Contents Chapter 3: Detection

3.1 Break-in! 84 3.5 Body! 92

3.2 Smelly problem 86 3.6 Clues in the carpet 94
3.3 Message in a bottle 88 3.7 A week in court 96
3.4 Blood alcohol 90 3.8 C3 Chapter 3 Summary 98
Introduction IV

Biology B3 Physics P3
Biology B3 Unit Opener 2 Physics P3 Unit Opener 100

Chapter 1: New technology Chapter 1: New technology

1.1 Genetics 4 1.6 Biotechnology 1 14 1.1 Your phone 102 1.5 Your sports 110
1.2 Inherited disorders 6 1.7 Biotechnology 2 16 1.2 Your house 104 1.6 Your planet 112
1.3 Selective breeding 8 1.8 Enzymes in industry 18 1.3 Your hospital – intensive care 106 1.7 P3 Chapter 1 Summary 114
1.4 Genetic engineering 10 1.9 B3 Chapter 1 Summary 20 1.4 Your hospital – seeing inside 108
1.5 Cloning 12
Chapter 2: Turning points in physics
Chapter 2: Turning points in biology
2.1 Discovering the Universe 1 116 2.6 Radioactivity 1 126
2.1 Vaccines 1 22 2.5 DNA 30 2.2 Discovering the Universe 2 118 2.7 Radioactivity 2 128
2.2 Vaccines 2 24 2.6 Charles Darwin 32 2.3 The Big Bang 120 2.8 Electromagnetism 1 130
2.3 Antibiotics 1 26 2.7 Preventing extinction 34 2.4 Spacecraft and satellites 122 2.9 Electromagnetism 2 132
2.4 Antibiotics 2 28 2.8 B3 Chapter 2 Summary 36 2.5 Mission to the Moon 124 2.10 P3 Chapter 2 Summary 134

Chapter 3: Detection Chapter 3: Detection

3.1 Microscopy 38 3.5 Time of death 46 3.1 Detecting planets 136 3.4 Detecting messages 142
3.2 Fingerprinting 40 3.6 Pathology 48 3.2 Detecting alien life 138 3.5 Detecting particles 144
3.3 DNA fingerprinting 42 3.7 B3 Chapter 3 Summary 50 3.3 Detecting position 140 3.6 P3 Chapter 3 Summary 146
3.4 Blood typing 44

Chemistry C3 Glossary 148

Chemistry C3 Unit Opener 52 Index 154
Chapter 1: New technology Periodic Table 157

1.1 Nanoparticles 54 1.6 New fuels 64

1.2 Using nanoparticles 56 1.7 Cleaning up exhausts 66
1.3 Nanoparticles in medicine 58 1.8 Hybrid electric cars 68
1.4 Nanoparticle safety 60 1.9 C3 Chapter 1 Summary 70
1.5 Cars: pros and cons 62

Chapter 2: Turning points in chemistry

2.1 Evidence for atoms 72 2.4 Lessons from fossils 78

ii 2.2 Looking into atoms 74 2.5 The oldest primate 80
2.3 Discovering the Periodic Table 76 2.6 C3 Chapter 2 Summary 82 iii
 Introduction Opener
Each unit begins with an opener spread.
Picture Puzzlers
These puzzles relate to
something in the unit – can
This introduces you to some of the key you work out the answers?

Chemistry 3
topics that you will cover in the unit.
Picture Puzzler
Key Words

Learning objectives Welcome to your Activate Student Book.

You already know
In this unit you will learn about nanoparticles. Nanoparticles make
exciting new materials, with properties that make them perfect for
strengthening sports equipment, protecting electronic devices,

This introduction shows you all the different features

and treating disease. You will also learn about vital turning

Each spread has a set of learning

points in chemistry. How did scientists find out what’s in an Can you solve this Picture Puzzler?

This lists things you’ve already learnt atom, and what fossils tell us about the history of life on Earth?
You will also discover how chemistry helps to solve crimes.
The first letter of each of these images spells
out a science word that you will come across

objectives. These tell you what Activate has to support you on your journey through that will come up again in the unit. You already know
Q
in this unit.

Key Stage 3 Science.

● The properties of a substance are determined by the

you will be able to do by the end Picture Puzzler

structure and behaviour of its particles.

Check through them to see if there is

Give the pH of a neutral
The properties of a substance determine its uses.
Close Up
●
solution, and the pH
● Polymers have long particles. ranges of acidic and
alkaline solutions.

anything you need to recap on.

All substances are made up of atoms.

of the lesson.
●

As you work through this Student Book, you'll meet and ●

●
Every element has its own type of atom.
All the elements are listed in the Periodic Table.
The pH scale shows whether a solution is acidic, alkaline,
Can you tell what this
zoomed-in picture is?
Clue: Keeps your

build on some familiar concepts, as well as discovering

or neutral.
clothes clean.
● Techniques for separating mixtures include filtration and
chromatography.

new scientific ideas. BIG Questtio

ues nss
ion Making connections

Big questions • What gives nanoparticles their

In B3 you will learn more about fossils and

This book is packed full of fantastic (and foul!) facts, properties, and how do these
human ancestors.

Key Words
properties make them useful? In B3 you will learn about advances in

These are some of the important • How did chemists find out what medicine using nanotechnology.

as well as plenty of activities to help build your questions in science that the unit will 52
atoms are made of?
• How does chemistry help solve
crimes?
In P3 you will learn how the Universe began.
53

The key words in each spread are confidence and skills in science. help you to answer.
highlighted in bold and summarised
in the key-word box. They can also be Q These boxes contain short questions. They will help you Making connections
found in the Glossary. check that you have understood the text. This shows how what you will learn in the unit links
P3 Chapter 2: Turning points in physics

2.3 The Big Bang What happened after the Big Bang?
Scientists believe that the Big Bang happened about 14 billion
Key Words
up with the science that you will learn in other parts
years ago. After about 150 million years the first stars started to

of the course..
appear. Galaxies started to form after billions of years. It wasn’t until Big Bang, analogy
Learning objectives How did the Universe begin? When did it start? 9 billion years after the Big Bang that our Solar System formed.
After this topic you will be able to: That was 5 billion years ago. Fantastic Fact
Are we special?
● describe the timescale of the When you observe other galaxies you find that they are all moving Some scientists believe that microbes on

Maths skills
Universe away from us. You might think that our planet, or our galaxy, is very asteroids or comets developed into life on

Link
● describe what is meant by the special, and that we are at the centre of the Universe. This is not the Earth.
Big Bang. case. If we lived in the Andromeda galaxy we would see exactly the
same thing. The Milky Way would appear to be moving away from us.
Imagine that you are on the surface of a balloon that has dots on it.

Scientists use maths to help them solve problems and carry The dots are like galaxies. As you blow up the balloon each dot is Our Solar

Topic spreads
moving away from every other dot. System
formed
An astronomer called Edwin Hubble made these observations from a disc

Links show you where you can learn out their investigations. These boxes contain activities to help
about galaxies moving away from us in 1929. He also found of dust
and gas.

Each topic in the chapter has a

out that galaxies that were further away were moving faster.
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is named after him.
Life on Earth probably started about 4 billion years ago. The
The Big Bang dinosaurs lived between 200 million and 65 million years ago. The expanding Universe is like

more about something mentioned in you practise the maths you need for science. They also contain Most scientists think that the Universe began with the Big Bang.
All of space and time expanded from something smaller than
an atom. The Universe has been expanding ever since. The Big
Humans have existed for less than half a million years.

B State the age of the Solar System.

expanding dough.

Summary Questions double-page spread containing

1 Order these events, starting
the topic. useful hints and tips.
Bang theory explains why galaxies are moving apart and why the
galaxies that are further away are moving faster. Modelling timescale
Sometimes it is very difficult to imagine things that are very big,
with the earliest.
first living things
formation of the Solar System
learning objectives, practice
like the timescale of the Universe. It is good to make a model, or an

questions, key words, and task boxes

Big Bang
You can make a model of the analogy, to make it easier to understand.
dinosaurs died out
expanding Universe with a balloon. Imagine that the timescale of the Universe is compressed into a year. If the (4 marks)
Big Bang happened on 1 January, the Solar System would form in August,
2
to help you work through the chapter.
and humans would appear at 11.30 p.m. on 31 December. Compare the age of the
Earth and the age of the Universe.
The big question (2 marks)
One question that seems very confusing is this one: 3 Describe what is meant by the Big

Literacy skills
Just a theory? “If the Universe is infinite, and it is expanding, what is it expanding into?” Bang.
Sometimes it is confusing when (2 marks)
It is hard to think of what an infinite Universe means. It means that there
scientists use the word ‘theory’.
It doesn’t mean that they are not The HST is named after the person who coined the term ‘Big Bang’.
is no edge to it. There is no ‘outside’ for the Universe to expand into. 4 Draw a scaled timeline of

Summary
Think of the whole of space filled with dough. The dough goes on and the Universe until today. Include a
sure. It means that it is the best

Scientists need to be able to communicate their ideas clearly.

Summary Questions
on for ever and never stops. Inside the dough are raisins, just like galaxies. suitable scale and include key
explanation that scientists have A Name the theory that scientists have for how the events from these pages.
for all of the evidence. Universe started. The dough expands and the raisins get further apart. This is what is
120 (6 marks) 121
happening in our Universe. The space between galaxies is expanding.

This is a summary of the

These boxes contain activities and hints to help you build your
chapter. You can use it
1 Questions with one conical- reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills. to check that you have
B3 Chapter 3 Summary End-of-chapter questions
1 Complete the sentences below about blood. 5 Below is a DNA fingerprint. There are

flask symbol are the easiest. ______ blood cells carry oxygen around the three suspects.

understood the main ideas Key Points

body.
______ blood cells fight disease.
DNA from
crime scene
suspect
1
suspect
2
suspect
3

in the chapter and as a ● Forensic scientists gather and study evidence that can later be used in a court of law. ______ are used to clot the blood.

2
● Light microscopes and electron microscopes are used to examine A, AB, B, and O are the four main blood
objects that are too small to see in detail with the naked eye.

Working scientifically End-of-chapter

__________.

The questions get harder as starting point for revision.

● Electron microscopes provide better magnification and resolution than (4 marks)
light microscopes.
● A person’s fingerprints are unique. They are an impression of the ridges 2 Forensic scientists often use microscopes a Suggest the source of DNA that may have

you move down the list. questions

present on the surface of your fingers. When sweat evaporates, oils are left to look at evidence they have collected.

Scientists work in a particular way to carry out fair and

behind, leaving a fingerprint where a surface was touched. been found at the crime scene. (1 mark)
mark
a State the purpose of a microscope. (1 mark) b State and explain which suspect’s DNA
● DNA fingerprinting is the analysis of DNA from body samples to identify individuals.
b Name the two types of microscope a matches the DNA found at the crime scene.
The DNA is cut into fragments and placed on a gel. When a current is passed through

You can use these

forensic scientist might use. (2 marks) (2 marks)
marks
the gel the fragments move, creating a unique pattern.
c Name two pieces of evidence a forensic

scientific investigations. These boxes contain activities and

● The four main blood groups are A, B, AB, and O. Your blood group is determined by c Describe how enzymes are used in the
scientist might look at using a microscope.

3
antigens (protein molecules) found on the surface of your red blood cells. production of a DNA fingerprint. (1 mark)mark
(2 marks)

exam-style questions
● Blood contains plasma, platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells. d Explain the role of electricity in the

The question with three ● To estimate the time of an animal’s death, scientists gather information on body (5 marks) production of a DNA fingerprint. (2 marks)

hints to help you build these skills and understand the process
temperature, body appearance, and the presence of any insects.
3 Fingerprints are often left at the scene
6
Key Words
Pathologists are doctors who specialise in understanding the nature and cause of

Big write/Maths
Explain how the processes of

to test how well you

●
of a crime.

conical-flask symbols is the

disease. They test a range of body samples such as blood and urine. They also carry microscopy, fingerprinting, DNA
out post-mortems to identify the cause of death. forensic science, a Describe how forensic scientists identify
fingerprinting, blood typing, and time-of-

so that you can work scientifically.

● Dental records can be used to identify bodies that are otherwise hard to identify. magnification, resolution, fingerprints at a crime scene. (2 marks)
death estimates can be used to solve a violent

challenge/Case study know the topics in

fingerprint, DNA b Suggest one advantage of using

hardest. In these questions you

crime.
fingerprinting, blood group, fingerprints, rather than DNA fingerprints,
(6 marks QWC)
(6 QWC)
platelets, plasma, rigor mortis, to help solve crimes. (1 mark)

This is an activity that you Case study pathologist c Explain how police take fingerprints from
the chapter.
need to think about how to
suspects. (3 marks)
To catch a thief (6 marks)
himself when
There has been a break-in. The thief cut

present your answer. can do at the end of the 4 Forensic scientists collected the

Fantastic Fact!
breaking the window.
following pieces of evidence from a crime
Task scene.
evidence in the
Identify different possible sources of

In QWC questions you need to chapter. It will help you to crime scene. Produce a factsheet to
explain how each
source can be used in solving the crime.
●

●
a fingerprint on a window pane
a sample of blood from a bloodstain
a strand of hair

These interesting facts relate to something practise using your scientific

Tips
●

scene, showing

pay attention to the Quality of

● Include an annotated image of the crime Explain how each of these pieces of evidence
samples.
where forensic scientists should gather can be used to link a suspect to a crime.
analysed.
Explain how each sample should be (4 marks)

skills and knowledge.

●
solve the crime.

in the topic. Explain how the results can be used to

51

v
50

iv Written Communication.
●
 Biology 3 Picture Puzzler
Key Words
In this unit, you will begin by looking at genetics. This includes
genetically inherited disorders and how plant and animal genes
can be changed to alter an organism’s characteristics. You will
also study how you can protect yourself from disease through
immunisation and treat conditions using antibiotics. Finally, Can you solve this Picture Puzzler?
you will find out how forensic scientists help to solve crimes The first letter of each of these images spells
through the analysis of evidence found at the scene of a crime. out a science word that you will come across
in this unit.
You already know
●● Plants and animals, including humans, resemble their Q
Picture Puzzler
parents and share many features.
Genetic information is passed from one generation to the next. What is meant by
Close Up
●●
the term habitat?
●● Living organisms produce offspring of the same kind
but normally offspring vary and are not identical to their
parents. They exhibit variation. Can you tell what this
●● Animals and plants are suited to and adapt to their
zoomed-in picture is?
environment in different ways.
●● Variation and adaptation lead to evolution. Clue: This natural
●● Living organisms have changed over time and fossils plant fibre was found at
provide evidence and information about living things a crime scene.
that inhabited the Earth millions of years ago.

BIG Questions Making connections

In B3 you will learn about advances

• How can we create new food in medicine.

products? In C3 you will learn more about fossils and human ancestors.
s
• How can we protect ourselve In P3 you will learn how the Universe began.
against disease?
lp
2
• How do forensic scientists he 3
to solve crimes?
 B3 Chapter 1: New technology

1.1 Genetics Can characteristics be predicted?

When a sperm fertilises an egg, genes from the mother join with Genetic-cross outcomes
genes from the father. This results in the combination of alleles Scientists often display the
present in the offspring. Scientists are able to predict what an possible outcomes from a genetic
Learning objectives Have you ever wondered why brothers and sisters often organism’s offspring will look like by carrying out a genetic cross. cross as the probability of a
have a similar appearance? It’s all down to the genes they
After this topic you will be able to: How do you perform a genetic cross? characteristic being expressed. This
inherit from their parents.
●● describe the difference between In a genetic cross, alleles are represented by letters. The dominant could be in the form of a ratio, a
dominant and recessive alleles allele is represented by a capital letter, and the recessive allele by percentage, or a fraction. For example,
Which characteristics will you inherit? a 1 in 5 probability is 1/5 = 0.2 = 20%.
●● use a Punnett square to show the same, lowercase letter.
For each characteristic, you have two genes. One gene is inherited
what happens during a genetic When studying eye colour, ‘B’ is used to represent the dominant allele Write each of the following as a
from your mother, and one from your father. These two genes may
cross. for brown eyes, and ‘b’ represents the recessive allele for blue eyes. fraction and a percentage:
be the same, or different. Different forms of the same gene are
0 in 4 1 in 4 2 in 4
called alleles. Scientists use a Punnett square to show what happens to the
3 in 4 4 in 4
alleles in the genetic cross. In this example, a mother with blue eyes
A State what is meant by an allele. (bb) is crossed with a father with brown eyes (BB).

Mother: blue eyes Father: brown eyes A sperm and egg

How is eye colour inherited? cell only contain
bb BB
Some alleles will always produce a characteristic in an organism.
one copy of each Summary Questions
These are called dominant alleles. You only need one copy of a
gene.
The gene for eye colour has an allele
for blue eye colour and an allele for dominant allele for the characteristic to appear in the organism. eggs b b sperm B B 1 Copy and complete the
This allele is said to be ‘expressed’ in the organism. sentences below.
brown eye colour. A Punnett square is actually a simple table. To produce a Punnett
Different forms of the same gene
square, put the possible alleles from one parent across the top of
are known as __________ .
Link B Name the type of allele that will always produce a the square, and the alleles from the other parent down the side. __________ will always be
characteristic in an organism. Use the square to work out
You can learn more about genes in Father expressed if they are present.
the possible combinations __________ alleles will only be
B2 3.5 Inheritance For example, the allele for brown eyes is a dominant allele. If you B B
of alleles in the offspring. expressed if two copies are present.
inherit this allele from your mother, your father, or both parents, you b
Mother (3 marks)
will have brown eyes. b In this example, all offspring
Key Words The allele for blue eye colour is a recessive Father
produced will have brown 2 In mice, black fur is
dominant and white fur is
allele , dominant, recessive, Punnett square allele. You need two copies of a recessive eyes. This is because the
B B recessive. State the fur colour a
allele for the characteristic to be expressed dominant allele is present in mouse would have with the
b Bb Bb all possible combination of
in the organism. Mother following allele combinations:
b Bb Bb the parents’ alleles. a BB b bb c Bb
For example, you will only have blue eyes
if you inherit this allele from both your (3 marks)
If the father’s alleles are Bb, he will still have brown eyes but now it
mother and your father. is possible that the offspring will have blue eyes. 3 Use a Punnett square to
To have blue eyes, calculate and explain the chance
you need two In this example, two of the of a person inheriting freckles if
copies of the allele four combinations are bb, their mother has the alleles Ff and
for blue eyes. Father
allele for blue eyes which means there is a 2 in 4 their father has the alleles Ff.
B b Freckles are a dominant
allele for brown eyes chance that the offspring will
C State how many copies of a recessive allele are needed b Bb bb characteristic.
These genes belong to people who all Mother have blue eyes, and a 2 in 4
4 for it to be expressed. b Bb bb (6 marks) 5
have brown eyes. chance it will have brown eyes.
 B3 Chapter 1: New technology

1.2 Inherited disorders The Punnett square shows the possible combinations of alleles in
the offspring:

Father The outcomes are:

Learning objectives You can become ill by catching diseases such as coughs C c ●● CC – one healthy
and cold from other people. Other medical conditions can Cc – two carriers
After this topic you will be able to: C CC Cc ●●
be inherited in a person’s genes. Mother cc – one cystic fibrosis
●● describe what is meant by a c Cc cc ●●

sufferer
genetically inherited disorder What is a genetically inherited disorder?
●● calculate the probability of Genetically inherited disorders are conditions passed from Out of the four possible outcomes, there is a 1 in 4, or 25%, chance This suffer of polydactyly has an
a person suffering from an parents to their offspring in their genes. Examples include cystic of a child from this couple suffering from cystic fibrosis. extra finger.
inherited disease. fibrosis, haemophilia, and polydactyly.
What is polydactyly?
A Write down a definition of the term genetically inherited
Polydactyly is a disorder that results in a child being born with extra
Key Words
digits on their hands or feet. These can be small stumps of soft
disorder. genetically inherited disorder, carrier
tissue, or extra fingers or toes.
Polydactyly is caused by a dominant allele. Therefore, if one of your
What is cystic fibrosis?
genes contains this allele, you will have the disorder. You cannot be
Cystic fibrosis sufferers produce lots of thick sticky mucus. This
blocks their air passages, making it difficult to breathe, and can lead
a carrier of this disorder. Summary Questions
to chest infections. The excess mucus also causes difficulty in food
C State why it is not possible to be a carrier of polydactyly. 1 Copy and complete the
being absorbed. Physiotherapy and antibiotics help to manage the sentences below.
Genetic counsellors work out the symptoms but there is no cure. Genetically __________ disorders
chance of a couple’s child being born Cystic fibrosis is caused by a recessive allele, so you need two copies of What is the chance of inheriting polydactyly? are passed on from __________ to
with an inherited disorder. The genetic cross below shows the likelihood of a person suffering their __________ through their
the allele to have the disorder. If either of your genes contains a copy of
the healthy dominant allele, you will not suffer from cystic fibrosis. from polydactyly if the mother has the disorder but the father does genes. The disorders can be caused
not. In this example, P is used to represent the allele for polydactyly. by dominant or recessive alleles. If
If a person has one copy of the dominant allele and one copy of a disorder is __________ you need
the recessive allele, they are called a carrier. This means that they two copies of the allele to suffer
Mother: sufferer Father: healthy
carry a copy of the allele, but do not have the disorder. from the disorder. If a person has
Pp pp only one copy of the allele, they
B State what is meant by a carrier. are called a __________.
Eggs P p Sperm p p (5 marks)

What is the chance of inheriting cystic fibrosis? The Punnett square shows the possible combinations of alleles in 2 Explain why most people
Genetic counsellors can use a Punnett square to determine the the offspring: would not know that they are a
chance of a child inheriting a condition from their parents. If the carrier of a genetically inherited
disorder.
chance is high, couples may decide against having a child. Father The outcomes are:
Genetically inherited (3 marks)
In this example, c is used to represent the allele for cystic fibrosis. p p pp – two healthy
disorders The healthy (dominant) allele is represented with the letter C. 3 Use a Punnett square to
P Pp Pp Pp – two polydactyly
Produce a presentation to show Mother explain why a child could not
p pp pp sufferers
the main symptoms, possible Mother: carrier Father: carrier suffer from cystic fibrosis if his
treatments, and likelihood of Cc Cc mother’s alleles were CC and his
suffering from cystic fibrosis. father’s were Cc.
Out of the four possible outcomes, there is a 2 in 4, or 50%, chance
6 (6 marks) 7
eggs C c sperm C c of a child from this couple suffering from polydactyly.
 B3 Chapter 1: New technology

1.3 Selective breeding Selectively breeding sheep

Step 1 Selectively breeding sheep for

Decide which characteristic is wool production.
most important. In this example,
Learning objectives You can often guess what product a farmer is rearing the farmer wishes to select sheep
their livestock for. Large herds of dairy cows are used for that produce large, good-quality
After this topic you will be able to: fleeces. Step 4
milk production whereas sheep with long, thick coats are Select the best offspring. Breed
●● describe the process of reared for wool. Farmers can increase their production Step 2 again from this generation.
selective breeding levels by using a technique known as selective breeding.
Select parents that show high
levels of this characteristic.
●● describe some advantages Step 5
and disadvantages of selective Step 3 Repeat the process over many generations.
Breed these individuals. Eventually, all sheep will have large, good-
breeding. A State what is meant by the term selective breeding. quality fleeces.

What is selective breeding? Summary Questions

Link Most farmers choose the animals or plants they raise for their ‘Useful’ genes, which may be needed in the future, could be lost.
You can learn more about breeding in characteristics. For example, a farmer may select dairy cattle that produce For example, if a new disease occurs, an organism may not exist 1 Re-arrange the steps below into
lots of milk, or strawberry plants that produce lots of large berries. the correct order to show how
B2 3.6 Natural selection that contains the gene for resistance to this disease. This could
organisms are selectively bred.
When producing offspring, the farmer will choose their best plants result in a species becoming extinct.
Repeat the process for many
or animals to breed. This is selective breeding. The offspring generations.
Key Words produced are likely to share their parents’ desirable characteristics. D State a disadvantage of selective breeding.
Select parents that show high levels
of the desirable characteristic.
selective breeding B State an advantage of selective breeding. Selectively breeding dogs Select the best offspring and
Pedigree dogs are selectively bred so that they display the best breed again.
characteristics of their breed. This could be for speed and strength, or Breed these individuals.
How does a farmer selectively breed organisms? appearance. However, many suffer from health problems as a result of Choose a desirable characteristic.
There are five main steps in selectively breeding an organism. These
this breeding. They are at higher risk of genetically inherited disorders. (5 marks)
are the same for both plants and animals.
1 Decide which characteristic(s) of the species is most important. 2 Describe an advantage and
disadvantage of selectively
2 Select parents that show high levels of this characteristic. breeding dogs.
3 Breed these individuals. (2 marks)
4 Select the best offspring and breed again.
3 A farmer wants to produce
5 Repeat for many generations. large sweet tomatoes. He currently
grows two species of tomato:
Pedigree dogs. Pugs are selectively bred to
Disadvantages of selective breeding have short, stubby noses. This •● One species produces very sweet
When you selectively breed an organism, you are choosing which can cause breathing problems. tomatoes.
versions of a gene are passed on. By making organisms look more •● The other species produces large
For example, many Labradors suffer from hip problems and pugs
Milk production and more similar over each generation, you are reducing the tomatoes but they are not very
suffer from breathing problems. sweet.
Produce an information leaflet number of genes (the gene pool) from which a species is created.
to show farmers the steps involved The chance of inheriting a genetic defect is increased when animals Explain in detail how the farmer can
Selective breeding therefore reduces variation within a species.
are in-bred, for example, when closely related dogs, such as brother selectively breed the two species to
in selectively breeding cows for
produce large sweet tomatoes.
milk production. and sister, are bred. One result of in-breeding is that pedigree dogs
8 C State the effect of selective breeding on variation. (6 marks QWC) 9
have a much lower life expectancy than crossbreeds.
 B3 Chapter 1: New technology

1.4 Genetic engineering Frost-resistant tomatoes

The flounder is a fish that lives in very cold waters, and contains a
gene to prevent it freezing. Scientists have created frost-resistant
Key Words
tomatoes by inserting the flounder's antifreeze gene into the cells genetic engineering
Learning objectives Have you ever seen fish that glow in the dark? Scientists of a tomato plant. This type of genetically engineered tomato plant
have altered the genes of one type of fish to make them is no longer destroyed by frost, which is very beneficial for farmers.
After this topic you will be able to:
fluoresce (glow) by genetic engineering. The aim was
●● state how a product is to produce a fish that would glow in the presence of
produced using genetic polluted water.
engineering
●● describe some advantages of
What is genetic engineering?
producing products through
When farmers selectively breed plants and animals, they are
genetic engineering.
choosing organisms’ genes. However, this is a slow process that
takes place over many generations. It is also not very precise.
Scientists are now able to alter an organism’s genes to produce Flounders produce antifreeze Tomatoes can be made frost
an organism with desired characteristics. For example, crops can chemicals that allow them to resistant by adding the
live in very cold water. flounder’s antifreeze gene.
be produced that are resistant to disease. This is called genetic
engineering (or genetic modification). Genetically engineered bacteria Summary Questions
Bacteria can be genetically engineered to produce many useful
A State what is meant by genetic engineering. chemicals, including vaccines and antibiotics. As bacteria 1 Copy and complete the
reproduce very quickly, they can be used to produce large amounts sentences below.
This is a very precise process, as single genes can be targeted. It can of the chemical in a very short period. Scientists can insert __________
GloFish. genes into organisms to produce
also happen in one generation so is a much quicker process than
desired __________ . This is
selective breeding. C Name two useful chemicals produced by genetically
called __________ engineering.
engineered bacteria. For example, bacteria can be
B State an advantage of genetic engineering. engineered to produce
Your body needs a chemical called insulin to control your blood– __________.
sugar level. Some people do not produce enough insulin, and must (4 marks)
Examples of genetic engineering inject it daily. The insulin they need can be made using genetically
Many organisms have been genetically engineered. For example: engineered bacteria:
2 Describe the advantages of
genetic engineering over selective
●● cotton – to produce high yields 1 Genes that code for the production of insulin are inserted into breeding.
Genetic engineering ●● corn – to produce toxins (poison) that kill insects the bacteria. (3 marks)
cartoon strip ●● bacteria – to produce medicinal drugs.
Select one example of genetic
2 The bacteria now produce insulin. 3 Haemophilia is a disease
How can you alter an organism’s genes? 3 The bacteria multiply many times, and produce large quantities that prevents blood from clotting.
engineering. Produce a cartoon Sufferers of this disease are unable
To create an organism with a desired characteristic, scientists take of insulin.
strip that explains simply how to produce Factor VIII, a chemical
genes from another organism that shows this characteristic. These 4 The bacteria are then removed, leaving behind the useful insulin.
an organism can be genetically that clots blood. Describe how
are known as foreign genes. The foreign genes are put into plant
engineered to produce a desired bacteria can be genetically
or animal cells at a very early stage of the organism’s development.
characteristic. Write a short engineered to produce large
As the organism develops, it will display the characteristics of the quantities of Factor VIII for the
caption for each step of the
foreign genes. E.coli is genetically treatment of haemophilia.
cartoon strip. engineered to
10 (6 marks QWC) 11
produce insulin.
 B3 Chapter 1: New technology

1.5 Cloning cutting is dipped in a special chemical called rooting powder to

encourage the cutting to grow roots.
Advantages of this technique are:
new plants are produced quickly
Learning objectives Can you tell the difference between two blackbirds? ●●

Perhaps you could if you looked carefully. Can you tell the ●● the technique is cheap
After this topic you will be able to: all plants are genetically identical so they will all have the
difference between two bacteria? Probably not. This is ●●

●● describe what is meant by a because bacteria produce identical copies of themselves. desired characteristics.
clone The main disadvantage is that cloning plants reduces the variety
●● describe some advantages and
What is a clone? of genes available (the gene pool). This can increase the risk of
disadvantages of cloning. disease, or a change in the plant’s environment, destroying a Rooting powder encourages roots
A clone is an organism that is genetically identical to its parent. This to grow.
species.
means that it has the same genes as its parent, and will therefore
Link look identical. C State a disadvantage of cloning plants.
You can learn more about the way When bacteria reproduce, they divide in half. Each half contains Plant cuttings
plants reproduce in B1 3.6 Flowers and identical genes, resulting in two identical organisms, called clones. A new plant can be grown by
pollination The production of clones is useful when bacteria are used to make How can you make animal clones? taking a cutting from another
chemicals such as insulin. Most people are happy about cloning plants but there are very plant. This is an example of cloning.
mixed views on cloning animals. Some people think that cloning
animals is unethical. Try taking your own cuttings to
A State what is meant by a clone. see if you can clone a plant.
Two animal cloning techniques that scientists regularly use are:

Asexual reproduction ●● cell cloning – scientists clone human cells in the laboratory, and
use them for research into diseases
Bacteria do not reproduce using a partner. Only one parent is tissue culture – new skin and cartilage can be grown in a sterile
Summary Questions
●●
needed; this is known as asexual reproduction. New organisms environment; this technique is used to grow new skin for burns
are created by cell division. There is no mixing of genetic material
so the offspring produced are clones.
victims.
1 Copy and complete the
Scientists believe that there may be many beneficial uses of sentences below.
Many plants can also reproduce asexually. For example: cloning. For example, endangered species could be cloned, Organisms that are genetically
preventing their extinction. __________ to their parents are
●● potato plants – produce many tubers, each of which can grow
known as __________ . This is an
into a new plant example of __________
●● strawberry plants – produce long stems with tiny plants reproduction.
(plantlets) on the end (3 marks)
●● daffodils – at the end of each growing season a new bulb is
formed from which next year’s flower grows. 2 Describe the main
differences between asexual and
Spider plants reproduce asexually by
producing plantlets on side branches. sexual reproduction.
B State what is meant by asexual reproduction. (3 marks)

3 Using examples to
How can you make clones? Dolly was the first mammal to This is not actually an ear, it is illustrate your answer, compare the
Key Words When you take a plant cutting, you are making a clone. Most be cloned using cells from an
adult sheep.
just cartilage growing around
a mould. Scientists hope they
main advantages and
disadvantages of cloning.
clone, asexual reproduction plants can be grown from cuttings. A cutting is a small section of a will be able to regrow noses
12 (6 marks QWC) 13
plant. It is planted and allowed to grow into a new plant. Often the and ears in the future.
 B3 Chapter 1: New technology

1.6 Biotechnology 1 How do you make beer and wine?

Fermenting sugar
When yeast ferments sugar,
carbon dioxide is produced. Design
Learning objectives Many of the food and drinks we consume have been
an investigation to determine the
made using microorganisms. For example, yeast is
After this topic you will be able to: ideal temperature for yeast to
added to bread to make it rise. This is an example of
●● write the word equation for ferment sugar.
biotechnology.
fermentation
●● describe how bread, beer, and
What is biotechnology?
wine are made.
Biotechnology is the use of biological processes or organisms to
create useful products. Many of these products are foods and drinks.

Key Words
Alcoholic drinks are made by fermenting plant sugars.
A State what is meant by the term biotechnology.
Beer and wine are made in very similar ways. The type of alcoholic biotechnology, fermentation
drink produced depends on the source of sugar. This determines
What is yeast?
the type of ethanol produced.
Yeast is a microorganism. It is used in the production of bread and
many alcoholic drinks. These products are made using the chemical Wine is made when yeast is used to ferment grape sugar. Beer or
reaction fermentation. Fermentation is a type of anaerobic lager is made when yeast is used to ferment sugar in malted barley.
respiration – the yeast respires without needing oxygen.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the
Summary Questions
Fermentation can be represented by the following word equation: Plant sugar is
yeast used to make bread. The container is
added to a large Yeast is added to
glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide (+ energy) sealed to keep out
container – often
the plant needs to
ferment the sugar
into alcohol.
oxygen and other 1 Copy and complete the
microorganisms. sentences below.
B Write down the word equation for fermentation. be crushed.
Yeast is a __________ . It is used to
make bread and __________
Enzymes present in the yeast speed up fermentation, making drinks.
the reaction occur faster. The enzymes work best in a warm During __________ , the
The mixture is left Sediment is
environment. The liquid is bottled __________ in yeast convert
until the sugar has removed from the
or put into barrels, glucose into ethanol and
fermented into liquid, often by
ready for use. __________ __________.
How do you make bread? alcohol. filtration.
(5 marks)
Flour, water, and yeast are mixed to make dough. The dough is then
left in a warm place to rise. This is caused by the yeast respiring, 2 Some types of bread are
Before baking, the bread is left to rise. changing the sugars in the flour into ethanol and carbon dioxide. made without using yeast. Suggest
The carbon dioxide gas is trapped as bubbles inside the dough, and explain how these breads
making it rise. would differ in appearance from
bread made with yeast.
The dough is then baked. In the oven, the ethanol evaporates. The
(3 marks)
bubbles of gas expand, making the bread rise further.
Link Wine fermenters 3 Cider is an alcoholic drink
You can learn more about fermentation C Name the gas that makes dough rise. are kept warm made from apples. Explain how
to speed up cider could be produced.
in B2 2.6 Anaerobic respiration the process of
14 (6 marks QWC) 15
fermentation.