MINHAJ UNIVERSITY LAHORE

DLD LAB MANUAL

Name: Muhammad Ismail

Roll No: 054
Section: BSCS-B
Semester: 3rd
Submitted to: Sir Liaqat Ali

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 Table of Contents
Lab 1: Introduction..............................................................................................iii
Lab 2: Integrated circuits (IC).............................................................................iv
Lab 3: Gates.........................................................................................................vi
Lab 4: Gates.........................................................................................................ix
Lab 5: XOR using (AND), (NOT) and (OR) gate:..............................................xi
Lab 6: XNOR using (AND), (NOT) and (OR) gate:.........................................xiii
LAB 7: Make and Gate by combining NOR Gate and NAND Gate..................xv
LAB 8(a): Make NOT Gate by combining NOR Gate and NAND Gate.........xvii
LAB 8(b): Make OR Gate by combining NOR Gate and NAND Gate............xix
Lab 9: Half Adder..............................................................................................xxi
Lab 10: Half Subtractor...................................................................................xxiii
Lab 11: Full Adder............................................................................................xxv
Lab 12: Full Subtractor...................................................................................xxvii

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 Lab 1: Introduction
Intro to Digital Logic Design (DLD):
DLD is an electric technology that is used to storing, processing, and generating a data in
term of positive and non-positive states. A digit is a representation of data in term of 0 and 1.
In physics there are signals which carry information from one place to another place. Signals
may be in the form of (continuous, discontinuous, analog and digital)

Continuous:
It is defined as signals which does not break its value with respect of time.

Discontinuous:
It’s defined as signals which break its value with respect of time.

Analog:
There are following points in this:

 Continuous with respect of time.

 Value exists at every point of instant of time.
 Value will exist in both half of time.
Digitals:
There are following points in this:

 Discontinuous with respect of time.

 Value does not exist at every point of instant of time.
 Vale will exist in one half of time.
Logic Gate:
A logic gate is an idealized model of computation or physical
electronic device implementing a Boolean function, a logical operation performed on one or
more binary inputs that produces a signal binary output.

Applications of logic gates:

A logic gate is a kind of the basic building block of a digital
circuit having two inputs one output. The input and output relationship are based on a certain
logic. These gates are implemented using electronic switches such as diodes, transistors.

Applications:
 Microcontrollers  Electronics
 Microprocessor
 Electrical circuit

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 Lab 2: Integrated circuits (IC)
An integrated circuit also known as IC or a chip is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat
piece or a chip of a semiconductor material which is usually a silicon.

Figure 2.1: Different IC

Basic gates:
There are seven basic gates in DLD:
 AND  NAND
 OR  NOR
 NOT  XNOR
 XOR

Type of IC IC number
AND (7408)
OR (7432)
NOT (7404)
NAND (7400)
NOR (74001)
XOR (7486)
XNOR (74266)

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Structure of IC:

Inputs Outputs Ground Voltage

A1, B1 Q1 7 14
A2, B2 Q2
A3, B3 Q3
A4, B4 Q4
Example:

Figure 2.2: IC Diagram

Gates on IC:

Figure 2.3: OR Gate Wiring Diagram

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 Lab 3: Gates
1) AND Gate:

The AND (7408) Operation produces an output of 1 or high

when all of the inputs are 1 or high. It produces an output put
of 0 or low when any or all of the inputs are 0 or low. Symbol
for AND gate and Truth Table for and operations is given
below.
Diagram:

Figure 3.1.1: AND Gate

Truth Table:

Figure 3.1.2 Truth Table of AND Gate

Connection Diagram:

Figure 3.1.3: AND Gate Wiring Diagram

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 2) OR Gate:
The OR (7432) gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical disjunction V for
mathematical logic-It behaves according to the truth table. A high or 1 output results id one
or both the inputs to the gate are high or 1. If neither input is high or 1, a low or 0 output
results.

Diagram:

Figure 3.2.1: OR Gate

Truth Table:

Figure 3.2.2 Truth Table of OR Gate

Connection Diagram:

Figure 3.2.3: OR Gate Wiring Diagram

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 3) NOT Gate:
A NOT (7404) gate is a logic gate that inverts the digital input signal. For this reason, a NOT
gate is something referred to an inverter. A NOT gate always has high or 1 output when its
input is low or 0.

Diagram:

Figure 3.3.1: OR Gate

Truth Table:

Figure 3.3.2 Truth Table of NOT Gate

Connection Diagram:

Figure 3.3.3: NOT Gate Wiring Diagram

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 Lab 4: Gates
1) NAND Gate:
In digital electronics, a NAND (7400) gate (NOT-AND) is a logic gate which produces an
output which is false only if all its inputs are true; thus, its output is compliment to that of an
AND Gate. A low or 0 output results only if all the inputs to the Gate are High or 1. If any
input is low or 0, a high or 1 output results.

Diagram:

Figure 4.1.1: NAND Gate

Truth Table:

Figure 4.1.2 Truth Table of NAND Gate

Connection Diagram:

Figure 4.1.3: NAND Gate Wiring Diagram

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 2) NOR Gate
The inclusive NOR (74001) gate has an output that is normally at logic level 1 and only goes
low to the logic level 0 when any of its inputs are at logic level 1.

Diagram:

Figure 4.2.1: NOR Gate

Truth Table:

Figure 4.2.2 Truth Table of NAND Gate

Connection Diagram:

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 Figure 4.2.3: NOR Gate Wiring Diagram

Lab 5: XOR using (AND), (NOT) and (OR) gate:

XOR:
XOR (7486) is a digital logic gate that gives a true output when the number of true inputs is
odd. An XOR gate implements an exclusive or from mathematical logic; that is, true output
results if one, and only one, of the input to the gate is true. If both inputs are false and both
are true, a false output result.

Diagram:

Figure 5.1 XOR Gate

Connection Diagram:

Figure 5.2 Connection Diagram

Truth Table:

Figure 5.3 Truth Table of XOR Gate

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Alternative way:
the XOR circuit with 2 inputs is designed using AND, OR and NOT gates as shown below:

Figure 5.4 Alternative way for XOR Gate:

Boolean expression:
The Boolean expression for XOR is:

  A B+ A B = A ⊕ B 

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 Lab 6: XNOR using (AND), (NOT) and (OR) gate:
XNOR:
The XNOR (7485) gate is a digital logic gate whose function is the logical compliment of the
exclusive OR gate. It is equivalent to the logical connective from mathematical logic.

Diagram:

Figure 6.1 XNOR Gate

Connection Diagram:

Figure 6.2 Connection Diagram

Truth Table:

Figure 6.3 Truth Table of XNOR Gate

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Alternative way:
the XNOR circuit with 2 inputs is designed using AND, OR and NOT gates as shown below:

Figure 6.4 Alternative way for XNOR Gate

Boolean expression:
The Boolean expression for XOR is:

  AB+ AB = A ⊕B

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 LAB 7: Make and Gate by combining NOR Gate
and NAND Gate.
AND:
The AND (7408) Operation produces an output of 1 or high when all of the inputs are 1 or
high. It produces an output put of 0 or low when any or all of the inputs are 0 or low.

Diagram:

Figure 7.1 AND Gate

Connection Diagram:

Figure 7.2 Connection Diagram

Truth Table:

Figure 7.3 Truth Table of AND Gate

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Alternative ways:
1) Through NAND Gate

Figure 7.4 Alternative way for AND Gate through NAND Gate
2) Through NOR Gate

Figure 7.5 Alternative way for AND Gate through NOR Gate
Boolean expression:
The Boolean expression for AND is:
Y= A.B

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LAB 8(a): Make NOT Gate by combining NOR Gate
and NAND Gate.
NOT:
A NOT (7404) gate is a logic gate that inverts the digital input signal. For this reason, a NOT
gate is something referred to an inverter. A NOT gate always has high or 1 output when its
input is low or 0.

Diagram:

Figure 8.1.1 NOT Gate

Connection Diagram:

Figure 8.1.2 Connection Diagram

Truth Table:

Figure 8.1.3 Truth Table of NOT Gate

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Alternative ways:
1) Through NAND Gate

Figure 8.1.4 Alternative way for NOT Gate through NAND Gate
2) Through NOR Gate

Figure 8.1.5 Alternative way for NOT Gate through NOR Gate

Boolean expression:
X =X

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 LAB 8(b): Make OR Gate by combining NOR Gate
and NAND Gate.
OR:
The OR (7432) gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical disjunction V for
mathematical logic-It behaves according to the truth table. A high or 1 output results id one
or both the inputs to the gate are high or 1. If neither input is high or 1, a low or 0 output
results.

Diagram:

Figure 8.2.1 OR Gate

Connection Diagram

Figure 8.2.2 Connection Diagram

Truth Table:

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 Figure 8.2.3Truth Table of OR Gate

Alternative ways:
1) Through NAND Gate

Figure 8.2.4 Alternative way for OR Gate through NAND Gate

2)Through NOR Gate

Figure 8.2.5 Alternative way for OR Gate through NOR Gate

Boolean expression:
Y= A+B

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 Lab 9: Half Adder
There are two inputs and two outputs in a Half Adder. Inputs are named as A and B, and the
outputs are named as Sum (S) and Carry (C). The Sum is X-OR of the input A and B. Carry
is AND of the input A and B.

Block Diagram:

Figure 9.1: Block Diagram of Half Adder

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 9.2: Circuit Diagram of Half Adder

Truth Table:

Figure 9.3: Truth Table of Half Adder

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Alternative ways:
1) Through NAND Gate Only:

Figure 9.4.1: Implementation of Half Adder using NAND Gate Only

2) Through NOR Gate Only:

Figure 9.4.2: Implementation of Half Adder using NOR Gate Only

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 Lab 10: Half Subtractor
The half-subtractor is a combinational circuit which is used to perform subtraction of two
bits. It has two inputs, A (minuend) and B (subtrahend) and two outputs Difference and
Borrow. The logic symbol and truth table are shown below.

Block Diagram:

Figure 10.1: Block Diagram of Half Subtractor

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 10.2: Circuit Diagram of Half Subtractor

Truth Table:

Figure 10.3: Truth Table of Half Subtractor

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Alternative ways:
1) Through NAND Gate Only:

Figure 10.4.1: Implementation of Half Subtractor using NAND Gate Only

2) Through NOR Gate Only:

Figure 10.4.2: Implementation of Half Subtractor using NOR Gate Only

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 Lab 11: Full Adder
Full Adder is the adder that adds three inputs and produces two outputs. The first two inputs
are A and B and the third input is an input carry as C-IN. The output carry is designated as C-
OUT and the normal output is designated as S which is SUM.

Block Diagram:

Figure 11.1: Block Diagram of Full Adder

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 11.2: Circuit Diagram of Full Adder

Truth Table:

Figure 11.3: Truth Table of Full Adder

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Alternative ways:
1) Through NAND Gate Only:

Figure 11.4.1: Implementation of Full Adder using NAND Gate Only

2) Through NOR Gate Only:

Figure 11.4.2: Implementation of Full Adder using NOR Gate Only

xxvi
 Lab 12: Full Subtractor
A full subtractor is a combinational circuit that performs subtraction involving three bits,
namely A (minuend), B (subtrahend), and B-in (borrow-in). It accepts three inputs: A
(minuend), B (subtrahend) and a B-in (borrow bit) and it produces two outputs: D
(difference) and B-out (borrow out). The Truth table are shown below.

Block Diagram:

Figure 12.1: Block Diagram of Full Subtractor

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 12.2: Circuit Diagram of Full Subtractor

Truth Table:

Figure 12.3: Truth Table of Full Subtractor

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Alternative ways:
1) Through NAND Gate Only:

Figure 12.4.1: Implementation of Full Subtractor using NAND Gate Only

2) Through NOR Gate Only:

Figure 12.4.2: Implementation of Full Subtractor using NOR Gate Only

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