Writing

Grammar

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 Sentence Structure
1. Astronomy is the study of celestial bodies in outer space, __________.

(A) especially their positions, dimensions, movements, and composition

(B) and especially they are concerned with their positions, dimensions, movements, and
composition
(C) especially studying their positions, dimensions, movements, and composition
(D) especially their positions, dimensions, movements, and with their composition

2. Many psychologists do not use hypnosis in their__________.

(A) practices, it is because they know very little about it and are wary of it as a result
(B) practices because they know very little about it and are therefore wary of it
(C) practices for the reason that they know very little about it, with resulting wariness
(D) practices because of knowing very little about it and therefore they are wary of it

3. __________ has the blue ribbons to prove it.

(A) My grandson thinks he can cook better than any other person at the fair; and he
(B) My grandson thinks he can cook better than any other person at the fair, and he
(C) My grandson thinks he can cook better than any person at the fair, consequently he
(D) To think he can cook better than any other person at the fair, my grandson

4. __________ were often freestanding rather than part of a hillside.

(A) Differing only slightly from the Greeks were the Roman theaters, which
(B) Differing only slightly from Greek theaters, Roman theaters
(C) Differing only in the slightest from the Greeks were the Roman theaters, which
(D) The Greeks differed only slightly from the Romans, they

5. __________ proceeded to tell us about the origins of each stone.

(A) The sales assistant arranged the gems on the counter, he

(B) The gems, which were arranged on the counter by the sales assistant, who
(C) The sales assistant first arranged the gems on the counter, then he
(D) After arranging the gems on the counter, the sales Assistant

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6. In their zeal to make beachfront living widely available, developers have __________.

(A) overbuilt, thereby they endanger fragile coastlines

(B) overbuilt they endanger fragile coastlines as a result
(C) overbuilt and thereby have endangered fragile coastlines
(D) overbuilt; fragile coastlines endangered thereby

7. __________ absolute zero, or -459.7° F, metals become highly conductive, and their
volume shrinks dramatically.

(A) At the time at which temperatures approach

(B) When temperatures approach
(C) Since temperatures approached
(D) At the point temperatures had approached

8. By the end of the eighteenth century, watchmaking technology had greatly improved,
__________.

(A) and they were standard equipment for military personnel

(B) so it was standard equipment for military personnel to have watches
(C) with watches included in the standard equipment for military personnel
(D) and watches had become standard equipment for military personnel

9. Nancy and Carlos will represent Central High in the swimming __________.

(A) competition, their work in this having been excellent this year
(B) competition, they have done excellent work this year in this
(C) competition, for this year they have done excellent work in this
(D) competition, for their swimming has been excellent this year

10. After 1907, residents of the Omaha Reservation could use the __________.

(A) hospital; it was in Walthill, Nebraska and established by Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte, an
Omaha Indian
(B) hospital that has been established by Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte, an Omaha Indian, in
Walthill, Nebraska
(C) Walthill, Nebraska, hospital where an Omaha Indian, Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte,
established it
(D) hospital established in Walthill, Nebraska, by Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte, an Omaha
Indian

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11. Anita liked to watch __________.

(A) television, of which she found the science programs especially fascinating
(B) television; she found the science programs especially fascinating
(C) television, and it was especially the science programs that were of fascination
(D) television; the fascination of the science programs especially

12. Poet Anne Spencer initially allowed very little of her work to be published __________
that her poems were good enough to share with others.

(A) because her exacting standards caused her to doubt

(B) her standards being exacting, she doubted
(C) because of her standards being exacting, which she doubted
(D) from having exacting standards causing her to doubt

13. Giraffes born with very long necks were able to stay alive when food was scarce
__________.

(A) and were therefore able to pass this desirable trait on to their offspring
(B) and this desirable trait was passed on as a result to its offspring
(C) so that their offspring could have this desirable trait passed to them
(D) so, therefore, this desirable trait would be inherited by their offspring

14. __________

(A) Our lab instructor gave us the assignment, and we started working busily, and we
continued to do so for the remainder of the laboratory period.
(B) Upon starting to work busily after we were given the assignment by our lab instructor,
we continued to do so for the remainder of the laboratory period.
(C) Following our lab instructor’s giving us the assignment, we started working busily and
continued doing just that for the rest of the laboratory period.
(D) After our lab instructor gave us the assignment, we worked busily for the remainder of
the laboratory period.

15. __________ version of law and order to provinces throughout Europe.

(A) The Roman Empire, often by questionable means, attempted to bring their
(B) The Roman Empire was often questionable in its means in its attempts to bring its
(C) Questionable means were often used by the Roman Empire, in attempting to bring its
(D) Often by questionable means, the Roman Empire attempted to bring its

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16. Beginning photographers may choose from among several camera types, __________
best for their particular interests.

(A) there is one which is

(B) of which there is one
(C) one of which is
(D) and one is

17. When we read, we first form innumerable __________ as we read on.

(A) impressions and then those impressions are evaluated

(B) impressions and then evaluate those impressions
(C) impressions, evaluating those impressions then
(D) impressions, then we evaluate those impressions

18. __________ was once used to supply half the coal produced annually in the United
States.

(A) Though the damage caused by strip-mining was often irreparable to the natural
environment, it
(B) Though irreparable damage is caused often to the natural environment by strip-mining,
it
(C) Though strip-mining often caused irreparable damage to the natural environment, it
(D) Despite the fact of often irreparable damage to the natural environment, strip-mining

19. The filibuster on voting-rights legislation went on for three days and __________ on
benches in the hall.

(A) nights; senators slept when they could

(B) nights, which meant senators sleeping when possible
(C) nights; therefore, it meant that senators would sleep when possible
(D) nights and therefore the senators would be sleeping when able to

20. __________ it in order to enjoy more of the city’s sights.

(A) Distant though we were from the museum, we opted to walk to

(B) Opting to walk to the museum, distant though we were from
(C) We, being distant from the museum, opting to walk to
(D) We were distant from the museum, we opted to walk to

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21. One of the first women to enter the Air Force test pilot program, Eileen Collins
successfully completed her training __________ the first female space shuttle
commander in the United States.

(A) and, eventually, had become

(B) and she eventually becomes
(C) and, eventually, became
(D) and, eventually, as

22. Olga sat in the stuffy waiting room for nearly an __________ on the arm of her chair.

(A) hour, her fingers tapping restlessly

(B) hour, her fingers were restlessly tapping
(C) hour, she tapped her fingers restlessly
(D) hour and tapping her fingers restlessly

23. Though she missed her old friends, Sharon was generally happy at her new __________
much smaller classes than her previous school.

(A) school, having

(B) school, this had
(C) school; which having
(D) school: it had

24. Every seventeen years, billions of flying insects called periodic cicadas emerge from
underground to mate, __________ louder than power tools.

(A) their mating calls sound

(B) their mating calls sounding
(C) their mating calls, these sounding
(D) plus their mating calls sound

25. Women first competed alongside men in Olympic equestrian events in __________ in
these competitions.

(A) 1952, they have since won many medals

(B) 1952, they had since won many medals
(C) 1952, they have won many medals since then
(D) 1952 and have since won many medals

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26. In the 1920s young painters, musicians, and writers from all over the world flocked to
Paris, __________ to the various artistic movements that were flourishing there.

(A) drawn
(B) drawing them
(C) they were drawn
(D) it drew them

27. Although, unlike maps, globes can represent the entire Earth without __________ far
less portable.

(A) distortion, but they are

(B) distortion, being
(C) distortion, they are
(D) distortion by being

28. Music teachers advise that, when learning to play a musical instrument, practice playing
scales and simple tunes before progressing to more advanced pieces.

(A) practice
(B) practicing
(C) do practice
(D) you practice

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 Modifier
1. She was concerned about how Hank would react to the incident, but __________ at all
embarrassed or troubled.

(A) in searching his face, he did not seem to be

(B) by searching his face, it showed that he was not
(C) a search of his face showed that he seemed no
(D) searching his face, he did not seem to be

2. Serving as either business tools or recreational devices, __________.

(A) computers, they are increasingly popular

(B) their popularity has increased
(C) they have become more popular
(D) computers are increasingly popular

3. __________

(A) The Basque language, possibly one of Europe’s oldest, its origins are hotly debated.
(B) Possibly one of Europe’s oldest languages, the origins of Basque are hotly debated.
(C) The origins of the Basque language, possibly one of Europe’s oldest, are hotly debated.
(D) Basque is hotly debated as a language whose origins are possibly Europe’s oldest.

4. In the belief that crossword puzzles stimulated her mind, __________.

(A) Dolores will spend hours on them every week

(B) Dolores would spend hours on them every week
(C) hours of every week are spent on them by Dolores
(D) they occupied hours of every week for Dolores

5. Brought to the United States at the age of thirteen to receive a Western education,
__________.

(A) his first book discusses Lee Yan Phou’s childhood in China
(B) Lee Yan Phou’s childhood in China is the subject of his first book
(C) the subject of his first book is Lee Yan Phou’s childhood in China
(D) Lee Yan Phou discusses his childhood in China in his first book

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6. __________ Helen purposely avoided gossips.

(A) Having been a victim of malicious rumors,

(B) Her being a victim of malicious rumors,
(C) Her having been victimized by malicious rumors,
(D) Because being a victim of malicious rumors,

7. While driving down the road, __________.

(A) the house having the large yard and a small pond attracted the attention of the family
(B) the house with the yard and small pond was attractive to the family’s attention
(C) the family’s attention was attracted by the house with the large yard and small pond
(D) the family was attracted to the house with the large yard and small pond

8. Raised in a large and noisy city, __________.

(A) it was only when I went away to college that I realized how delightful life in a small town
could be
(B) when I went away to college I then realized how delightful life in a small town could be
(C) going away to college made me realize how delightful life in a small town could be
(D) I did not realize how delightful life in a small town could be until I went away to college

9. Occupying a large hotel ballroom, __________ and employees who knew the retiring
president well.

(A) speeches at the reception were given by vice presidents

(B) giving the speeches at the reception were vice presidents
(C) vice presidents gave speeches at the reception
(D) the reception featured speeches given by vice presidents

10. Simply by substituting whole-grain flour for some of a recipe’s white __________ more
healthful.

(A) flour, your baked goods can be made

(B) flour, you can make your baked goods
(C) flour, it can make your baked goods
(D) flour can make your baked goods

11. __________ weighs 2.000 pounds and pumps about 60 gallons of blood with each beat.

(A) The world’s largest animal, the heart of a blue whale

(B) The world’s largest animal is the blue whale, it has a heart that
(C) The world’s largest animal, the blue whale has a heart that
(D) The heart of a blue whale, which is the world’s largest animal, it
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12. In the morning, we spotted our tour __________.

(A) guide waiting for us outside the marketplace near a herd of sheep in a green cap and
matching vest
(B) guide, who waited for us outside the marketplace, near a herd of sheep wearing a
green cap and matching vest
(C) guide, who was waiting for us outside the marketplace, was near a herd of sheep
and wearing a green cap and matching vest
(D) guide, who was wearing a green cap and matching vest, waiting for us outside the
marketplace near a herd of sheep

13. Overly preoccupied with money, __________ paid well.

(A) most of Bill’s working life was spent in a job that was dull but
(B) most of Bill's working life, which was spent in a job that was dull but
(C) Bill’s working life was mostly spent in a job that was dull but
(D) Bill spent most of his working life in a job that was dull but that

14. When painting buildings near power lines, __________, as accidental contact between
the ladder and the lines could cause an electrical shock.

(A) a metal ladder should not be in use

(B) a metal ladder that should not be used
(C) there should not be a metal ladder in use
(D) one should not use a metal ladder

15. __________ lies in its sheltered harbor and traditional seafaring atmosphere.

(A) One of the most charming fishing villages on Galway Bay, Kinvara’s appeal
(B) One of Galway Bay’s most charming fishing villages, the appeal of Kinvara
(C) The appeal of Kinvara, one of the most charming fishing villages on Galway Bay,
(D) The appeal of Kinvara, one of the most charming fishing villages on Galway Bay, it

16. After __________, the alarming grinding noises that had been coming from many of the
trucks disappeared.

(A) servicing every vehicle in the fleet

(B) servicing all the vehicles in the fleet
(C) every vehicle in the fleet has been service
(D) all the vehicles in the fleet had been serviced

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17. __________ in Bora-Bora, a small volcanic island in the South Pacific, Mount Otemanu
looms majestically in the distance, dominating one’s view.

(A) Arriving
(B) When arriving
(C) When one arrives
(D) Upon arrival

18. Founder of an artistic collective, __________ reinterpret themes from the history of art
in distinctly new ways.

(A) Eve Sussman’s videos

(B) videos made by Eve Sussman
(C) Eve Sussman makes videos that
(D) Eve Sussman, whose videos

19. Initially trained as an anthropologist, __________ contain bold literary representations

of African American culture and heritage.

(A) Zora Neale Hurston's novels

(B) Zora Neale Hurston wrote novels that
(C) the novels of Zora Neale Hurston
(D) Zora Neale Hurston, whose novels

20. The consultant recommended that after cleaning the painting, ___________.

(A) it would also need to be refrained by the museum’s conservation staff

(B) it also needed to be refrained by the museum’s conservation staff
(C) it will also be refrained by the museum’s conservation staff
(D) the museum’s conservation staff also reframe it

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 Relative Clause

1. A whistle-blower is __________ in a company.

(A) when an employee reports fraud or mismanagement

(B) an employee who reports fraud or mismanagement
(C) reporting by an employee of fraud or mismanagement
(D) if an employee reports fraud or mismanagement

2. Hawaii’s __________ the world’s largest dormant volcano.

(A) Haleakala, being more than 10,000 feet high and

(B) Haleakala, more than 10,000 feet high, it is
(C) Haleakala which is more than 10,000 feet high, being
(D) Haleakala, more than 10,000 feet high, is

3. __________ speak an Apachean language.

(A) The Navajo migrated from Canada to the southwestern United States at the same
time as the Apache, and they
(B) The Navajo, who migrated from Canada to the southwestern United States at the
same time as the Apache,
(C) Migrating from Canada to the southwestern United States at the same time were
the Navajo and the Apache, and they
(D) The Navajo migrated from Canada to the southwestern United States with the
Apache and this is why they

4. Many of the instruments used in early operations of the United States Army Signal
__________.

(A) Corps were adaptations of equipment used by the Plains Indians, particularly that of the
heliograph
(B) Corps, there were adaptations of equipment used by the Plains Indians, particularly the
heliograph
(C) Corps, and in particular the heliograph, was an adaptation of equipment used by the
Plains Indians
(D) Corps, particularly the heliograph, were adaptations of equipment used by Plains
Indians

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5. As an undergraduate at Rutgers University, __________ a distinguished career as an
actor during the 1920’s and 1930’s.

(A) Paul Robeson developed a serious interest in drama, which eventually led to
(B) Paul Robeson’s interest in drama developed seriously and eventually led him to
(C) where Paul Robeson developed a serious interest in drama, eventually leading him to
(D) Paul Robeson developed a serious interest in drama, having led him eventually to a

6. __________

(A) Enzymes are among the oldest known chemical compounds, as they actually are
nonliving protein molecules.
(B) Among the oldest known chemical compounds, the nonliving protein molecules are
actually called enzymes.
(C) Enzymes, among the oldest known chemical compounds, actually are nonliving
protein molecules.
(D) Enzymes actually are nonliving protein molecules, being among the oldest known
chemical compounds.

7. The problem of water __________ the treatment and release of industrial wastes are
not adequately regulated.

(A) pollution, frequently compounded in certain areas because

(B) pollution, frequently compounded in certain areas and
(C) pollution, frequently compounded in certain areas when
(D) pollution is frequently compounded in certain areas where

8. When Catherine the Great had a magnificent dinner service of Sevres porcelain made
for her, she was scandalized by its great cost, __________ the subject of prolonged
controversy.

(A) which became

(B) so it was to be
(C) with a result that it was destined to become
(D) therefore becoming

9. The computer industry occasionally undergoes __________ an aging technology is

replaced by something newer, cheaper, and better.

(A) upheavals during which

(B) upheavals that
(C) upheavals, which
(D) upheavals, where

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10. In developing a method for writing the Cherokee language, Sequoyah __________ is
represented by a different symbol.

(A) used a system where each spoken syllable

(B) used a system of which each spoken syllable
(C) used a system in which each spoken syllable
(D) using a system each spoken syllable of which

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 Comparison & Parallelism

1. Samuel Adams was by no means the first American to espouse the democratic cause,
but he __________ the party machinery that made it practical.

(A) has been the first who conceived

(B) had been the first who conceived
(C) was the first having conceived
(D) was the first to conceive

2. __________ bituminous coal, anthracite was the first coal widely used in the United
States for both domestic and industrial purposes.

(A) Being cleaner and longer-burning compared with

(B) Both cleaner and more longer-burning compared to
(C) Cleaner and longer-burning than
(D) By burning longer and more clean than

3. Participants in the executive leadership workshop expect a program of outstanding

speakers __________ about new approaches to management.

(A) and gaining information

(B) as well as information
(C) as well as being informed
(D) and also being informed

4. Readers of the novice writer's recent book have said that it is at once frustrating
because of its chaotic structure _________.

(A) although it is delightfully original

(B) and it is delightful in its originality
(C) while being so original as to delight them
(D) and delightful because of its originality

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5. Arelia believes that cloth draped over hills is an art form that __________.

(A) cannot last long enough as a work of art for ages to come neither pleasing or influencing
future generations
(B) is not a lasting work of art that for ages to come will either please or influence future
generations
(C) is not a lasting work of art that will remain for ages pleasing and influencing future
generations
(D) will not last long enough either to please or to influence future generations

6. The price of gold has been influenced by continued inflation and __________ in the
dollar.

(A) because of the loss of faith

(B) by people which have lost faith
(C) losing faith
(D) loss of faith

7. __________ in decline.

(A) If we compare the number of alligators with the Gila monster over time, we see that the
alligator is
(B) Comparing the number of alligators and the Gila monster, we see that alligators are
(C) In comparison with Gila monsters, the number of alligators are
(D) A comparison over time of the numbers of alligators and Gila monsters shows that
alligators are

8. Activist Mumeo Oku campaigned to improve the lot of women in Japan by __________.

(A) exposing faulty household products, she successfully demanded that these products
be recalled
(B) exposing faulty household products and successfully demanding their recall
(C) her exposing faulty household products and successful demand of their recall
(D) exposing faulty household products, although successfully demanding that these
products be recalled

9. Finding political support, designing a campaign, and, above all, __________ the
challenging tasks faced by candidates.

(A) the security of financial backing are

(B) to secure financial backing is
(C) securing financial backing is
(D) securing financial backing are

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10. Film audiences in the 1950’s saw more musicals __________ the 1960’s and 1970’s.

(A) than did

(B) than the films of
(C) than with the audiences in
(D) than did audiences in

11. Today more and more women are becoming doctors, lawyers, engineers, chemists,
__________.

(A) or other professions

(B) or they work in other professions
(C) or at work in other professional fields
(D) or professionals in other fields

12. Some doctors believe that the types of injuries sustained in contact sports __________.

(A) are no different for children than young adults

(B) is no different for children than being young adults
(C) are no different for children than for young adults
(D) are no different for children than for those who are young adults

13. The villagers found the visitors __________ mystifying.

(A) equally as fascinating as their customs were

(B) equally fascinating and their customs
(C) as fascinating and their customs
(D) as fascinating as their customs were

14. Although he played a leading role in planning spacecraft expeditions, Dr. Carl Sagan
refused to accept praise for the plans he __________ from later advancements in space
exploration.

(A) had designed nor otherwise did he profit

(B) has designed nor otherwise to have profited
(C) designed or otherwise profited
(D) had designed or otherwise to profit

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15. The music teacher must not only conduct the string orchestra, the marching band, and
__________ piano accompaniment for the school's theatrical productions.

(A) direct the choir, but must also provide

(B) direct the choir but also provide
(C) the choir, also providing
(D) the choir but also provide

16. The managerial position posted on the airline’s Web site involves overseeing
__________.

(A) maintenance, ordering fuel and spare parts, and new mechanics are trained
(B) maintenance, to order fuel and spare parts, and new mechanics to be trained
(C) maintenance, ordering fuel and spare parts, and training new mechanics
(D) maintenance in addition to ordering fuel, spare parts, and training new mechanics

17. What distinguishes the paintings of this artist from __________ the combination of
vibrant colors with striking patterns.

(A) her contemporaries are

(B) her contemporaries is
(C) those of her contemporaries are
(D) those of her contemporaries is

18. Playing nightly with their bands, often for hours at a lime, __________ elite athletes.

(A) the endurance a rock drummer develops is similar to

(B) the endurance rock drummers develop is similar to
(C) rock drummers develop endurance similar to
(D) rock drummers develop endurance similar to that of

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 Verb Tense & Subject-Verb Agreement

1. The opposing opinions expressed __________ as a historical landmark.

(A) were that the school should be torn down and, on the other hand, to keep it
(B) was that the school should be torn down or kept
(C) were that the school should be torn down and that it should be kept
(D) were about them tearing the school down and them keeping the school

2. Television’s programming difficulties, __________ to become even more severe as a

result of lobbying by special-interest groups.

(A) already made acute by rising costs, threatens

(B) already made acute by rising costs, threaten
(C) already made acuter by rising costs, threaten
(D) having been made acute by rising costs, threatens

3. __________ is one of the thorniest problems in developing nuclear power.

(A) The disposal of nuclear fission’s unwanted by-products is

(B) Unwanted by-products of nuclear fission that need to be disposed of are
(C) How nuclear fission’s unwanted by-products get to be disposed of is
(D) Ridding nuclear fission of unwanted by-products are

4. For weeks, one of the company’s starring ballerinas __________ wrong.

(A) were performing so infrequently that dance lovers feared something was
(B) was performing so infrequently; dance lovers feared something to be
(C) were performing so infrequently that dance lovers feared something has
(D) was performing so infrequently that dance lovers feared something was

5. Among those who have won the Nobel Peace Prize __________ former South African
president Nelson Mandela and American Civil Rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr.

(A) are
(B) is
(C) was
(D) has been

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6. I was initially apprehensive about attending a meeting where everyone except
__________.

(A) me were lawyers

(B) me was a lawyer
(C) I was a lawyer
(D) I were lawyers

7. Each of the other members of the team __________ marketing or sales.

(A) either has extensive experience in

(B) have either extensive experience in
(C) have extensive experience in either
(D) has extensive experience in either

8. Upon excavating the ancient house, the archaeologists were surprised to find that in the
main chamber __________ a fireplace and a table set for a meal.

(A) was
(B) were
(C) is
(D) are not only

9. The grounds of the eighteenth-century mansion had deteriorated over the years, but
recent restoration of the gardens __________ them.

(A) have greatly enhanced

(B) has greatly enhanced
(C) that has greatly enhanced
(D) greatly enhance

10. At graduation, the speaker assured us that our many courses in the liberal arts
__________.

(A) had prepared us equally well for the challenges of working and further study
(B) had prepared us equally well for the challenges of work and of further study
(C) has supplied the preparation for challenging work along with further study
(D) leaves us prepared for the challenges of work and further study both

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11. A flurry of do-it-yourself books on the market today __________.

(A) are inspiring homeowners to do their own repairs

(B) are inspiring to homeowners about their own repairs
(C) is inspiring homeowners into doing their own repairing
(D) is inspiring homeowners to do their own repairs

12. By the end of the nineteenth century, __________ forests around the world.

(A) it had became clear to many scientists that it would be necessary to intensify
attempts to conserve
(B) it had become clear to many scientists that it would be necessary to intensify
attempts for conserving
(C) it had become clear to many scientists that it would be necessary to intensify
attempts to conserve
(D) becoming clear to many scientists, it was necessary to intensify attempts to
conserve

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 Pronoun

1. The reason politicians should study classical rhetorical principles __________ rules and
techniques for effective public speaking.

(A) is that it offers

(B) is that it offered
(C) is that they offer
(D) are because they offer

2. The plans were made __________.

(A) too hastily, without enough thought behind it

(B) too hasty, without enough thought behind it
(C) too hastily, without enough thought behind them
(D) too hasty, and there is not enough thought behind them

3. The Portuguese musical tradition known as fado, or “fate,” has been called the
Portuguese blues because of __________ misfortune, especially the loss of romantic
love.

(A) of their songs that bemoan someone’s

(B) of their songs bemoaning their
(C) its songs bemoan
(D) the songs that bemoaned

4. After Eliza, the heroine of Shaw’s Pygmalion, is transformed from a flower girl into a
gentlewoman, __________ character.

(A) she realizes that one’s social class matters less than your
(B) she realizes that one’s social class matters less than one’s
(C) then realizing that one’s social class matters less than their
(D) having realized how social class matters less than

5. Benin was the first sub-Saharan African country to experience a “civilian coup”:
__________ citizens to implement democratic reforms.

(A) they had been a regime that was dominated by the armed forces, when they were
obliged to
(B) it had a regime, armed forces dominating, but then were obliged to
(C) armed forces dominated them until this regime were obliged by
(D) a regime, dominated by the armed forces, was obliged by

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6. In neighborhoods throughout the United States, one can encounter hundreds of
different rope-jumping games, __________.

(A) each with its own rules

(B) each having their own rules
(C) when they each have their own rules
(D) which has its own rules

7. __________

(A) One result of the fire department’s new contract is that they can no longer offer
overtime pay on weekends.
(B) As one result of its new contract, the fire department can no longer offer overtime pay
on weekends.
(C) One result of the fire department’s new contract is that overtime pay on weekends can
no longer he offered to them.
(D) The fire department's new contract results in their no longer being able to offer them
overtime pay on weekends.

8. In response to the traditional assumption that all readers are basically alike, feminist
critics have emphasized __________.

(A) that every woman reads from their own unique perspectives
(B) that every woman reads from her own unique perspective
(C) that all women reading from a unique perspective of their own
(D) how women reading each have unique perspectives

9. __________ memorable for their thought or their form, or both.

(A) One often coming upon passages in letters often that are
(B) One often comes upon passages in letters that are
(C) One often comes upon a passage in letters that you find
(D) Often one comes upon a passage in letters; it is

10. The foundation, strangely enough, does not closely monitor grant recipients’ use of
funds to determine whether __________.

(A) they are being spent in accordance with their rules

(B) the funds are being spent in accordance with its rules
(C) they were spending them according to its rules
(D) its spending of funds is according to their rules

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11. __________ so dense that light cannot escape its gravitational pull.

(A) Black holes are when celestial bodies are

(B) Black holes are celestial bodies
(C) A black hole is when a celestial body is
(D) A black hole is a celestial body

12. Sarah, Lucy, and Abigail were exploring downtown __________.

(A) when, going into a secondhand shop in an alley, she discovered the perfect iron
bedstead
(B) and then she discovered the perfect iron bedstead going into a secondhand shop in
an alley
(C) when Abigail discovered the perfect iron bedstead, she went into a secondhand
shop in an alley
(D) when, going into an alley, Abigail discovered the perfect iron bedstead in a
secondhand shop

13. When one develops an immunity to mosquito bites, as sometimes happens,

__________.

(A) it no longer caused swelling and itching of the skin

(B) they no longer cause one’s skin to swell and itch
(C) they no longer cause your skin to swell and itch
(D) no longer causing one’s skin to swell and itch

14. __________ with sugar, which was unavailable in ancient Mesoamerica, the Aztecs and
Mayans flavored their cocoa drinks with various spices, including chili peppers.

(A) Rather than sweetening it

(B) Rather than sweetening them
(C) Rather than them being sweetened
(D) Instead of sweetening it

15. Compact fluorescent lightbulbs last longer than incandescent __________ small
amounts of mercury that can contaminate landfills if the bulbs are not recycled
appropriately.

(A) lightbulbs, but it contains

(B) lightbulbs but contain
(C) lightbulbs but containing
(D) lightbulbs, however, they contain

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16. Developed for the European Space Agency in the 1990s, the rockets of the Ariane 5 class
__________ reliability as of 2003.

(A) did not yet prove their

(B) did not yet prove its
(C) is yet to prove its
(D) had not yet proved their

17. Although scholars consider Antisthenes to be the founder of the ancient philosophy of
Cynicism, Diogenes __________ best-known practitioner.

(A) was its

(B) being its
(C) he was its
(D) was their

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