NOTE

M A T H E M A T I C S

CONTINUITY AND
DIFFERENTIABILITY
INTRODUCTION TO CONTINUITY

What you already know What you will learn

• R.H.L and L.H.L • Continuity of a function • One-sided continuity

• Standard limits • Discontinuous functions • Types of discontinuity

Continuity of a Function

Graphically, a continuous function is a real-valued function whose graph does not have any breaks.

Check whether the functions are continuous or discontinuous.

(a) We can see that the function does (b) We can see that the value of function
not have any abrupt changes in changes abruptly at x = a or the graph
value or any breaks. So, the given is having a break at x = a. So, the given
function is a continuous function. function is a discontinuous function.

Mathematically, a function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = c if lim f ( x ) = f ( c ) , i.e., f is continuous

at x = c iff lim- f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c

x →c x →c

© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 02

Check whether the functions are continuous or discontinuous.

Solution Solution

For a function to be continuous at x = c, For a function to be continuous at x = c,

lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f ( c ) lim- f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f ( c ) . For the given
x → c- x →c x →c x →c
function, f(x) is not defined at x = a. So, the
For the given function, lim f ( x ) does not exist.
x →a function is not continuous at x = a
So, the function is not continuous at x = a

One-Sided Continuity

Similar to one-sided limits, we can define one-sided continuity. Let us understand this using the
following function:

Continuity at x = a
a b
The function f(x) will be continuous at
x = a when lim+ f ( x ) = f ( a ) . This means
x →a
that we are not bothered about the L.H.L
as the function is not defined.

Continuity at x = b

The function f(x) will be continuous at x = b when lim- f ( x ) = f ( b ) . This means that we are not
x →b
bothered about the R.H.L as the function is not defined.

© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 03

Note

Polynomial, logarithmic, trigonometric and exponential functions are continuous in their domains.
For example, we can see that y = ln x and y = tan x are continuous in their domains.
y = ln x y = tan x
Y Y

X X
(1, 0) −3π −π π 3π
2 2 2 2

Discontinuous Functions

Let us look at some of the most popular and widely used discontinuous functions.
1. y = [x]; where [.] denotes 2. y = {x}; where {.} denotes 3. y
 = sgn x
G.I.F. Looking at the fractional part function Looking at the graph, one
graph, we can see that Looking at the graph, we can see that y = sgn x is
y = [x] is discontinuous can see that y = {x} is discontinuous at x = 0
at all the integral values discontinuous at all the
of x. integral values of x.

2 1
1
1
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -2 -1 0 1 2
-1
-2 -1 0 1 2
-2 -1

x +1, x ≤ 1
If f ( x ) =  , then check the continuity of f(x) at x = 1
2x -1, x > 1

Solution

A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = c if lim f ( x ) = f ( c ) , i.e., f is continuous at x = c iff

x →c
lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f ( c )
x → c- x →c

© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 04

Now,
L.H.L = lim- f ( x ) = lim- ( x +1) = 2
x →1 x →1
y =2x - 1
R.H.L = lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ ( 2x -1 ) = 1
x →1 x →1 3
f (1 ) = 1 +1 = 2
2
Here, L.H.L ≠ R.H.L 1
So, the function is not continuous at x = 1
Alternative method -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-1
Let us plot the graph of f(x) to check its continuity at x = 1
x +1, x ≤ 1 -2
f (x) =  y=x+1
2x -1, x > 1 -3
In the graph, there is a break at x = 1. So, the function is
not continuous at x = 1

 x2 - x - 6
 , x ≠ -2
If f ( x ) =  x + 2 is continuous at x = -2, then find the value of k.
k, x = -2

(a) 0 (b) -2 (c) -5 (d) Does not exist

Solution

Step 1:
Since f(x) is continuous at x = -2, we can say that lim f ( x ) = f ( -2) = k
x →-2
Step 2:
x2 - x - 6
lim f ( x ) = lim
x → -2 x → -2 x + 2

= lim
( x + 2)( x -3)
x → -2 ( x + 2)
= lim ( x -3) = -5
x → -2

So, option (c) is the correct answer.

JEE MAIN 2020



 sin ( a + 2) x + sin x , x < 0
 x
If f ( x ) = b, x = 0 is continuous at x = 0, then find the value of a + 2b.
 1 1


( )
 x + 3x 2 3 - x 3
, x >0
4

 x 3

(a) -2 (b) -1 (c) 1 (d) 0

© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 05

Solution

 function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = c if lim f ( x ) = f ( c ) , i.e., f is continuous at x = c

Step 1: A
x →c
iff lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f ( c )
x → c- x →c

Given, f(x) is continuous at x = 0 ⇒ lim+ f ( x ) = lim- f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) = b

x →0 x →0

Step 2: 1 1

R.H.L = lim+ f ( x ) = lim+

( x +3x ) 2 3
-x 3

4
x →0 x →0
x3
1 1 1
x (1 +3x ) - x
3 3 3
= lim+ 1
x →0
x 3 ·x
1

= lim
(1 +3x )3 -1
x →0+ x
 1
 1 +3x·3  -1
= lim+ 
x →0 x

( x → 0,(1 + x ) n
= 1 + nx )
x
= lim+ = 1
x →0 x

∴b =1
Step 3:
sin ( a + 2) x + sin x
L.H.L = lim- f ( x ) = lim-
x →0 x →0 x
sin ( a + 2) x sin x
= lim- + lim-
x →0 x x →0 x
sin ( a + 2) x sin x
= lim- · ( a + 2) + lim-
x →0 ( a + 2) x x →0 x
 sin x 
= ( a + 2) +1  For xlim =1
 →0-
x 
= a +3
⇒ a + 3 = 1, a = -2
∴ a + 2b = 0
So, option (d) is the correct answer.

Types of Discontinuity
L3 y = f(x)
Removable discontinuity: Limit exist finitely (L.H.L = R.H.L = Finite)
and ≠ value of function at that point or the value of function is not L2
defined at that point. In the graph, we can see that both lim f(x) L1
x →c
and lim f(x) are finite values.
x →b

There are two types of removable discontinuity.

(a) Isolated point: L.H.L = R.H.L ≠ Value of function at that point
At point c, there is an isolated point removable discontinuity. a c b

© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 06

 issing point: L.H.L = R.H.L, but the value of function is not defined at that point. At point b, there
(b) M
is a missing point removable discontinuity.
Non-removable discontinuity: Limit does not exist, i.e., either L.H.L or R.H.L or both are finite but
not equal or at least one of them is infinite.
There are three types of non-removable discontinuity.
(a) Finite discontinuity: Limit does not exist, i.e., L.H.L and R.H.L are finite but not equal.
(b) Infinite discontinuity: At least one among L.H.L and R.H.L is infinite.
(c) Oscillatory discontinuity: Limits oscillate between two values that are finite.
Let us see one example of each of these.

Finite discontinuity 1 Infinite discontinuity

5
4 x+
x +1, x > 3 y=  1
 , x >1
 f ( x ) =  x -1
f ( x ) = 5, x = 3
2x -5, x < 3 1 2x +3, x ≤ 1
 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
R.H.L = lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ x +1 = 4 Here,
-5

1
2x

x →3 x →3
R.H.L = lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ →∞
L.H.L = lim- f ( x ) = lim+ 2x -5 = 1
y=

x →1 x →1 x -1
x →3 x →3

f ( 3) = 5 L.H.L = lim- f ( x ) = lim2x

-
+3 = 5
x →1 x →1

Here, L.H.L ≠ R.H.L but both are finite. f (1 ) = 5

So, it is a finite type non-removable discontinuity. ∴ It is an infinite-type non-removable
Jump of discontinuity is defined as: discontinuity as R.H.L → ∞
|L.H.L - R.H.L| = |1 - 4| = 3

Oscillatory discontinuity
1
f ( x ) = sin
x
1 2 2
f ( x ) = sin becomes 1 at x = and − 1 at x = −
x π π
1
The function f ( x ) = sin does not attain a limit as x → 0. −2
x
π
1
As x → 0, sin oscillates between − 1 and 1 and the 2
x
π
frequency of oscillations is very high.
1
One cannot find a particular value of f ( x ) = sin when x → 0
x

y
Find the types of
discontinuity in the 10
given graph. F(x)
7
6
4
1 x
5 13 18 23

© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 07

Solution

(a) At x = 5, there is a finite non-removable discontinuity as L.H.L ≠ R.H.L, but both are finite.
Jump of discontinuity = |L.H.L - R.H.L| = |6 - 4| = 2
(b) At x = 13, there is an isolated point removable discontinuity as L.H.L = R.H.L but not equal to
the Value of function at that point
(c) At x = 18, there is a missing point removable discontinuity as L.H.L = R.H.L, but the value of
function is not defined at that point.
(d) At x = 23, there is a finite non-removable discontinuity as L.H.L ≠ R.H.L, but both are finite.
Jump of discontinuity = |L.H.L - R.H.L| = |7 - 5| = 2

 1x
 e -1 , x ≠ 0
Identify the type of discontinuity: f ( x ) =  1 at x = 0
 e x
+1
1 ,x=0

Solution

Step 1:
1
e x -1
L.H.L = lim- f ( x ) = lim- 1
x →0 x →0
e +1
x

0 -1  1 1

= lim-  x → 0-
⇒ → - ∞ ,e x
→ 0
x →0 0 +1  x 
= -1
Step 2: 1
e x -1
R.H.L = lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ 1
x →0 x →0
e x +1
1
1- 1

= lim+ ex
x →0 1
1+ 1
e x

1-0  
= lim-  x → 0+ ⇒ 1 → ∞ , 1 → 0 
x →0 1+0  x 1

 ex 
=1
And f(0) = 1
Step 3:
∴ At x = 0, there is a finite non-removable discontinuity as L.H.L ≠ R.H.L, but both are finite.

© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 08

Concept Check

x
(1) If f ( x ) = [ x ] -   , x ∈  , where [.] denotes G.I.F, then which of the following options is correct?
4
(a) lim- f ( x ) exists but lim+ f ( x ) does not exist. JEE MAIN 2019
x→4 x→4

(b) Both lim- f ( x ) and lim+ f ( x ) exist but are not equal.
x→4 x→4

(c) lim+ f ( x ) exists but lim- f ( x ) does not exist.

x→4 x→4

(d) f is continuous at x = 4

 1 sin  πx  , x <1
2  2 

(2) Identify the type of discontinuity: f ( x ) = -1, x = 1 at x = 1

- ln ( cos ( x -1) ) , x > 1
 ( x -1)
2


Summary Sheet

Key Takeaways

Continuity of a function
• A continuous function is a function that does not have any abrupt changes in value.
• Graphically, a continuous function is a real-valued function whose graph does not have any
breaks.
• Mathematically, a function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = c if lim f ( x ) = f ( c ) ,
x →c
i.e., f is continuous at x = c iff lim- f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f ( c )
x →c x →c
Discontinuous functions
•y  = [x] is discontinuous at all the integral values of x, where [.] represents the Greatest integer
function.
•y = {x} is discontinuous at all the integral values of x, where {.} represents the Fractional part
function.
• y = sgn x is discontinuous at x = 0
Types of discontinuity
•R  emovable discontinuity: Limit exist finitely (L.H.L = R.H.L = Finite) and ≠ value of function at
that point or the value of function is not defined at that point
There are two types of removable discontinuity.
(a) Isolated point: L.H.L = R.H.L ≠ Value of function at that point
(b) Missing point: L.H.L = R.H.L, but the value of function is not defined at that point.

© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 09

•N
 on-removable discontinuity: Limit does not exist, i.e., either L.H.L or R.H.L or both are finite
but not equal or at least one of them is infinite.
There are three types of non-removable discontinuity.
(a) Finite-type discontinuity: Limit does not exist, i.e., L.H.L and R.H.L are finite but not equal.
(b) Infinite-type discontinuity: At least one among L.H.L and R.H.L is infinite.
(c) Oscillatory-type discontinuity: Limits oscillate between two values that are finite.

Mind Map

Continuity and Differentiability

Continuity of a function Discontinuity functions

One sided continuity

y = [x] y = {x} y = sgn{x}

Types of Discontinuity

Removable Non - Removable

Missing point Isolated point Finite Infinite Oscillatory

Self-Assessment

1 - cos7 ( x - π )
If f ( x ) = (x ≠ π) is continuous at x = π, then find f(π).
x-π
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) -1 (d) 7

© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 10

Answers

Concept Check

1. Step 1:
x  4+ 
R.H.L = lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ [ x ] -   = 4+  -  
x →4 x →4 4 4
= 4 -1
=3
Step 2:
x  4- 
L.H.L = lim f ( x ) = lim- [ x ] -   = 4-  -  
x →4- x →4 4 4
= 3- 0
=3
Step 3:
4
f ( 4 ) = [ 4] -   = 4 -1 = 3
4
We can see that lim- f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f ( 4 )
x →4 x →4

∴ The function is continuous at x = 4

So, option (d) is the correct answer.

2. Step 1:
1  πx 
L.H.L = lim- f ( x ) = lim− sin  
x →1 x →1 2  2 
1
=
2
ln ( cos(x − 1))
R.H.L = lim+ f ( x= ) lim−
( x − 1)
+ 2
x →1 x →1

sin ( x − 1)
cos ( x − 1)
= lim+ (Applying L 'Hospital's rule)
x →1 2( x − 1)
sin ( x − 1)  sin x 
=
lim  lim 1
x →1 2 ( x − 1 ) .cos ( x − 1 )
+
 x →0 x 
1 1
= lim
=
x →1+ 2cos(x − 1) 2

Step 2:
At x = 1, there is an isolated point removable discontinuity as L.H.L = R.H.L but not equal to the
value of function at that point

© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 11

Self-Assessment

Step 1:
1 - cos7 ( x - π ) 0
lim f ( x ) = lim is of the form .
x →π x-π
x →π 0
So, L'Hospital’s rule can be applied.
Step 2:
1 - cos7 ( x - π ) 7 sin 7 ( x - π )
⇒ lim = lim (LH rule)
x →π x-π x →π 1
=0
Step 3:
For the function to be continuous at x = π, limf ( x ) = f ( π )
x →π

⇒ f ( π) =
0
So, option (a) is the correct answer.

© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 NOTE
M A T H E M A T I C S

CONTINUITY AND
DIFFERENTIABILITY
CONTINUITY IN AN INTERVAL

What you already know What you will learn

• Continuity of a function • Discontinuous functions • Continuity in an interval

• One-sided continuity • Types of discontinuity • Theorems on continuity

Continuity in an Interval

• A function f is said to be continuous in (a, b), if f is continuous at each and every point in the
interval (a, b).
• A function f is said to be continuous in [a, b], if:
» f is continuous in (a, b).
» f is right-continuous at a, i.e., RHL = lim+ f ( x ) = f ( a )
x →a

» f is left-continuous at b, i.e., LHL = lim- f ( x ) = f ( b )

x →b

Y Y

a a
b b

X X

Function is continuous in interval [a, b]. We can see that though, overall function
is discontinuous still it is continuous in
interval [a, b].

Note

The polynomial, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions are continuous at every
point of their respective domain. Thus, for these functions, the continuity should be checked at:
» Points where the function changes the definition
» Boundary points

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 02

2x + 3, -3 ≤ x < - 2

Comment on the continuity of f ( x ) = x + 1, -2 ≤ x < 0
x + 2, 0≤ x≤1


Solution
Step 1: Step 2:
Given, At x = 0
2x + 3, -3 ≤ x < -2 LHL = lim- ( x + 1) = 1

f ( x ) = x + 1, -2 ≤ x < 0
x →-0

 f (0) = x + 2 = 2
x + 2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
Here, LHL ≠ f ( 0)
Clearly, possible points of discontinuity
⇒ f is discontinous at x = 0.
x = -3, -2, 0, 1
Therefore, function f is continuous at every point
Now, we can see that at point -3 and 1 except at 0.
function is right continous and left continous,
respectively.
At x = -2,
LHL = lim- ( 2x + 3) = -1
x →-2

RHL = lim+ ( x +1) = -1

x →-2

f ( -2) = x + 1 = -1
⇒ f is continous at -2.

Note

• For [f(x)], the continuity should be checked at points where f(x) becomes an integer.
([.] represents the greatest integer function.)

Discuss the continuity of f(x) = [ln x], x ∈ [1, e3], where [.] represents the greatest integer
function.

Solution Y y = lnx

Given, f(x) = [ln x], x ∈ [1, e3]

⇒ 1 ≤ x ≤ e3 0 1 e e2 e3
⇒ 0 ≤ ln x ≤ 3
⇒ [ln x] = 0, 1, 2, 3
Therefore, we can see that function f(x) is
right-continuous at x = 1 and discontinuous at y = [lnx]
x = e, e2, and e3
0 1 e e2 e3 X

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 03

• For {f(x)}, the continuity should be checked at points where f(x) becomes an integer. {.} denotes
the fractional part function.
• For sgn (f(x)), the continuity should be checked at points where f(x) = 0

Discuss the continuity of f(x) = sgn (x2 - 3x + 2), 0 ≤ x ≤ 3

Solution

Given, f(x) = sgn(x2 - 3x + 2), 0 ≤ x ≤ 3

As we know that for sgn (x), the continuity should be checked at points where f(x) = 0
⇒(x - 1)(x - 2) = 0
Therefore, f is discontinuous at 1 and 2.

Y y = x2 - 3x + 2

y = x2 - 3x + 2
1

1
0 1 2 3 X
y = sign(x2 - 3x + 2)
1
0 1 2 3 X
0
-1

[2x ] , 0 ≤ x < 1
f (x) =  , where [.] denotes the G.I.F. and { } denotes the fractional
{x} sgn ( -x ) , 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
part function. Comment on the continuity of function f in interval [0, 2].

Solution

[2x ] , 0 ≤ x < 1
Given, f ( x ) =  , where [.] denotes the G.I.F. and { } denotes the
{x} sgn ( -x ) , 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
fractional part function
⇒0≤ x < 1
⇒ 0 ≤ 2x < 2
⇒ [2x ] = 0, 1

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 04

1
⇒ Possible points of discontinuity x = 0, , 1, 2
2
At x = 0
RHL = lim+ [2x ] = 0, and f ( 0) = 0
x →0

Thus, f is right continous at 0.

1
At x = ,
2
1
LHL = lim- [2x ] = 0, and f   = 1
x→
1 2
2

1
⇒ f is discontinuous at x = .
2
At x = 1
LHL = lim- [2x ] = 2-  = 1 and f (1) = {x} sgn ( -x ) = 0
x →1

⇒ f is discontinuous at 1
At x = 2
LHL = lim- {x} sgn ( -x ) = 1 × ( -1) = -1, and f ( 2) = {2} sgn ( -2) = 0
x →2

⇒ f is discontinuous at 2.

Theorems on Continuity

• If f and g are continuous at x = a, then

» f(x) ± g(x) will also be continuous at x = a
π
Examples: f(x) = sin x and g(x) = x + 1 are continuous functions at x =
2
» f(x) . g(x) will also be continuous at x = a
f (x)
» is also continuous at x = a if g(a) ≠ 0
g(x)
• If f is continuous and g is discontinuous at x = a, then
» f(x) ± g(x) will be discontinuous at x = a
Example: If f(x) = x, g(x) = [x], then f(x) - g(x) will be discontinuous at integers.
f (x)
» f(x) . g(x) and , [g(a) ≠ 0] may be continuous at x = a
g(x)

π
If h : ℝ → ℝ is a function defined by h(x) = [x] × cos((2x - 1) ), where [.] denotes the G.I.F.,
2
then which of the following is correct for h(x)?
(a) Continuous for every real x
(b) Discontinuous only at x = 0
(c) Discontinuous only at non-zero integral value of x
(d) Continuous only at x = 0

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 05

Step 1: Step 2:
Given, h(x) = [x] × cos ((2x -1) )
π ( ) ( )
h  + =  +  × sin π + = 0
2
π h (  ) = 
− −
 × sin ( π ) = 0
−
Let f(x) = [x], g(x) = cos ((2x - 1) )
2 ∴ h ( x ) is continuous ∀ x ∈
Clearly, f(x) is discontinuous at integers and
g(x) is continuous ∀ x ∈ ℝ Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.
π
g(x) = cos ((2x - 1) )
2
π
⇒ g(x) = cos(xπ - ) = sin(πx)
2
⇒ h(x) = [x] × sin(πx)
Now, the possible points of discontinuity
are all the integers (ℤ)
h(ℤ) = [ℤ] × sin (πℤ) = 0

• If f(x) and g(x) both are discontinuous at x = a, then,

» f(x) ± g(x) may be continuous at x = a
Examples: f(x) = [x], g(x) = {x} are discontinuous functions
⇒ f(x) + g(x) = [x] + {x} = x
⇒ f + g is continuous ∀ x ∈ ℝ
f (x)
» f(x) . g(x) and , [g(a) ≠ 0] may be continuous at x = a
g(x)

General result

f (x)
f(x) g(x) f(x) ± g(x) f(x) × g(x) g(x)

Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous

Continuous/ Continuous/
Continuous Discontinuous Discontinuous
Discontinuous Discontinuous
Continuous/ Continuous/ Continuous/
Discontinuous Discontinuous
Discontinuous Discontinuous Discontinuous

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 06

Note

If a function f is continuous, then |f| is always continuous.

Example: If f(x) = x2 - 3x - 4, then g(x) = |f(x)| = |x2 - 3x - 4| is continuous ∀ x ∈ ℝ
Y Y

y = f(x) y = |f(x)|

-1 0 4 X -1 0 4 X

Let f(x) = [x] + x - [ x ] , where [.] denotes the G.I.F., then

(a) f(x) is continuous for ℝ+. (b) f(x) is continuous for ℝ.
(c) f(x) is continuous for ℝ - ℤ. (d) None of these

Y
Solution
4
Given, f(x) = [x]+ x - [ x ] , where [.]
3
denotes the G.I.F.
⇒ f(x) = [x] + {x} 2
Clearly, [x] is discontinuous for
all the integers and {x} is also 1 f(x) = [x] + {x}
discontinuous for all the integers.
⇒ The possible points of
discontinuity: ℤ -3 -2 -1 O X
-4 1 2 3 4
Let x = 1
-1
f (1) = [1] + {1} = 1

LHL = lim- [ x ] + {x} = 0 + 1 = 1 -2

x →1

RHL = lim+ [ x ] + {x} = 1 + 0 = 1 -3

x →1

LHL = RHL = f (1)

-4
⇒ Function f is continuous for all x ∈
So, option ( b ) is the correct answer.

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 07

Concept Check

 2 cos x - 1 π
 , x≠
π π JEE MAIN 2019
1. If the function f is defined on  ,  by f ( x ) =  cot x - 1 4
 6 3  k, x = π
 4
π
If function is continuous at x = , then find k.
4
1 1
( a) (b ) 1 (c ) ( d) 2
2 2
  πx 
2 sin  - 2  , x < -1
  

2. Let f : ℝ → ℝ be defined as f ( x ) =  ax + x + b , -1 ≤ x ≤ 1
2 JEE MAIN 2021

sin ( πx ) , x>1


If f(x) is continuous on ℝ, then what is a + b equal to :

(a) 3 (b) -1 (c) -3 (d) 1

 x + [ x ] , -1 ≤ x < 1

3. Let f : [-1, 3] → ℝ be defined as f ( x ) = x + x , 1 ≤ x< 2 , JEE MAIN 2019
x + [ x ] , 2 ≤ x ≤ 3

where [x] denotes the G.I.F. Then, f is discontinuous at:
(a) Four or more points (b) Only three points
(c) Only two points (d) Only one point

Summary Sheet

Key Takeaways

• T he polynomial, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions are continuous at every

point of their respective domain. Thus, for these functions, the continuity should be checked at:
» Points where the function changes the expression
» Boundary points
• For [f(x)], the continuity should be checked at points where f(x) becomes an integer. [.]
represents the greatest integer function.
• For {f(x)}, the continuity should be checked at points where f(x) becomes an integer. {.} denotes
the fractional part function.
• For sgn f(x), the continuity should be checked at points where f(x) = 0

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 08

Mind Map

Functions

Continuity in an interval Theorems on continuity

Self-Assessment

[ x ] + {x} , x < 1

Comment on the continuity of the function f ( x ) = 2 - x , 1 ≤ x < 2 Where [.] denotes the
1 x ≥ 2

G.I.F. and {.} denotes the fractional part function

Answers

Concept Check

1.
Given,
 2 cos x - 1 π
 , x ≠
f ( x ) =  cot x - 1 4
k π
, x=
 4
Now,
π
LHL = RHL = f  
4
2 cos x - 1
⇒ k = lim
x→
π cot x - 1
4

Using L'hospital's rule, we get

2 ( -sin x ) 1
k = lim =
x→
π
4
( -cosec x )2
2
Hence, option ( c ) is the correct answer.

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 09

2.
Step 1: Given, Step 2:
  πx  At x = 1,
2 sin  - 2  , x < -1
   LHL =lim- ax2 + x + b = a + 1 + b
 2 x →1
f ( x ) =  ax + x + b , -1 ≤ x ≤ 1 RHL = lim+ sin ( πx ) = 0
 x →1
sin ( πx ) , x>1
⇒ a+b+1 =0

⇒a+b+1=0
Now, given that f is continuous at points
⇒ a + b = -1
x = -1, 1
Hence, option ( b ) is the correct answer
At x = -1,
LHL = RHL = f ( -1)
 -πx 
⇒ LHL = lim - 2 sin   =2
x →( -1)  2 
⇒ f ( -1) = a ( -1) + ( -1) + b
2

Now, we have a + b - 1 = 2
⇒ a + b - 1 = 2 or a + b - 1 = -2
⇒ a + b = 3 or a + b = -1

3.
Step 1: Given, Step 2:
 x + [ x ] , -1 ≤ x < 1 At x = 2,

f ( x ) = x + x , 1 ≤ x < 2 and f : [-1, 3]→ ℝ LHL =lim- ( x + x ) = 2 + 2 = 4
x →2
x + [ x ] , 2 ≤ x ≤ 3
 f ( 2) = 2 + 2 = 4
Clearly, the possible points of discontinuity: RHL = lim+ ( x + [ x ]) = 2 + 2 = 4
x →2
x = -1, 0, 1, 2, 3
As we can see that at x = -1, the function is ⇒ Function is continuous at 2.
|x| + [x] and both (x and [x]) are right-contin- At x = 3,
uous at -1, so the function is continuous at -1. Clearly, x is continuous at x = 3 but [ x ] is
At x = 0,
not continuous at x = 3.
|x| is always continous but
[x] is discontinous. ⇒ The function is discontinuous at 3.
⇒ Function is discontinuous at 0.
At x = 1
LHL = lim- x + [ x ] = 1 + 0 = 1
x →1

f (1 ) = 1 + 1 = 2
⇒ Function is discontinuous at x = 1.

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 10

Self-Assessment

Given,
[ x ] + {x} , x < 1

f ( x ) = 2 - x , 1 ≤ x<2
1 x ≥ 2

The possible points of discontinuity : x = 1, 2
At x = 1
LHL = lim- ([ x ] + {x} ) = 0 + 1 = 1
x →1

f (1 ) = 2 - 1 = 1
RHL = lim+ ( 2 - x ) = 1
x →1

⇒ f is continuous at x = 1 .
At x = 2
LHL = lim- ( 2 - x ) = 0
x →2

f ( 2) = 1
⇒ f is discontinuous at x = 2.

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 NOTE
M A T H E M A T I C S

CONTINUITY AND
DIFFERENTIABILITY
THEOREMS OF CONTINUITY

What you already know What you will learn

• Continuity of a function • Theorems on continuity

• One-sided continuity • Single point continuous function
• Continuity in an interval • Intermediate value theorem

Theorems on Continuity

For a composite function f(g(x)), the continuity must be checked at the following points:
1. Where g(x) is discontinuous
2. Where g(x) = c, given that f(x) is discontinuous at x = c

2 2+ x
If f(x) = and g(x) = , find the points of discontinuity of f(g(x)).
2x - 1 x

Solution
Step 1: Step 2:
2+x 1
g(x) = is discontinuous at x = 0 f ( g ( x ) ) is discontinuous at g ( x ) =
x 2
2 1 2+x 1
f (x) = is discontinuous at x = ⇒ =
2x - 1 2 x 2
⇒ x = -4
So, f ( g ( x ) ) is discontinuous at x = 0, -4

1 + x, x < 0 4 - x, x < -1
If f ( x ) =  and g ( x ) =  then check the continuity of g(f(x)).
2x - 1, x ≥ 0 2x + 7, x ≥ -1

Solution

Step 1:
Let us discuss the continuity of f(x).
f(x) is changing its expression at x = 0

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 02

L.H.L = lim- (1 + x ) = 1
x →0

R.H.L = lim+ ( 2x - 1) = -1
x →0

f ( 0) = -1
So, f ( x ) is discontinuous at x = 0

Step 2:
Let us discuss the continuity of g(x).
g(x) is changing its expression at x = -1
L.H.L = lim- ( 4 - x ) = 5
x →-1

R.H.L = lim+ ( 2x + 7 ) = 5
x →-1

f ( -1 ) = 5
So, g ( x ) is continuous throughout its domain.

Step 3:
Let us check the continuity of g(f(x)) at x = 0
L.H.L = lim- g ( f ( x ) ) = lim- g (1 + x ) = g (1- ) = 2(1) + 7 = 9
x →0 x →0

x →0 x →0 x →0
( )
R.H.L = lim+ g ( f ( x ) ) = lim+ g ( 2x - 1) = lim+ g -1+ = 2( -1) + 7 = 5

g ( f ( 0) ) = g ( -1) = -2 + 7 = 5
Since, L.H.L ≠ R.H.L, g ( f ( x ) ) is not continuous at x = 0

Single Point Continuous Function

Functions that are continuous at one point and are defined everywhere else are known as single
point continuous functions.
Example:
x, x ∈ 
Let us discuss the continuity of f ( x ) = 
0, x ∉ 
f(x) is discontinuous for x ∈ ℝ-{0} as the function produces a rational number for all the rational
values of x and 0 elsewhere.
Let us check the continuity of f(x) at x = 0
L.H.L = lim- f ( x ) = 0
x →0

R.H.L = lim+ f ( x ) = 0
x →0

f (0) = 0
Since, L.H.L = R.H.L = Value of the function, f(x) is continuous at x = 0
∴ f(x) is discontinuous for x ∈ ℝ - {0} (f(x) is discontinuous for x ∈ ℝ - {0} as there are an infinite
number of irrational numbers between two rational numbers)

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 03

3
Let the function f(x) : ℝ → ℤ be a continuous function such that f   = 3 . Find the value
2
of f(3) - f(2).
(a) 3 (b) 0 (c) 6 (d) 2

Solution
The function f(x) is continuous for x ∈ ℝ.
Let us try to draw the graph of f(x).
Let us assume that f(x) = 2 for x = k
Y

k 3 X
2
However, the graph is not possible as the range of f(x) contains integers.

Y Y

6 6

4 4

2 3

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
X X
-2 -2

-4 -4

-6 -6

In the graph, f(x) is taking integral values, but it ⇒ f(3) - f(2) = 0

is not possible as f(x) is a continuous function. So, option (b) is the correct answer.
3
So, the only possibility is f(x) = Constant = f  
2

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 04

Intermediate Value Theorem

1. If a function f is continuous in [a, b] and if f(a) and f(b) are of opposite signs, then there exists
at least one solution of the equation f(x) = 0 in the open interval (a,b).
Let us visualise it graphically.

We can see that f(a) < 0, f(b) > 0, and there We can see that f(a) < 0, f(b) > 0, and there
exists one solution for the function in (a,b). exist two solutions or at least one solution for
the function in (a,b).

Y Y

a a
b X 0 b X

2. If a function f is continuous in [a, b] and if k is any real number between f(a) and f(b), then there
exists at least one solution of the equation f(x) = k in the open interval (a,b).

We can see that k lies between f(a) and f(b) We can see that k lies between f(a) and f(b)
and there exists one solution for f(x) = k in and there exist three solutions/at least one
(a,b). solution for f(x) = k in (a,b).
Y Y
f(b)
f(b)
y=k

y=k

f(a)
f(a)

a b X a b X

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 05

If f(x) = x ln x - 2, then f(x) = 0 has

(a) No solution in (1, e) (b) At least one real solution in (1, e)
(c) Two real solutions in (1, e) (d) None of these

Solution

f(x) = x ln x - 2
f(x) is a continuous function for x > 0
f(1) = -2 < 0 and f(e) = e - 2 > 0
Using the intermediate value theorem, we can say that f(x) has at least one real solution in (1, e).
So, option (b) is the correct answer.

1
Let f : ℝ → ℝ be a continuous function defined by f ( x ) = x
e + 2e-x
1
Statement 1: f ( c ) = , for some c ∈ ℝ
3
1
Statement 2: 0 < f ( x ) ≤ , ∀ x∈
2 2
(a) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true and statement 2 is not a correct explanation of
statement 1.
b) Statement 1 is true and statement 2 is false.
c) Statement 1 is false and statement 2 is true.
d) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true and statement 2 is a correct explanation of
statement 1.

Solution

We know that f(x) is a continuous function.

2
ex + x
e ≥ ex · 2 ( A.M ≥ G.M)
And
2 ex
2
⇒ ex + x ≥ 2 2
e
1 1
⇒ ≤
2 2 2
ex + x
e
Now, ex > 0 and 2e-x > 0
1
Hence, 0 < f ( x ) ≤ , ∀ x∈
2 2
1 1
Also, lies between 0 and . So, using the intermediate value theorem, we can say that
3 2 2
1
f(c) = , for some c ∈ ℝ
3
So, option (d) is the correct answer.

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 06

Let a function f ( x ) = lim ( sin x ) , n ∈. Comment on the discontinuity of f(x).

2n

n →∞

Solution

f ( x ) = lim ( sin x ) , n ∈ 
2n

n →∞

We know that sin x ∈ [-1, 1]

⇒ sin2 x ∈ [0, 1]
When sin2 x ∈ [0, 1), f ( x ) = lim ( sin x ) = 0
2n

n →∞

When sin x = 1, f ( x ) = lim ( sin x ) = 1

2n
2
n →∞

So, the discontinuity will occur when sin x = ±1

(2k + 1) π , k ∈ 
⇒ The points of discontinuity are x =
2

Concept Check

3 1
1. Find the points of discontinuity of y = f(u), where f(u) = 2
and u =
2u + 5u - 3 x+2
2. Which of the following functions have single point continuity?
1, x ∈  1, x ∈
( a) f ( x ) =  (b ) f ( x ) = 
0, x ∉  1 - x, x ∉ 
3. f(x) = (x - a)(x - c) + (x - b)(x - d), where a < b < c < d. Then f(x) has
(a) Exactly one real root (b) No real root
(c) Two real roots (d) Cannot be determined

Summary Sheet

Key Takeaways

• For a composite function f(g(x)), the continuity must be checked at the following points:
» Where g(x) is discontinuous
» Where g(x) = c, given that f(x) is discontinuous at x = c
• If a function f is continuous in [a, b] and if f(a) and f(b) are of opposite signs, then there exists
at least one solution of the equation f(x) = 0 in (a, b).
• If a function f is continuous in [a, b] and if k is any real number between f(a) and f(b), then there
exists at least one solution of the equation f(x) = k in the interval (a, b).

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 07

Mind Map

Intermediate value Continuity and Theorems on

theorem Differentiability continuity

Self-Assessment

Show that the equation x3 - 3x2 + 1 = 0 has at least one solution in the interval (0, 1).

Answers

Concept Check

1. Step 1: Step 2:
u is discontinuous at x = -2 1 1 1
= -3 or =
f(u) is discontinuous when 2u2 + 5u - 3 = 0 x +2 x +2 2
1
⇒ u = -3, 7
2 ⇒ x=- or x = 0
3
7
So, f ( u ) is discontinuous at x = - , -2, 0
3
2.
(a) f(x) is discontinuous for x ∈ ℝ as there are an infinite number of irrational numbers between
two rational numbers.
(b) Let f(x) be continuous at x = k
Then, lim- f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f ( k )
x →k x →k

1
⇒ k = 1 - k, k =
2
1 
∴ f ( x ) is discontinuous for x ∈  -  
2

3.
f(x) = (x - a)(x - c) + (x - b)(x - d)
⇒ f(a) = (a - b)(a - d)
⇒ f(b) = (b - a)(b - c)
⇒ f(c) = (c - b)(c - d)
⇒ f(d) = (d - a)(d - c)
Since a < b < c < d, we have, a c
b d
f(a) > 0, f(b) < 0, f(c) < 0, f(d) > 0
f(x) = 0 has one root in (a, b) and another root in (c, d).
So, option (c) is the correct answer.

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 08

Self-Assessment

f(x) = x3 - 3x2 + 1 is continuous in [0, 1].

f(0) = 1 > 0
f(1) = -1 < 0
Using the intermediate value theorem, we can say that x3 - 3x2 + 1 = 0 has at least one solution in
the interval (0, 1).

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 NOTE
M A T H E M A T I C S

CONTINUITY
AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIABILITY

What you already know

• Continuity of a function • One-sided continuity

• Theorems on continuity • Intermediate value theorem

What you will learn

• Concept of tangent • Differentiability

Concept of Tangent

Let a function f(x) be defined on the interval (a, b).

Let a point c ∈ (a, b),
Let us consider three points, P(c, f(c)), Q(c - h, f(c - h)),
and R(c + h, f(c + h)) as shown in the figure.

f (c + h ) − f (c)
Slope of PR =
(c + h ) − c
R(c + h, f(c + h))
As h → 0+, R → P
f (c + h ) − f (c) Q(c - h, f(c - h))
⇒ mPR = hlim
→0 +
h
P(c, f(c))
f (c − h ) − f (c)
Slope of PQ =
(c − h ) − c
As h → 0+, Q → P
f (c − h ) − f (c)
⇒ mPQ = hlim
→ 0+ −h
Hence, the tangent is the limiting case of the secant.
So, for a unique tangent at a point P, mPQ = mPR
f (c + h ) − f (c) f (c − h ) − f (c)
lim+ = hlim
h →0 h → 0+ −h

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 02

Differentiability

 function is said to be differentiable at a point P if it has a unique tangent (of finite slope) at
• A
point P.
• A function is differentiable if it does not have a jump (break) or a sharp corner in its graph.

Let us consider the graph of a function. Let us consider the graph of another function.
Here, at x = c, the graph has a breakage. Here, at x = c, the graph has a sharp corner.
So, a unique tangent is not possible at that So, a unique tangent is not possible at that
point. point.
Hence, this function is not differentiable at Hence, this function is not differentiable at
x = c. x = c.

c c

The given graph is continuous but not The given graph is continuous as well as
differentiable because it has a sharp corner at differentiable.
x=c

c c

Condition for differentiability

So, a function f(x) is said to be differentiable or derivable at x = c if

f (c + h ) − f (c) f (c − h ) − f (c)
lim+ = hlim = a finite value
h →0 h −h → 0+

The slope of the tangent in the left neighbourhood of c is known as the left-hand derivative(L.H.D).
f (c − h ) − f (c)
L.H.D = hlim
→ 0+ −h

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 03

The slope of the tangent in the right neighbourhood of c is known as the right- hand derivative
(R.H.D).
f (c + h ) − f (c)
R.H.D = hlim
→0 +
h
So, the derivative of function f(x) is defined as follows:
f (c + h ) − f (c)
f’(x)(Slope of tangent at x = c) = lim
h →0 h

Tangent at a point P(a, f(a)) for function f(x)

(a, f(a))
If L.H.D. = R.H.D. = finite at a point x = a, then the P
function is differentiable and the tangent has slope f(a)
f’(a).

Slope of the tangent = f’(a) a

Also, the tangent passes through the point (a, f(a)).
∴ The equation of tangent is given by,
y - f(a) = f’(a) (x - a)

Find the equation of tangent to the following:

1
(i) f(x) = x at x = 1
2
(ii) f(x) = x at x = 0
3

Solution

(i)
f(x)= x2 ⇒ f’(x) = 2x ⇒ f’(1) = 2
⇒The slope of the tangent at point x = 1 is 2.
At x = 1, y = f(x) = 12 = 1
∴ The point of contact of the tangent is (1, 1).
Hence, the equation of tangent is y - 1 = 2(x - 1) (by point-slope form)
⇒ y - 1 = 2x - 2
⇒ 2x - y = 1
1
(ii) 1 y = x3
f(x) = x 3
At x = 0, y = f(x) = 0
∴ The point of contact of the tangent is (0, 0).
f ( 0 + h ) − f ( 0)
f '( 0 ) = lim
h →0 h
1 f’(0) → ∞
h 3
⇒The tangent at point (0, 0) is
= lim
h →0 h a vertical tangent, i.e., x = 0
1
 1 3
= lim  2 
h →0 h
 

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 04

Note

If L.H.D. =R.H.D.→ ∞ or -∞, f(x) is non-differentiable, but

there is a vertical tangent at point P.
The equation of tangent is x = a, where a is a constant. T: x = a
(in the adjacent diagram)

Relation Between Continuity and Differentiability

Case I
If a function is differentiable, then it will be
continuous as well.

Example:
The given graph is continuous as well as a
differentiable at point x = a

Case II
If a function is continuous, then it may or may
not be differentiable.
y = |x|
Example:
In the given graph, we can observe a sharp
edge at the point x = 0
Hence, the graph of the function y = |x| is 0
continuous but not differentiable at x = 0

Case III
If a function is discontinuous, then it will be y = [x] 2
non-differentiable.
1
Example:
In the given graph, we can observe the
breakage. -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Hence, the graph of the function -1
y = [x] is neither continuous nor differentiable
on ℤ. -2

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 05

Case IV
If a function is non-differentiable, then it may or
may not be discontinuous.

Example:
Because of the sharp edge at the point a
x = a, the given function is not differentiable, but
it is continuous.

A + Bx2, x < 1
If the function f(x) = is differentiable at x = 1, then find the ordered
pair (A, B). 3Ax - B + 2, x ≥ 1
(a) (2, 3) (b) (0, 1) (c) (4, 2) (d) (2, 4)

Solution

Step 1:
Since f(x) is derivable, it will be continuous.
At x = 1, L.H.L. = R.H.L. = f(1)
L.H.L. = lim− f(x) = lim− A + Bx2 = A + B
x →1 x →1

f(1) = 3A(1) - B + 2 = 3A - B + 2
L.H.L = f(1) ⇒ A + B = 3A - B + 2 ⇒ B = A + 1 ......(i)

Step 2:
The function is derivable at x = 1
⇒ R.H.D. = L.H.D.
f (1 + h ) − f (1) f (1 − h ) − f (1)
⇒ lim+ =lim+
h →0 h h →0 −h

⇒ lim+
( 3A (1 + h ) − B + 2 ) − ( 3A − B + 2 )
= lim
A + B (1 − h ) − ( 3A − B + 2 )
2

h →0 h h → 0+ −h
2
3Ah A + B + Bh − 2Bh − 3A + B − 2
⇒ lim+ = lim+
h →0 h h →0 −h
Bh − 2Bh + ( −2A + 2B − 2 )
2

⇒ 3A = lim+
h →0 −h
2
Bh − 2Bh
⇒ 3A = lim+ (-2A + 2B - 2 = 0 from equation (i))
h →0 −h
3A = 2B . . . (ii)
By solving (i) and (ii), we get,
A=2, B=3
∴ Option (a) is the correct answer.

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 06

Alternate method
Step 1:
Since f(x) is derivable, it will be continuous.
At x = 1, L.H.L. = R.H.L. = f(1)
L.H.L. = lim− f(x) = lim− A + Bx2 = A + B
x →1 x →1

f(1) = 3A(1) - B + 2 = 3A - B + 2
L.H.L = f(1) ⇒ A + B = 3A - B + 2 ⇒ B = A + 1 ......(i)
Step 2:
f(x) is derivable at x = 1
⇒ L.H.D. = R.H.D.
⇒ f ‘(1-) = f ‘(1+)
⇒ 2B(1) = 3A(1)
⇒ 2B = 3A . . . (ii)
By solving (i) and (ii), we get,
A = 2, B = 3
∴ Option (a) is the correct answer.

Check the differentiability of the following function:

e2x, x ≤ 0
f(x) = at x = 0
2 sin x, x > 0

Solution

For a function to be differentiable, it must be continuous at the given point.

L.H.L. = lim− e2x = 1 and R.H.L. = lim+ 2 sin x = 0
x →0 x →0

Here, L.H.L. ≠ R.H.L

The function is discontinuous.
As the function is discontinuous at x = 0, it will not be differentiable.

Note

Continuity is the necessary condition for differentiability of a function. So, to check the
differentiability of a function, first check its continuity at the given point.
e2x, x ≤ 0
Let us consider the previous illustration. f(x) =
2 sin x, x > 0
L.H.D = f ‘(0-) = 2e2 × 0 = 2
and R.H.D. = f’ (0+) = 2 cos 00 = 2
Here, L.H.D = R.H.D but the function is not continuous at x = 0 and because of that, the
function is not differentiable.

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 07

From the graph of f(x), we can see that at x = 0+ and

x = 0-, the graph has the same slope. Hence,
L.H.D = R.H.D m=2
However, the graph has a breakage at x = 0. Hence, it m=2
does not satisfy the basic condition of differentiability,
which is continuity. 0

Concept Check

x + [2x], x < 1
1. Check differentiability of function f(x) = at x = 1, where [.] denotes G.I.F and {.}
{x} + 1, x ≥ 1
denotes fractional part function.
1
x tan −1   , x ≠ 0
x
2. Comment on derivative of f(x) at x = 0, where f(x) =
0, x = 0
 1 
x  3e x + 4 
  ,x≠0
1
3. If f(x) = 2 − ex , then f(x) is:
0, x = 0
(a) Continuous as well as differentiable at x = 0
(b) Continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(c) Neither differentiable at x = 0 nor continuous at x = 0
(d) None of these

Summary Sheet

Key Takeaways

• T angent is the limiting case of secant.

• A function is said to be differentiable at a point P, if it has a unique tangent (of finite slope) at
point P.
• A function is differentiable if it does not have a jump (break) or a sharp corner.
• If a function is differentiable then it will be continuous as well.
• If a function is continuous then it may or may not be differentiable.
• If a function is discontinuous then it will be non-differentiable.
• If a function is non-differentiable then it may or may not be discontinuous.


© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 08

Mind Map

Condition for
Differentiability

Concept of tangent Differentiability Tangent at a point

Relation between continuity

and differentiability

Self-Assessment
q

1
The number of values of x ∈ [0, 2] at which f(x) = x − + |x - 1| + tan x is not differentiable is:
2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) None of these

Answers

Concept Check

1.
x + [2x], x < 1
First, let’s check continuity of the function f(x) =
{x} + 1, x ≥ 1
L.H.L. = lim− x + [2x]
x →1

= 1 + [2-] = 1 + 1 = 2
f(1) = {1} + 1 = 1
L.H.L ≠ f(1)
⇒The function f(x) is discontinuous.
Since the function is discontinuous, it will not be differentiable.

2.
Step 1: 1
x tan −1   , x ≠ 0
x
First, let’s check continuity of the function f(x) =
0, x = 0
1 −1
L.H.L. = lim− x tan  
x →0 x
 π −1  1  π
=0  − < tan   < 
 2 x 2

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 09

1
R.H.L. = lim+ x tan −1  
x →0 x
 π −1  1  π
=0  − < tan   < 
 2  x  2
f(0) = 0
We have, L.H.L. = R.H.L. = f(0)
⇒ f(x) is continuous at x = 0

Step 2:

f ( −h ) − f ( 0 )
L.H.D. = lim+
h →0 −h
 1 
−h tan −1  
= lim+  −h  = − π
h →0 −h 2
Now,
f ( h ) − f (0)
R.H.D. = lim+
h →0 h
1
h tan −1  
= lim = h π
h →0 +
h 2
We have
L.H.D. ≠ R.H.D.
⇒ f(x) is non-differentiable.

3.
Step 1:

For continuity,
 4 
 1x  x3+ 1 
x  3e + 4   
L.H.L. = lim-    e 
x
1 R.H.L. = lim+
x →0 x →0  2 
2 − ex  1 − 1
1
1  x 
x → 0 ⇒ → -∞ ⇒ e x → 0
- e 
x 1
∴ L.H.L. = 0 1
x → 0 ⇒ → +∞ ⇒ e x → ∞ and
+

 1x  x
x  3e + 4  1
  1 →
0
R.H.L. = lim+
x →0
1
e x
2 − ex
R.H.L. = 0
1 
4  f(0) = 0
xe x  3 + 1  We have, L.H.L. = R.H.L = f(0)
 
R.H.L. = lim+  e x
 ∴ f(x) is continuous.
x →0 1  
2
e x  1 − 1
 x 
e 

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 10

Step 2:

For differentiability,
f ( 0 − h ) − f ( 0)
f '( 0 )== lim+
L.H.D.
h →0 −h
 −1

( −h )  3e h + 4
 
1
−
= lim 2−e h
+
h →0 −h
1 −
1
h → 0+ ⇒ - → -∞ ⇒ e h → 0
h
∴ L.H.D. = 2
f ( 0 + h ) − f ( 0)
R.H.D. = lim+
h →0 h
 h1 
 3e + 4 
h
 1 
 2 − eh 
= lim+  
h →0 h
 4 
 3+ 1 
= lim+  eh  = − 3

h →0 2
 1 −1 
 h 
e 
1 −
1
h → 0+ ⇒ → +∞ ⇒ e h → ∞
h
1
1 →0
e h

We have, L.H.L. ≠ R.H.L

∴ f(x) is non-differentiable.
∴ Option (b) is the correct answer.

Self Assessment

1 1
• x − 2 is continuous everywhere but not differentiable at .
2
• |x - 1| is continuous everywhere but not differentiable at 1.
π
• tan x is continuous in [0, 2], except at x = .
2
1 π
Hence, f(x) is not differentiable at x = , 1, .
2 2

© 2020, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 NOTE
M A T H E M A T I C S

CONTINUITY
AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
DIFFERENTIABILITY FOR SOME SPECIAL
FUNCTIONS

What you already know What you will learn

• Continuity and discontinuity • Differentiability in an interval

• Basics of differentiability • Theorems on differentiability
• Some standard functions

Differentiability in an Interval

A function f(x) is differentiable or derivable in the Y

interval [a,b] if it is:
• Differentiable at each point of (a, b) X
a b
• Differentiable at the endpoints

Also,
f (a + h) − f (a ) f ( b − h ) − f ( b)
R.H.D. = f’(a+) = lim+ and L.H.D. = f’(b-) = lim+ exist finitely.
h →0 h h →0 −h
Polynomial, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions are derivable at their respective
domains.
Differentiability in an interval has to be checked for the cases:
• At boundary points, where function changes expression
 or [f(x)], {f(x)}, [.] denotes the G.I.F. and {.} denotes fractional part function, where f(x)
• F
becomes an integer.
• For sgn(f(x)), where f(x) = 0
• For |f(x)|, where f(x) = 0

Comment on the differentiability of f(x) = |x - 1|

Solution

Method 1
Step 1:
Given, f(x) = |x - 1|

© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 02

(x - 1), x - 1 ≥ 0
f(x) =
-(x - 1), x - 1 < 0

(x - 1), x ≥ 1
⇒ f(x) =
(1 - x), x < 1

Step 2:
At x = 1,
f (1 + h ) − f (1) (1 + h ) − 1 − 0 = 1, and
R.H.D. = lim+ = lim+
h →0 h h →0 h
f (1 − h ) − f (1) 1 − (1 − h ) − 0
L.H.D. = lim+ = lim+ = -1
h →0 −h h →0 −h

Clearly, L.H.D. ≠ R.H.D. Y

y = |x - 1|
⇒ At x = 1, function f(x) is non-differentiable

Method 2
We can see that function f(x) has sharp corner at X
1
x=1
⇒ At x = 1, function f(x) is non-differentiable

Note

Special functions
• F
 or inverse trigonometric functions, check the differentiability at their boundary points of the
domain.

Comment on the differentiability of f(x) = sin-1 x; x ∈ [-1, 1].

Solution
Y
π f(x) = sin-1 x
Given, f(x) = sin x -1
2
At x = 1,

X
-1 1

π
-
2

© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 03

π
f (1 − h ) − f (1) sin −1 (1 − h ) −
2 lim cos (1 − h ) ,
−1

L.H.D. = =
lim+ =
lim
h →0 −h h → 0+ −h h → 0+ h
Let us consider 1 - h = cos θ
θ 0 
⇒ L.H.D. = lim+  form
θ→ 0 1 − cos θ 0 
By applying L’Hospital’s rule, we get
1 1
⇒ L.H.D. = lim+ = + = +∞
θ→ 0 sin θ 0
Clearly L.H.D. does not exist finitely.
⇒ Function f(x) is non-differentiable at x = 1
Also,
at x = -1, function f(x) has a vertical tangent.
⇒ At x = -1, function f is non-differentiable.

Comment on the continuity and the differentiability of:

1
x− , 0≤x≤1
f(x) = 2 , Where [.] denotes the GIF
x[x], 1 < x ≤ 2

Solution

Given,
1
-  x − 12  , 0≤x≤
1
2
x− , 0≤x≤1
f(x) = 2 =  1 1
x − 2, <x≤1
x[x], 1 < x ≤ 2   2
x, 1 < x < 2
2x, x = 2
The possible points of discontinuity are
1
x = , 1, 2
2
At x = 1,
 1 1
L.H.L. = xlim x − 2 =
2 
−
→1

1
f(1) = x − 1 =
2 2
R.H.L. = lim+ x[x] = 1 × 1 = 1
x →1
L.H.L. ≠ R.H.L.
⇒ Function f(x) is discontinuous at x = 1

© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 04

At x = 2,
L.H.L. = lim− x[x] = 2 × 1 = 2
x →2

f(2) = 2 × 2 = 4
L.H.L. ≠ f(2)
⇒ Function f(x) is discontinuous at x = 2
At x = 0, given modulus function is continuous and right differentiable.
1
But at x = ,given modulus function continuous but not differentiable (makes sharp corner at
2
1
x = ).
2 Y

1
y= x−
2

X
1 
 2 , 0
 
Therfore,

1
Points (x) 0 1 2
2

Continuity Continuous Continuous Discontinuous Discontinuous

Differentiability Differentiable Non-Differentiable Non-Differentiable Non-Differentiable

Theorems on Differentiability

• If f(x) and g(x) both are differentiable at x = a, then at x = a, the functions f(x) ± g(x),
f (x)
f(x) × g(x), ; (g(a) ≠ 0) will also be differentiable.
g(x)
Example:
Both f(x) = x and g(x) = sin x are differentiable at x = 0.
⇒ f(x) ± g(x) = x ± sin x and f(x) × g(x) = x . sin x are differentiable at x = 0.
• If f(x) is non-differentiable and g(x) is differentiable at x = a, then the functions :
1. f(x) ± g(x) will be non-differentiable at x = a
f (x)
2. f(x) × g(x), (g(a) ≠ 0) may or may not be differentiable at x = a
g(x)
Example:
f(x) = x and g(x) = |x|
f(x) ± g(x) = x ± |x| is non differentiable at x = 0 and f(x) × g(x) = x|x| is differentiable at x = 0

© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 05

• If f(x) and g(x) both are non-differentiable at x = a, then we get,

1. At most, one of f(x) ± g(x) may be differentiable at x = a.
f (x)
2. f(x) × g(x), ;(g(a) ≠ 0) may or may not be differentiable at x = a
g(x)

Note

f (x)
f(x) g(x) f(x) ± g(x) f(x) × g(x) , g(x) ≠ 0
g(x)

Differentiable Differentiable Differentiable Differentiable Differentiable

Differentiable Non- Non-Differentiable Differentiable / Differentiable /

Differentiable Non-Differentiable Non-Differentiable

Non- Non- Differentiable / Differentiable / Differentiable /

Differentiable Differentiable Non-Differentiable Non-Differentiable Non-Differentiable

If f(x) is a differentiable function and f(x) × g(x) is differentiable at x = a, then which

of the following condition/conditions is/are correct?
(a) g(x) must be differentiable at x = a
(b) If g(x) may be discontinuous, then f(a) = 0
(c) If f(a) ≠ 0, then g(x) must be differentiable
(d) g(x) is continuous

Solution

Given, f(x) is a differentiable function.

Let us consider h(x) = f(x) × g(x)
d  g (a + h) − g (a ) 
h ( x )  x = a = f’(a) × g(a) + lim+   × f(a)...................(i)
dx h →0
 h 
Now, we will consider the following two cases:
Case 1: f(a) ≠ 0
According to equation (i), g(x) must be a differentiable function.
Case 2: f(a) = 0
According to equation (i), g(x) can also be a discontinuous function.
Hence, options (b) and (c) are the correct answers.

© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 06

Concept Check

1. Comment on the differentiability of the following functions in their respective domains:

(i) f(x) = |x2 - 3x + 2|
(ii) f(x) = |ln x|
JEE MAIN 2015
k x +1 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
2. If function f(x) = is differentiable, then find the value of k + m.
mx + 2, 3 < x ≤ 5
16 10
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d) 4
5 3
x JEE MAIN 2015
3. Find the set of points, where f(x) = is differentiable.
1+ x
(a) (-∞, -1) ∪ (-1, ∞) (b) (-∞, ∞) (c) (0, ∞) (d) (-∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)

Summary Sheet

Key Takeaways

• A function f(x) is differentiable or derivable in the interval [a, b] in the following conditions:
1. If it is differentiable at each point of (a, b)
2. If it is differentiable at the endpoints

f (x)
f(x) g(x) f(x) ± g(x) f(x) × g(x) , g(x) ≠ 0
g(x)

Differentiable Differentiable Differentiable Differentiable Differentiable

Differentiable Non- Non-Differentiable Differentiable / Differentiable /

Differentiable Non-Differentiable Non-Differentiable

Non- Non- Differentiable / Differentiable / Differentiable /

Differentiable Differentiable Non-Differentiable Non-Differentiable Non-Differentiable

Mind Map

Differentiability Classification
Continuity and Theorems on
in an inerval ofdifferentiability
functions differentiability

© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 07

Self-Assessment
q

 π π π
A function f(x) such that f  x +  = − x , ∀ x. Find f '  , if it exists.
 2 2 2

⇒ Answers

Concept Check

1.
(i) Given, f(x) = |x2 - 3x + 2| Now, at x = 1, 2, we can see that function
Let h(x) = x2 - 3x + 2 f(x) is non-differentiable.
We will draw the graph of the function. (there is sharp edge at points x = 1, 2)
f(x) = |h(x)|
f(x) = |(x - 1)(x - 2)|
h(x) = x2 - 3x + 2 Y f(x) = |x2 - 3x + 2|
Y
2 2

1 1

X X
1 2 1 2

(ii) Given, f(x) = |ln x| Now, at x = 1, we can see that function

Let h(x) = ln x f(x) is non-differentiable.
We will draw the graph of the function. (there is sharp edge at point x = 1)
f(x) = |h(x)|

Y h(x) = ln x Y f(x) = |ln x|

X X
1 1

© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 08

2.
k x +1 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
Given f(x) = is differentiable
mx + 2, 3 < x ≤ 5
⇒ L.H.L. = R.H.L. = f(a) and L.H.D. = R.H.D.
At x = 3, function f is continuous
⇒ lim+ (mx + 2) = f(3)
x →3

⇒ 3m + 2 = 2k..........................(i)
Also, L.H.D. = R.H.D. at x = 3
k k
⇒ = m ⇒ = m................(ii)
2 x +1 4
After solving equations (i) and (ii), we get,
2 8
m = and k =
5 5
⇒k+m=2
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.
Self-Assessment
3.
x  π π
Given, f(x) = Given f  x +  = − x
1+ x  2 2
Clearly, the possible point of non-differentiability π
is x = 0 At x = ,
2
At x = 0, π  π π π
f (0 − h) − f (0) f  + h − f  
2 2
−h−
L.H.D. = lim+ R.H.D. = lim     = lim 2 2 = −1
h →0 −h h →0 h +
h → +
0 h
−h π  π π π
−0 f  − h − f   − −h −
1+ h 2 2
= lim = 1 = L.H.D. lim =    lim = 2 2 1
h → 0+ −h h →0 − h +
h →0+
− h
f (0 + h) − f (0)
R.H.D. = lim+ π
h →0 h ⇒ f '  does not exist.
h 2
−0
= lim = 1+ h 1
h →0 +
h
Here, LHD = RHD
At x = 0, function f is differentiable.
Now, we can see that function f is differentiable
in (-∞, ∞).
Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 NOTE
M A T H E M A T I C S

CONTINUITY AND
DIFFERENTIABILITY
MAXIMUM OR MINIMUM OF TWO FUNCTIONS

What you already know What you will learn

• Differentiability in an interval • Max {f(x), g(x)} or Min {f(x), g(x)}

• Theorems on differentiability • Functional equations

Max {f(x), g(x)} or Min {f(x), g(x)}

Draw the graph of f(x) = min {sin x, cos x}, x ∈ [-π, π]

Solution
Y

y = cos x y =sin x
Step 1:
Draw the graphs of sin x and cos x
X
between the same coordinate axis. -π - 3π - π - π 0 π π 3π π
4 2 4 4 2 2

Step 2:
Check which graph has the lower value in the
particular interval.

Between -π to -3π , cos x is smaller than sin x Y

4
⇒ f(x) = min {sin x, cos x} = cos x, x ∈ [-π, -3π )
4
Between -3π to  π , sin x is smaller than cos x X
4 4 -π - 3π - π - π 0 π π 3π π
⇒ f(x) = min {sin x, cos x} = sin x, x ∈ [ -3π ,  π ) 4 2 4 4 2 2
4 4
f(x) = min {sin x, cos x}
Between π to π, cos x is smaller than sin x
4
⇒ f(x) = min {sin x, cos x} = cos x, x ∈ [ π , π]
4
The final graph of f(x) is shown in the diagram.

© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 02

JEE Main 2019

Let S be the set of points in the interval (-π, π) at which the function f(x) = min {sin x, cos x}
is not differentiable. Then S is a subset of which of the following?
 3π π π 3π   π π π π
(a)  − ,− , ,  (c)  − , − , , 
 4 4 4 4  2 4 4 2
 3π π π 3π   π π
(b)  − ,− , ,  (d)  − , 0, 
 4 2 2 4  4 4

Solution
Y
Step 1:
f(x) = min {sin x, cos x} is shown in figure.
Clearly, from the figure, at x = - 3π  and x = π , - 3π
4
f(x) is not differentiable. 4 4 X
π
4
 3π π   3π π π 3π 
S = − ,  ⊂ − , − , , 
 4 4  4 4 4 4
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.

AIEEE 2007
Let f : ℝ → ℝ be a function defined by f(x) = min{ x + 1, |x| + 1}. Which of the following
is true?
(a) f(x) ≥ 1, ∀ x ∈ ℝ
(b)  f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1
(c)  f(x) is differentiable everywhere.
(d)  f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0

Solution

y = |x| + 1 Y

Step 1:
Draw the graphs of y = x + 1 and y = |x| + 1
between the same coordinate axis.
Step 2:
X
We can see from the graph, for x < 0, O
y = x + 1 has the lower value.
For x > 0, y = x + 1 and y = |x| + 1 have the
same value.
y=x+1

© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 03

Step 3:
So, the final graph of f(x) = min{x + 1, |x| + 1} = x + 1
is shown in the figure.
f(x) is continuous everywhere and there are no
sharp edges in the graph. X
O
⇒ f(x) is differentiable everywhere.
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
y=x+1

JEE Main 2019

max { x , x 2 } , x ≤ 2
Let f ( x ) = 
8 − 2 x , 2 < x ≤ 4
Let S be the set of points in the interval (-4, 4) at which f is not differentiable. What is S?
(a) {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2} (b) {-2, 2} (c) {-2, -1, 1, 2} (d) An empty set

Solution
Y

y = x2

Step 1: y = |x|
Plot the graph of max {|x|, x2}, |x| ≤ 2
To get this, draw the graphs of |x| and x2
on the same coordinate plane.
The upper portion of the graph will give
X
the max of |x| and x2 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Between -2 to -1, x2 has the larger value.

⇒ max {|x|, x2} = x2, x ∈ (-2, -1)
Between -1 to 1, |x| has the larger value. y = max {|x|, x2} Y
⇒ max {|x|, x2} = |x|, x ∈ (-1, 1)
Between 1 to 2, x2 has the larger value.
⇒ max {|x|, x2} = x2, x ∈ (1, 2)
So, the graph of max {|x|, x2}, |x| ≤ 2 is
shown in the figure.

X
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 04

Y
8
Step 2:
Plot the graph of y = 8 - 2|x|
To get this, draw the graph of -2|x|, X
then lift it up by 8 units. -4 O 4

y = 8 - 2|x|

Step 3:
Plot the graphs of y = 8 - 2|x| for
2 < |x| ≤ 4 and max {|x|, x2}, |x| ≤ 2 Y
on the same coordinate axis.
So, the final graph of f(x) is shown in
y = x2
the figure. y = 8 - 2|x|
We can see from the diagram that the
sharp edges are present at
y = |x|
x = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}
⇒ f(x) is non-differentiable at
X
x = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2} -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Hence, option (a) is the correct
answer.

JEE Main 2019

 −1, − 2 ≤ x < 0
Let f ( x ) =
 2 f ( x ) + f ( x ) . Then in the interval ( −2, 2) , 'g' is?
and g ( x ) =
 x − 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
(a) Not differentiable at two points
(b)   Not continuous
(c) Not differentiable at one point
(d)   Differentiable at one point

Solution
Y

Step 1:
−1, −2 ≤ x < 0 1
Plot the graph of f ( x ) =  2 y = x2 - 1
x − 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
y = -1 is the straight line from -2 to 0. X
-2 -1 0 1 2
To draw the graph of y = x2 - 1, pull the
graph of y = x2 by 1 unit below the X-axis.
y = -1 -1

Graph of y = f(x)

© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 05

Step 2: Y
Plot the graph of |f(x)|
 −1 , −2 ≤ x < 0
f (x) =  2 y=1 1 y = x2 - 1
 x − 1 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 y = 1 - x2
1, −2 ≤ x < 0

f ( x ) = 1 − x2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 -2 -1 0 1 2
X
x2 − 1, 1 < x ≤ 2

We learnt that the graph of |f(x)| is the graph -1
of f(x) drawn on positive Y-axis and mirror
image of f(x) drawn on negative Y-axis along Graph of y = |f(x)|
the X-axis.
So, the graph of |f(x)| is shown in the figure.

Step 3:
Plot the graph of f(|x|) 1
f(|x|) = x2 - 1, -2 ≤ x ≤ 2 y = x2 - 1
We learnt that the graph of f(|x|) is the graph
of f(x) drawn on the positive X-axis and its X
-2 -1 0 1 2
mirror image is along the Y-axis.

-1

Graph of y = f(|x|)
Step 4:
(
1 + x 2 − 1 ,

) −2 ≤ x < 0

( )
g ( x ) = f ( x ) + f ( x ) = 1 − x 2 + x 2 − 1 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
 2
( ) ( )
 x − 1 + x − 1 , 1 < x ≤ 2
2

x2 , − 2 ≤ x < 0

g (=x ) 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
 2
( )
2 x − 1 , 1 < x ≤ 2 Y

Plot the graph of g(x) y = x2

We can see from the diagram that the sharp 1
corner in the graph is at x = 1 y = 2x2 - 2
⇒ g(x) is not differentiable at x = 1
Check differentiability at x = 0 X
-2 -1 0 1 2
At x < 0, g ( x ) =x ⇒ g'( x ) =
2
2x
= =
L.H.D. lim 2x 0 -1
−
x →0

At x > 0, g ( x ) =
0 ⇒ g'( x ) =
0
=
R.H.D. =
lim 0 0 Graph of y = g(x)
x → 0+

⇒ L.H.D. =
R.H.D.
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
 At x < 0, g ( x ) =x ⇒ g'( x ) =
2x
= =
L.H.D. lim
06 2x 0
x → 0−

At x > 0, g ( x ) =
0 ⇒ g'( x ) =
0
=
R.H.D. =
lim 0 0
x → 0+

⇒ L.H.D. =
R.H.D.
⇒ g(x) is differentiable at x = 0
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.

Functional Equations

Let f : ℝ → ℝ be a function such that f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y), ∀ x, y ∈ ℝ, if f(x) is

differentiable at x = 0
(a) f(x) is differentiable only in a finite interval containing zero.
(b)  f(x) is continuous ∀ x ∈ ℝ
(c) f'(x) is constant ∀ x ∈ ℝ
(d)   f(x) is differentiable except at two points. JEE Advanced 2011

Solution

Step 1:
f ( x + y=
) f ( x ) + f ( y ) , ∀ x ∈  ... (1 )
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) f ( x ) + f (h) − f (x )
f '( x ) = lim
lim
h→0 h h→0 h
f (h)
f '( x ) = lim
h→0 h

=
By substituting x 0= and y 0 in equation (1 ) , we get ,
f ( 0 ) = f ( 0 ) + f ( 0 ) ⇒ f ( 0 ) = 2f ( 0 ) ⇒ f ( 0 ) = 0

Step 2:
f (h) 0
⇒ f '( x ) =
lim is in the form of
h→0 h 0
By using L' hospital Rule, we get,
'( x ) lim f=
f= '( h ) f=
'( 0) constant
h→0

⇒ f '( x ) =
k
By taking integral on both sides, we get,
∫ f '( x ) dx =
∫ k dx ⇒ f ( x ) =+
kx c
By substituting x = 0, we get,
= (0) 0
c f=
⇒ f (x) =
kx
So, f(x) = kx is continuous ∀ x ∈ ℝ and f'(x) = k is constant ∀ x ∈ ℝ
Hence, options (b) and (c) are the correct answers.

Alternative solution

© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 07

f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) , ∀ x, y ∈ 
By using partial derivative with respect to x , we get,
f '( x + y )= f '( x ) + 0
By substituting x = 0, we get,
f '( y ) = f '(0) ⇒ f '( x ) = f '(0)
By taking integral on both the sides, we get,
∫ f '( x ) dx =
∫ f '( 0) dx ⇒=
f ( x ) f '(0) x + c
When x = 0, f ( 0) = 0 ⇒ c = 0
f ( x ) = kx
So, f(x) = kx is continuous ∀ x ∈ ℝ and f'(x) = k is constant ∀ x ∈ ℝ
Hence, options (b) and (c) are the correct answers.

If f is a real valued differentiable function satisfying |f(x) - f(y)| ≤ (x - y)2, ∀ x, y ∈ R and

f(0) = 0, then find f(1).
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) -1 AIEEE 2005

Solution

f (x) − f (y ) ≤ (x − y )
2

By replacing x =
x + h and y =
x, we get,
⇒ f ( x + h) − f ( x ) ≤ ( x + h − x )
2

⇒ f ( x + h) − f ( x ) ≤ h
2

f ( x + h) − f (x )
⇒ lim ≤ lim h
h→0 h h→0

⇒ f '( x ) ≤ 0, but in general f '( x ) ≥ 0

⇒ f '( x ) =⇒
0 f (x) =
c
⇒ Given f ( 0) = 0 ⇒ c = 0
⇒ f ( x ) = f (1 ) = 0
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.

Concept Check

 x + y  f (x) + f (y )
1. f  = 2 , ∀ x, y ∈  and f ( 0) =
1, f '( 0) =
−1
 2 
If f(x) is differentiable ∀ x ∈ ℝ, then find f(x).
(a) x (b) 1 - x (c) 2x (d) 2x + 1

© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved

 08

Summary Sheet

• To find the max {f(x), g(x)} or the min {f(x), g(x)}, plot the graphs of f(x) and g(x) on the same
coordinate plane. Then figure out their maximum and minimum.
• To solve the functional equations, use the standard definition of f'(x) and substitute the
condition given in the question.

Mind Map

Max {f(x), g(x)} or Min {f(x), g(x)} Functional equations

Self-Assessment

If a differentiable function f is satisfying a relation

1 3 f (h) − 1 2
f ( x + y )= f ( x ) + f ( y ) + 2xy ( x + y ) − , ∀ x, y ∈ R and lim =
3 h→0 6h 3
then find the value of [f(2)] (where [x] represents the greatest integer function).

Answers

Concept Check

 x + y  f (x) + f (y )
1. f  = 2 , ∀ x, y ∈  and f ( 0) = 1, f '( 0) =
−1
 2 
 2x + 2h   2x + 2( 0) 
f  − f 
f ( x + h) − f ( x )  2   2 
f '( x ) lim
= lim
h→0 h h → 0 h
 f ( 2x ) + f ( 2h )   f ( 2x ) + f ( 0) 
 − 
⇒ f '( x ) lim =  2   2  lim f ( 2h ) − f ( 0)
h→0 h h→0 2h
f ( 2h + 0) − f ( 0)
= ⇒ f '( x ) lim = f '( 0)
h→0 2h
Given f '( 0) = −1
⇒ f '( x ) =
−1
By taking integral on both sides, we get,
∫ f '( x ) dx = ∫ −1 dx
© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved
⇒ f ( x ) =−x + c
 h 2h
f ( 2h + 0) − f ( 0)
09 ⇒ f ' ( x ) lim
= = f '(0)
h→0 2h
Given f '( 0) = −1
⇒ f '( x ) =
−1
By taking integral on both sides, we get,
∫ f '( x ) dx = ∫ −1 dx
⇒ f ( x ) =−x + c
Given f ( 0) =⇒
1 f ( 0) ==
c 1
⇒ f (x) =
1−x
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

Self-Assessment

Step 1:
1
Given, f ( x + y )= f ( x ) + f ( y ) + 2xy ( x + y ) − , ∀ x, y ∈  ... (1 )
3
f (x + h) − f (x ) f ( x + h ) − f ( x + 0)
f '( x ) lim
= lim
h→0 h h→0 h
 1  1
 f ( x ) + f ( h ) + 2xh ( x + h ) − 3  −  f ( x ) + f ( 0) − 3 
⇒ f '( x ) = lim    
{Using (1 )}
h→0 h
f ( h ) − f (0)
⇒ f '( x ) = lim + 2x 2 = f '( 0 ) + 2x 2
h→0 h

Step 2:
1
3f (h) − 1 f (h) −
lim = lim = 3 lim f ( h ) − =
f ( 0) f '( 0)
=
2
h→0 6h h→0 2h h→0 2h 2 3
 1
By replacing = x 0,= y 0 in equation 1, we get, f = (0) 
 3
4
⇒ f '(0) =
3
4
∴ f '( x ) =+ 2 x2
3
2 x3 4 1
⇒ f (x) = + x + k ⇒ f (0) =k =
3 3 3
3
2x 4 1 25
∴ f (x) = + x + ⇒ f ( 2) =
3 3 3 3
⇒ f ( 2)  = 8

© 2021, BYJU'S. All rights reserved