is
defined by the integral

√[ ] [ ]
t1
2 2
dx dy
Arc length , L=∫ + dt
t0 dt dt
3

Example 1: Find the length of the curve y=x from (1,1) to ( 2,2 √2 ) .
2

1
3/ 2 dy 3
y=x ⇒ = x2
Solution: Let dx 2 , then the required arc length is given
by

√
2 2
9
L=∫ √ 1+[ dy /dx ] dx=∫ 1+ x dx
2

1 1 4 . By method of substitution,
9 9 13 22
u=1+ x ⇒ du= dx x=1⇒ u= x=2 ⇒u=
Let 4 4 . When 4 and when 4
Hence,
22/ 4 1 3 3 3
4
9 13/ 4
8 2 22 /4 8 22 2 13
L= ∫ u du=| u | = [
2
27 13 /4 27 4
−
4 ( ) ( ) 2 ]≈2 . 09

Example 2: Find the length of the curve from to

 Let , then and
Solution:

Hence,

√
4 4 4 4
13 9 1 11
L=∫ √ 1+[f ( x )] dx=∫
' 2
+ x dx= ∫ √ 13+9 x dx= ∫ (13+ 9 x )1/ 2 d ( 13+9 x )
0 0 4 4 20 290

4 3
1 1 2 1
L= ∫ (13+ 9 x )1/2 d (13+9 x )=
4
( 13+9 x ) 2 |40 = [( 13+ 9 x ) √ 13+9 x ]0
18 0 18 3 27

1 1 1
L=
27
[ (13+9( 4 )) √ 13+9(4 ) ]− [(13+9(0 )) √13+9(0) ]= [ 343−13 √ 13 ]
27 27

Example 3: Determine the length of an arc of the cycloid x=a(θ+sin θ) ,

y=a(1−cosθ ) measured from the vertex (i.e., the origin).

Solution: Here
ds
dθ
= )( )√( dx 2 dy 2
dθ
+
dθ
=a √ ( 1+ cos θ )2 + sin2 θ=2 a cos
θ
2

√ dθ dθ
Arc length , L=∫ [ ] + [ ] dθ=∫ √ a ( 1+ cos θ) +a ( sin θ) dθ
b 2 2 θ
dx dy 2 2 2 2

a 0

θ θ
θ θ
Arc length , L=a∫ √ 2+2 cos θ dθ=2 a ∫ cos dθ=4 a sin
0 0 2 2

Also at the origin θ=0 .

Hence the required length, from θ=0 to any point θ is
θ θ θ
s=∫0 2 a cos dθ=4 a sin
2 2 .

F.3. Areas of a plane curves

b b

The definite integral ∫a f (x )dx ,i.e,∫a ydx

represents the area bounded by the curves
y = f(x), the x-axis and the two fixed ordinates x = a and x =b.

Example 1: Find the area of the quadrant of the ellipse

 2 2
x y
+ =1
a 2 b2 between the major and minor axes.
Solution: The required area is
a a b 2 2 x2 y 2
=∫0 ydx=∫0
a
√ a −x dx , ∵ 2 + 2 =1
a b , for the curve
π
b 2
∫ a cosθ . a cosθdθ ,
y= a 0 putting x=a sin θ

[ ]
π π
ab 2 ab sin 2θ 2 1
∫
2 0
( 1+cos2 θ ) dθ=
2
θ+
2 0 4
= π ab
=

Example 1: Find the area A of the plane region lying above the x-axis and under
2
the curve y=3 x−x .
Solution:
2
We need to find the points where the curve y=3 x−x meets the x-axis. These are
solutions of the equation
0=3 x− x2 =x (3−x ).
The only roots are x = 0 and 3. Hence, the area of the region is given by
3 3
3 1 27 27 9
A=∫ ( 3 x− x2 ) dx=| x 2 − x3| = − −(0−0 )=
0 2 3 0 2 3 2 square units.

Example 2: Find the area under the curve y=sin x , above y = 0 from x = 0 to
x=π .
Solution: The required area is
π
A=∫ sin x dx=|−cos x|π0 =−(−1−1 )=2
0 square units.

F.4. Area between two curves

If f and g are continuous functions on the interval [a,b] and if f (x )≥g( x ) for all x in [a,b], then the

area of the region bounded above by y = f(x), below by y = g(x), on the left by x = a and on the right

by the line x = b is

b
A=∫ [ f ( x )−g (x )]dx
a

Example: Find the area of the bounded, plane region R lying between the curves

2 2
y=x −2 x and y=4−x .
Solution: First, we must find the intersections of the curves, so we solve the equations simultaneously:

y=x 2 −2 x= y=4−x 2
2 x 2 −2 x−4=0
2( x−2)( x+1)=0
So x = 2 or x = -1

2 2
Since 4−x ≥x −2 x ,−1≤x≤2, The area A of R is given by
2 2 2
2
A=∫ [ ( 4−x )−( x −2 x ) ] dx=∫ (4−2 x 2 +2 x )dx =|4 x − x3 +x 2|
2 2

−1 −1 3 −1
2 2
¿ 4 (2)− (8 )+4−(−4+ +1 )
3 3

= 9 square units.

Example 1: Find the area of the region bounded above by y = x+6, bounded
2
below by y=x , and bounded on the sides by the lines x = 0 and x = 2.

Solution: The required area

[ ]
2 2
x2 x 3 34
A=∫ [ ( x +6 )−x ]dx= + 6 x−2
=
0 2 3 0 3

Example 2. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves and

Solution: The two curves and meet when , i.e.

which gives or . Note that on the interval , the graph of lies
above that of . Thus the area of the region between and is
F.5. Area of Surface of Revolution

If is a continuously differentiable non-negative function on ,then the area

of a surface generated by revolving the curve , about the -axis
is

Suppose that a parametric curve in the upper half of the -plane defined by a
pair of continuously differentiable functions

Example 1: Find the surface area of a sphere with radius

Solution: The surface of a sphere can be generated by revolving a semicircle
, about the -axis.

Let , . Then

F.6. Volume of Revolution

The Disc Method:

The volume of the solid of revolution generated by revolving about the -axis the region bounded by

the curve , where is continuous, and the -axis from to is given

by

Example: Find the volume of a sold ball having radius a.

Solution: The ball can be generated by rotating the half-disk, 0≤ y≤√ a2 −x 2 ,−a≤x ≤a about the
x-axis. Therefore its volume is
a a
22 1 a 4
V =π ∫ ( √ a −x 2
) dx=2 π ∫ ( a2 −x2 ) dx= 2 π|a 2 x− x 3| = πa3
−a 0 3 0 3 cubic units.

Example: Find the volume of the solid of revolution when the region which is bounded by the
curves and is revolved about
(i) The -axis, (ii) The -axis
Solution: Let us first find the points of intersection between the two given curves. Solving the
two equations and , we have

i.e.

So, or , and the curves meet at and .

(i) The region bounded by the two curves (refer to the figure above) is revolved about the -
axis. Note that a small vertical slice of the solid which is perpendicular to the axis of
revolution is in the form of a washer with cross sectional area

The volume obtained by revolving about the -axis is

(ii) The region is revolved about the -axis. A small horizontal slice of the solid which is
perpendicular to the axis of revolution is in the form of a washer with cross sectional area
The volume obtained by revolving about the -axis is

The Shell Method:

The volume of the solid of revolution is

Example: Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by the curve

and the -axis between and about

(i) The -axis
(ii) The -axis
(iii) The line
Solution:
(i) The given region is revolved about the -axis. Subdivide the region into small strips that
are parallel to the axis of revolution, then each strip when revolved generates a cylindrical
shell. The volume of the solid of revolution about the -axis is

(ii)When the given region is revolved about the -axis, we subdivide the region into small strips that
are perpendicular to the axis of revolution. Each strip when revolved generates a disc. The volume of
the solid of revolution is

(iii)When the given region is revolved about the line , a vertical strip at coordinate is at

distance from the axis of revolution; and when revolved it generates a cylindrical
shell. The volume of solid of revolution is