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Analytical Investigation of Nonlinear Fractional Harry Dym and Rosenau-

Hyman Equation via a Novel Transform

Article  in  Journal of Function Spaces · September 2022

DOI: 10.1155/2022/8736030

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Hindawi
Journal of Function Spaces
Volume 2022, Article ID 8736030, 12 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8736030

Research Article
Analytical Investigation of Nonlinear Fractional Harry Dym and
Rosenau-Hyman Equation via a Novel Transform

Saleh Alshammari ,1 Naveed Iqbal ,1 and Mohammad Yar 2

1
Department of Mathematics, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 2440, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Mathematics, Kabul Polytechnic University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Correspondence should be addressed to Naveed Iqbal; [email protected] and Mohammad Yar; [email protected]

Received 26 July 2022; Accepted 26 August 2022; Published 9 September 2022

Academic Editor: Yusuf Gurefe

Copyright © 2022 Saleh Alshammari et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

We use a new integral transform approach to solve the fractional Harry Dym equation and fractional Rosenau-Hyman equation in
this work. The Elzaki transform and the integral transformation are combined in the suggested method (ET). To handle two
nonlinear problems, we first construct the Elzaki transforms of the Caputo fractional derivative (CFD) and Atangana-Baleanu
fractional derivative (ABFD). The ultimate purpose of this study is to find an error analysis that demonstrates that our final
result converges to the exact and approximate result. The convergent series form solution demonstrates the method’s efficiency
in resolving several types of fractional differential equations. Furthermore, the solutions obtained in this study agree well with
the exact solutions; thus, this strategy is powerful and efficient as an alternate way for obtaining approximate solutions to both
linear and nonlinear fractional differential equations.

1. Introduction Many applications of science and engineering, including as

material sciences, biology, chemistry, fluid dynamics, chemical
Fractional calculus FC history dates back 300 years. FC origi- kinetics, and many other physical processes, use modelling in
nated with Leibniz’s usage of the nth derivative notation in his the form of FPDE systems [6–10]. For the solution of
papers in 1695. L’Hopital raises a query from Leibniz about fractional-order PDE problems, different analytical and numer-
the result of his nth derivative notation if the order of “n” is 1 ical methodologies have been developed in the literature. The
/2 [1]. Many phenomena in engineering and other fields can numerical schemes are a finite difference scheme with nonuni-
be effectively represented by models based on fractional calcu- form time steps [11–13], a higher order numerical scheme [14],
lus, that is, the theory of fractional derivatives and integrals of an implicit finite-difference scheme [15], a compact difference
fractional noninteger order. Respectable interest in fractional scheme [16], Adomian decomposition method [17], homotopy
calculus has been utilised in several studies in recent years, such analysis transform method [18], fractional-order reduced differ-
as regular variation in thermodynamics, biophysics, blood flow ential transform method [19], variational iteration method [20],
phenomena, aerodynamics, viscoelasticity, electrical circuits, natural transform decomposition method [21], Elzaki trans-
electro-analytical chemistry, biology, and control theory [2–5]. form decomposition method [22], iterative methods [23–25],
Due to their prevalence in a wide range of applications and and much more [26–30]. The abovementioned techniques have
accurate description of nonlinear processes, researchers are the straight forward implementations to both linear and nonlin-
increasingly focusing on fractional order differential equa- ear FDEs.
tions, particularly fractional partial differential equations In the present study, we implement the Elzaki transform in
(FPDEs). FPDEs are the most common mathematical tools connection with the CFD and ABC operators to solve two non-
used to simulate diverse physical phenomena in applied sci- linear problems. We consider fractional Harry Dym equation
ences such as physics, engineering, and other social sciences. and fractional Rosenau-Hyman equation of the form
2 Journal of Function Spaces

Dρτ ψðυ, τÞ = ψ3 ðυ, τÞψυυυ ðυ, τÞ, ð1Þ Definition 2. The Atangana-Baleanu Caputo operator (ABC)
is defined as [40]
having initial source ð  
ABC ρ N ðρ Þ τ ρðτ − ηÞρ
m Dτ ðκðτÞÞ =
′
κ ðηÞEρ − dη, ð6Þ
pffiffiffi !2/3 1−ρ m 1−ρ
3 b
ψðυ, 0Þ = a − υ , ð2Þ
2 where κ ∈ H 1 ðα, βÞ, β > α, ρ ∈ ½0, 1. A normalisation
function equal to 1 when ρ = 0 and ρ = 1 is represented by
and NðρÞ in Eq. (6).

Dρτ ψðυ, τÞ = ψðυ, τÞψυυυ ðυ, τÞ + ψðυ, τÞψυ ðυ, τÞ + 3ψυ ðυ, τÞψυυ ðυ, τÞ, Definition 3. The fractional integral operator in ABC man-
ner is given as [40]
ð3Þ
ðτ
1−ρ ρ
having initial source
ABC ρ
m I τ ðκðτÞÞ = κðτÞ + κðηÞðτ − ηÞρ−1 dη:
N ðρÞ Γ ðρ Þ N ð ρ Þ m
8 υ ð7Þ
ψðυ, 0Þ = − c cos2 : ð4Þ
3 4
Definition 4. For exponential function in set A, the Elzaki
The Harry Dym is a crucial dynamical equation that is used transform is given as [41, 42]
in a variety of physical systems. The Harry Dym equation was n o
initially published in Kruskal and Moser [31] and is credited to A = κðτÞ: ∃G, p1 , p2 > 0, jκðτÞj < Gejτj/p j , if τ ∈ ð−1Þ j × ½0,∞Þ :
Harry Dym in an unpublished study from 1973-1974. It
ð8Þ
denotes a system in which dispersion and nonlinearity are
inextricably linked. Harry Dym is a totally integrable nonlinear
G is a finite number, but p1 and p2 may be finite or infi-
evolution equation that obeys an infinite number of conversion
nite for a function selected in the set.
rules but lacks the Painleve property. The Harry Dym equation
is closely related to the Korteweg-de Vries equation, and this
Definition 5. The Elzaki transform of κðτÞ is given as [42]
equation has been used to hydrodynamic problems [32]. The
Sturm-Liouville operator is linked to the Lax pair of the Harry ð∞
Dym equation. This operator is spectrally transformed into the E fκðτÞgðμÞ = U~ ðμÞ = μ e−τ/μ κðτÞdτ, ð9Þ
Schrodinger operator by the Liouville transformation [33]. 0

Rosenau and Hyman [34] found the Rosenau-Hyman equa-

where τ ≥ 0, p1 ≤ μ ≤ p2 .
tion, which arises in the creation of patterns in liquid drops
with compaction solutions. The Rosenau-Hyman equation
Theorem 6. (Elzaki transformation convolution theorem,
compact on investigations is useful in applied sciences and
[43]) The following equality holds:
mathematical physics [35–38].
The following is how the rest of the paper is structured: we 1
begin with basic preliminaries and definitions of fractional cal- E fκ ∗ v g = E ðκÞE ðvÞ, ð10Þ
culus in Section 2. The proposed method’s general methodol- μ
ogy is introduced in Section 3. Section 4 focuses on applying
where Ef:g represents Elzaki transform.
the approach to a set of test problems, using graphs and tables
to demonstrate the technique’s efficiency. The discussion and ρ
conclusion of this work were delivered in Section 5. Definition 7. The Elzaki transform of C0 Dτ ðκðτÞÞ CFD oper-
ator is as [44]
2. Preliminaries
C ρ  −ρ ~
m−1

In this section, we mention the following basic definitions of E 0 D τ ð κ ð τÞ Þ ð μÞ = μ U ð μÞ − 〠 μ2−ρ+k κk ð0Þ, ð11Þ
k=0
fractional calculus.
where m − 1 < ρ < m.
Definition 1. The fractional derivative in Caputo manner
(CFD) is given as [39] ABC ρ
Theorem 8. The Elzaki transform of m Dτ ðκðτÞÞ ABC oper-
8 ðτ ator is as
>
> 1 κ ðηÞ
m
>
< ρ+1−m
dη, m − 1 < ρ < m, !
Γðm − ρÞ 0 ðτ − ηÞ ~ ðμ Þ
C ρ ABC  N ð ρ Þμ
0 Dτ ðκðτÞÞ =
U
>
> m E Dρτ ðκðτÞÞ ðμÞ = − μκð0Þ , ð12Þ
>
: d κðτÞ,
m
ρμρ + 1 − ρ μ
ρ = m:
dτm
ð5Þ ~
where EfκðτÞgμ = UðμÞ.
Journal of Function Spaces 3

Proof. From Definition 2, we get Here, E½θðυ, τÞ = e

θðυ, μÞ. Now by taking the Elzaki trans-
ð  
form of the boundary conditions, we obtain
ABC  N ðρÞ τ ρðτ − ηÞρ
E Dρτ ðκðτÞÞ ðμÞ = E κ ′ ðηÞEρ − dη ðμÞ:
m
1−ρ 0 1−ρ
E ½γ0 ðτÞ = ~ζð0, μÞ, E ½γ1 ðτÞ = ~ζð1, μÞ, μ ≥ 0: ð20Þ
ð13Þ
We get the solution of Eqs. (15)-(17) by means of perturba-
Then, from Elzaki transform definition and its convolu-
tion technique
tion, we obtain
ð  
∞
ABC  N ðρÞ τ ρ ðτ − η Þρ ~ζðυ, μÞ = 〠 X E ~ζ ðυ, μÞ, E = 0, 1, 2, ⋯:
E Dρτ ðκðτÞÞ ðμÞ = E κ ′ ðηÞEρ − dη E ð21Þ
m
1−ρ 0 1−ρ E=0
 

N ðρÞ 1 n o ρτρ
= E κ ′ ðη Þ E E ρ − dη
1−ρμ 1−ρ
" #ð    In Eq. (15), the nonlinear terms are calculated as
N ðρÞ U ~ ðμÞ ∞
ρτρ
= − μκð0Þ e−1/μ Eρ − dτ
1−ρ μ 0 1−ρ ∞
" # N ½ψðυ, τÞ = 〠 X E φE ðυ, τÞ, ð22Þ
N ðρÞμ U~ ð μÞ
= ρ − μκð0Þ : E=0
ρμ + 1 − ρ μ

ð14Þ and the terms υE ðυ, τÞ are taken in [45] as

" !#
∞
1 ∂E
3. Description of the Technique via a New υE ðψ0 , ψ1 ,⋯,ψE Þ =
E! ∂ωE
N 〠 ωi
ψ i , E = 0, 1, 2, ⋯:
Integral Transform i=0 λ=0
ð23Þ
In this part, we presented the general methodology used in
this article to solve fractional nonlinear PDE as
For Caputo operator, the solution is determined as by
putting Eqs. (21) and (22) into Eq. (18),
Dρτ ψðυ, τÞ + Lðψðυ, τÞÞ + N ðψðυ, τÞÞ = θðυ, τÞ,
ð15Þ " ! #!
ðυ, τÞ ∈ ½0, 1 × ½0, T , κ − 1 < ρ < κ, ∞ ∞ ∞
〠 X E ~ζðυ, μÞ = −Xμρ E L 〠 X E ψE ðυ, τÞ + 〠 X E φE ðυ, τÞ
E=0 E=0 E=0
with initial source  
+μ eρ
θðυ, μÞ + μ2 ψðυ, 0Þ:

∂z ψ ð24Þ
ðυ, 0Þ = κz ðυÞ, z = 0, 1, ⋯, κ − 1, ð16Þ
∂τz
Also for Atangana-Baleanu operator, the solution is
and the boundary sources determined as by putting Eqs. (21) and (22) into Eq. (19),

ψð0, τÞ = γ0 ðτÞ, ψðυ, τÞ = γ1 ðτÞ, τ ≥ 0, ð17Þ ∞   "

∞
!
∞
#!
ρμρ + 1 − ρ
〠 X E ~ζðυ, μÞ = −X E L 〠 X E ψE ðυ, τÞ + 〠 X E φE ðυ, τÞ
E=0
N ðρÞ E=0 E=0
Here, known functions are κz , θ, γ0 , and γ1 . In Eq. (15),  ρ 
ρμ + 1 − ρ e 
ρ + θðυ, μÞ + μ2 ψðυ, 0Þ:
Dτ ψðυ, τÞ represents the Caputo or ABC fractional deriva- N ðρ Þ
tives whereas Lð:Þ and Nð:Þ are linear and nonlinear terms. ð25Þ
(1)-(2) and (3)-(4) represent the problems to be solved. By
means of Elzaki transform of CFD in Eq. (11) and ABC in
Then, by solving (24) and (25) in terms of X, the given
Eq. (12), we take Efψðυ, τÞgðμÞ = ~ζðυ, μÞ in Eq. (15). Thus, Caputo homotopies are obtained:
by means of Caputo fractional derivative, we get
 
 
~ζðυ, μÞ = μρ e
θðυ, μÞ − E ½Lðψðυ, τÞÞ + N ðψðυ, τÞÞ + μ2 ψðυ, 0Þ:
X 0 : ~ζ0 ðυ, μÞ = μρ eθðυ, μÞ + μ2 ψðυ, 0Þ,

ð18Þ X 1 : ~ζ1 ðυ, μÞ = −μρ E ½Lðψ0 ðυ, τÞÞ + φ0 ðυ, τÞ,

Also by means of ABC derivative, we get X 2 : ~ζ2 ðυ, μÞ = −μρ E ½Lðψ1 ðυ, τÞÞ + φ1 ðυ, τÞ,

 ρ  
⋮
~ζðυ, μÞ = ρμ + 1 − ρ e θðυ, μÞ − E ½Lðψðυ, τÞÞ + N ðψðυ, τÞÞ + μ2 ψðυ, 0Þ:
N ð ρÞ X n+1 : ~ζn+1 ðυ, μÞ = −μρ E ½Lðψn ðυ, τÞÞ + φn ðυ, τÞ:
ð19Þ ð26Þ
4 Journal of Function Spaces

In addition, the ABC homotopies are obtained as given: Now applying Elzaki perturbation transform technique
 ρ  in Eq. (30), we obtain
ρμ + 1 − ρ e
X 0 : ~ζ0 ðυ, μÞ = θðυ, μÞ + μ2 ψðυ, 0Þ, ∞
N ðρÞ
 ρ  〠 X E ~ζE ðυ, μÞ = +μ2 ψðυ, 0Þ: ð31Þ
ρμ + 1 − ρ E=0
X 1 : ~ζ1 ðυ, μÞ = − E ½Lðψ0 ðυ, τÞÞ + φ0 ðυ, τÞ,
N ðρÞ
 ρ  On taking Elzaki inverse transform of Eq. (31), we get
ρμ + 1 − ρ
X 2 : ~ζ2 ðυ, μÞ = − E ½Lðψ1 ðυ, τÞÞ + φ1 ðυ, τÞ, " " !##
N ðρÞ ∞ ∞

E −1 ρ E
〠 X ψE ðυ, μÞ = XE μ E 〠 X φE ðυ, τÞ + E −1 μ2 ψðυ, 0Þ :
⋮ E=0 E=0
 
~ ρμρ + 1 − ρ ð32Þ
X n+1 : ζn+1 ðυ, μÞ = − E ½Lðψn ðυ, τÞÞ + φn ðυ, τÞ:
N ðρÞ
ð27Þ In Eq. (43), the υE ð:Þ denotes the nonlinear terms given
in Eq. (24),
When X ⟶ 1, we get Eqs. (26) and (27) approximate
solution for Eqs. (24) and (25) as φ0 ðψÞ = ψ30 ðψ0 Þυυυ ,

n
φ1 ðψÞ = ψ30 ðψ1 Þυυυ + 3ψ20 ψ1 ðψ0 Þυυυ , ð33Þ
Δn ðυ, μÞ = 〠 ~ζσ ðυ, μÞ: ð28Þ ⋮:
σ=0

Thus by considering powers of X, we get Caputo opera-

Now by taking inverse ET of Eq. (28), we get the approx-
tor solution as
imate solution of Eq. (15)
" pffiffiffi !2/3 # pffiffiffi !2/3
−1 3 b 3 b
ψðυ, μÞ ≅ ψn ðυ, τÞ = E jfρn ðυ, μÞg: ð29Þ 0
X : ψ0 ðυ, τÞ = E −1
μ 2
a− υ = a− υ ,
2 2
pffiffiffi !−1/3
4. Applications 1 −1 ρ
X : ψ1 ðυ, τÞ = E ½μ E ½Lðφ0 ðυ, τÞÞ = −b 3/2
a−
3 b
υ
τρ
,
2 Γðρ + 1Þ
In this part, we will solve problems in Eqs. (1)-(4) by imple- pffiffiffi !−4/3
menting Elzaki transform. First, we implement Elzaki trans- b3 3 b τ2ρ
X 2 : ψ2 ðυ, τÞ = E −1 ½μρ E ½Lðφ1 ðυ, τÞÞ = − a− υ ,
form technique in combination with Caputo derivative to 2 2 Γð2ρ + 1Þ
solve problem (1) having initial source (2). By taking the ⋮:
Elzaki transform, we get
ð34Þ

~ζðυ, μÞ = μρ E ψ3 ðυ, τÞψ ðυ, τÞ + μ2 ψðυ, 0Þ:
υυυ ð30Þ The series form solution of the problem is given as

pffiffiffi !2/3 pffiffiffi !−1/3 pffiffiffi !−4/3 !

3 b 3 b τρ b3 3 b τ2ρ
ψðυ, τÞ = a− υ − b3/2 a − υ − a− υ +⋯ , ð35Þ
2 2 Γ ð ρ + 1Þ 2 2 Γð2ρ + 1Þ

pffiffiffi 2/3 ∞   " ∞ !#

which gives the solution at ðρ = 1Þ as ða − 3 b/2ðυ + bτÞÞ . ρμρ + 1 − ρ
〠 X E ~ζE ðυ, μÞ = X E 〠 X E φE ðυ, τÞ + μ2 ψðυ, 0Þ:
Now, we implement Elzaki transform technique in com- E=0
N ðρÞ E=0
bination with Atangana-Baleanu operator to solve same ð37Þ
problem. By taking the Elzaki transform, we get
 ρ  On taking Elzaki inverse transform of Eq. (37), we get
~ζðυ, μÞ = ρμ + 1 − ρ E ψ3 ðυ, τÞψ ðυ, τÞ + μ2 ψðυ, 0Þ: ð36Þ
υυυ
N ðρÞ "
∞  " ∞ !##
ρμρ + 1 − ρ 
〠 X E ψE ðυ, τÞ = XE −1 E 〠 X E φE ðυ, τÞ + E −1 μ2 ψðυ, 0Þ :
E=0
N ðρÞ E=0
Now applying Elzaki perturbation transform technique
to (36), we obtain ð38Þ
Journal of Function Spaces 5

In Eq.(38), υE ð:Þ denotes the nonlinear terms given in

Eq. (23). By repeating the same process for nonlinear terms,
we obtain the following terms:

" pffiffiffi !2/3 # pffiffiffi !2/3

0 −1 2 3 b 3 b
X : ψ0 ðυ, τÞ = E μ a − υ = a− υ ,
2 2
0   pffiffiffi  −1/3 1
 ρ   −b3/2 a − 3 b/2 υ  
ρμ + 1 − ρ ρτρ
X 1 : ψ1 ðυ, τÞ = E −1 E ½φ0 ðυ, τÞ = B
@
C
A +1−ρ ,
N ðρÞ N ðρÞ Γ ð ρ + 1Þ
ð39Þ
0   pffiffiffi  −4/3 1
 ρ   3 !
ρμ + 1 − ρ −b /2 a − 3 b/2 υ ðρτρ Þ2 2ρð1 − ρÞτρ
2
X : ψ2 ðυ, τÞ = E −1 B
E ½φ1 ðυ, τÞ = @ C + 2
+ ð1 − ρ Þ ,
A
N ðρÞ N 2 ðρÞ Γð2ρ + 1Þ Γðρ + 1Þ

⋮:

Thus, the approximate solution by means of ABC oper-

ator is given as

0   pffiffiffi  −1/3 1
pffiffiffi !2/3 3/2  
n
3 b −b a − 3 b/2 υ ρτρ
ψðυ, τÞ = 〠 ψσ ðυ, τÞ = a − υ +B
@
C
A +1−ρ
σ=0 2 N ðρÞ Γðρ + 1Þ
0   pffiffiffi  −4/3 1 ð40Þ
!
−b3 /2 a − 3 b/2 υ ðρτρ Þ2 2ρð1 − ρÞτρ
B
+@ C + 2
+ ð1 − ρÞ +⋯,
A
N 2 ðρÞ Γð2ρ + 1Þ Γðρ + 1Þ

pffiffiffi 2/3
which gives the solution at ðρ = 1Þ as ða − 3 b/2ðυ + bτÞÞ .
Second, we implement Elzaki transform technique in
combination with Caputo derivative to solve problem (3) hav-
ing initial source (4). By taking the Elzaki transform, we get

~ζðυ, μÞ = μρ E ½ψðυ, τÞψ ðυ, τÞ + ψðυ, τÞψ ðυ, τÞ + 3ψ ðυ, τÞψ ðυ, τÞ + μ2 ψðυ, 0Þ: ð41Þ
υυυ υ υ υυ

Now applying Elzaki perturbation transform technique On taking Elzaki inverse transform of Eq. (42), we get
in Eq. (41), we obtain
" " !# #
∞ ∞
" !# E
〠 X ψE ðυ, μÞ = XE −1 ρ
μ E E
〠 X φE ðυ, τÞ
∞ ∞
〠 X E ~ζE ðυ, μÞ = Xμρ E 〠 X E φE ðυ, τÞ + μ2 ψðυ, 0Þ: ð42Þ E=0 E=0 ð43Þ

E=0 E=0 + E −1 μ2 ψðυ, 0Þ :
6 Journal of Function Spaces

Table 1: Comparison of absolute errors of proposed method solution at various fractional-orders with a, b = 1 for problem 1.

τ υ ρ = 0:4 ρ = 0:6 ρ = 0:8 ρ = 1ðETMCFD Þ ρ = 1ðETMABC Þ

0.2 3.0035700000E-04 2.0035600000E-04 1.0035400000E-04 3.5300000000E-07 3.5300000000E-07
0.4 3.0033900000E-04 2.0033800000E-04 1.0033600000E-04 3.3500000000E-07 3.3500000000E-07
0.01 0.6 3.0031800000E-04 2.0031700000E-04 1.0031500000E-04 3.1400000000E-07 3.1400000000E-07
0.8 3.0029400000E-04 2.0029300000E-04 1.0029100000E-04 2.9000000000E-07 2.9000000000E-07
1 3.0026800000E-04 2.0026700000E-04 1.0026500000E-04 2.6400000000E-07 2.6400000000E-07
0.2 3.0071500000E-04 2.0071200000E-04 1.0071000000E-04 7.0700000000E-07 7.0700000000E-07
0.4 3.0067800000E-04 2.0067500000E-04 1.0067300000E-04 6.7000000000E-07 6.7000000000E-07
0.02 0.6 3.0063600000E-04 2.0063300000E-04 1.0063100000E-04 6.2800000000E-07 6.2800000000E-07
0.8 3.0058900000E-04 2.0058600000E-04 1.0058400000E-04 5.8100000000E-07 5.8100000000E-07
1 3.0053500000E-04 2.0053200000E-04 1.0053000000E-04 5.2700000000E-07 5.2700000000E-07
0.2 3.0107100000E-04 2.0106700000E-04 1.0106400000E-04 1.0600000000E-06 1.0600000000E-06
0.4 3.0101600000E-04 2.0101200000E-04 1.0100900000E-04 1.0050000000E-06 1.0050000000E-06
0.03 0.6 3.0095300000E-04 2.0094900000E-04 1.0094600000E-04 9.4200000000E-07 9.4200000000E-07
0.8 3.0088200000E-04 2.0087800000E-04 1.0087500000E-04 8.7100000000E-07 8.7100000000E-07
1 3.0080100000E-04 2.0079700000E-04 1.0079400000E-04 7.9000000000E-07 7.9000000000E-07
0.2 3.0142700000E-04 2.0142200000E-04 1.0141800000E-04 1.4130000000E-06 1.4130000000E-06
0.4 3.0135400000E-04 2.0134900000E-04 1.0134500000E-04 1.3400000000E-06 1.3400000000E-06
0.04 0.6 3.0127000000E-04 2.0126500000E-04 1.0126100000E-04 1.2560000000E-06 1.2560000000E-06
0.8 3.0117600000E-04 2.0117100000E-04 1.0116700000E-04 1.1620000000E-06 1.1620000000E-06
1 3.0106700000E-04 2.0106200000E-04 1.0105800000E-04 1.0530000000E-06 1.0530000000E-06
0.2 3.0178400000E-04 2.0177900000E-04 1.0177300000E-04 1.7670000000E-06 1.7670000000E-06
0.4 3.0169200000E-04 2.0168700000E-04 1.0168100000E-04 1.6750000000E-06 1.6750000000E-06
0.05 0.6 3.0158700000E-04 2.0158200000E-04 1.0157600000E-04 1.5700000000E-06 1.5700000000E-06
0.8 3.0146900000E-04 2.0146400000E-04 1.0145800000E-04 1.4520000000E-06 1.4520000000E-06
1 3.0133300000E-04 2.0132800000E-04 1.0132200000E-04 1.3160000000E-06 1.3160000000E-06

In Eq. (43), υE ð:Þ denotes the nonlinear terms given in Eq. (24),

φ0 ðψÞ = ψ0 ðψ0 Þυ + 3ðψ0 Þυ ðψ0 Þυυ + ψ0 ðψ0 Þυυυ ,

φ1 ðψÞ = ψ1 ðψ0 Þυ + ψ0 ðψ1 Þυ + 3ðψ1 Þυ ðψ0 Þυυ + 3ðψ0 Þυ ðψ1 Þυυ + ψ1 ðψ0 Þυυυ + ψ0 ðψ1 Þυυυ , ð44Þ
⋮:

Thus by considering powers of X, we get Caputo opera- The series form solution of the problem is given as
tor solution as
 υ 2 υ τρ υ τ2ρ 
8 1
  υ υ ψðυ, τÞ = − c cos2 − c2 sin + c3 cos +⋯ ,
8 8 3 4 3 2 Γðρ + 1Þ 3 2 Γð2ρ + 1Þ
X 0 : ψ0 ðυ, τÞ = E −1 μ2 − c cos2 = − c cos2 ,
3 4 3 4
  ρ
ð46Þ
2 υ τ
X 1 : ψ1 ðυ, τÞ = E −1 ½μρ E ½Lðφ0 ðυ, τÞÞ = − c2 sin ,
3 2 Γðρ + 1Þ
υ τ2ρ
1
X 2 : ψ2 ðυ, τÞ = E −1 ½μρ E ½Lðφ1 ðυ, τÞÞ + E −1 ½μρ E ½υ1 ðυ, τÞ = c3 cos , which gives the solution at ðρ = 1Þ as, −8/3c cos2
3 2 Γð2ρ + 1Þ
ð1/4ðυ − cτÞÞ.
⋮:
Now, we implement Elzaki transform technique in combi-
ð45Þ nation with Atangana-Baleanu operator to solve same problem.
Journal of Function Spaces 7

Table 2: Comparison of absolute errors of proposed method solution at various fractional-orders with c = 0:5 for problem 2.

τ υ ρ = 0:4 ρ = 0:6 ρ = 0:8 ρ = 1ðETMCFD Þ ρ = 1ðETMABC Þ

0.2 5.0265200000E-04 3.3503800000E-04 1.6749500000E-04 2.0000000000E-08 2.0000000000E-08
0.4 1.0002620000E-03 6.6670800000E-04 3.3329700000E-04 2.1000000000E-08 2.1000000000E-08
0.01 0.6 1.4878770000E-03 9.9171600000E-04 4.9576800000E-04 1.9000000000E-08 1.9000000000E-08
0.8 1.9606260000E-03 1.3068160000E-03 6.5328500000E-04 1.9000000000E-08 1.9000000000E-08
1 2.4137850000E-03 1.6088580000E-03 8.0427600000E-04 1.8000000000E-08 1.8000000000E-08
0.2 5.0535100000E-04 3.3681900000E-04 1.6839800000E-04 8.2000000000E-08 8.2000000000E-08
0.4 1.0055720000E-03 6.7019200000E-04 3.3503200000E-04 8.2000000000E-08 8.2000000000E-08
0.02 0.6 1.4957440000E-03 9.9686700000E-04 4.9831800000E-04 8.0000000000E-08 8.0000000000E-08
0.8 1.9709720000E-03 1.3135820000E-03 6.5662400000E-04 7.7000000000E-08 7.7000000000E-08
1 2.4265060000E-03 1.6171720000E-03 8.0837000000E-04 7.4000000000E-08 7.4000000000E-08
0.2 5.0779200000E-04 3.3845200000E-04 1.6925200000E-04 1.8600000000E-07 1.8600000000E-07
0.4 1.0103250000E-03 6.7333600000E-04 3.3662600000E-04 1.8400000000E-07 1.8400000000E-07
0.03 0.6 1.5027620000E-03 1.0014910000E-03 5.0063600000E-04 1.7900000000E-07 1.7900000000E-07
0.8 1.9801840000E-03 1.3196410000E-03 6.5964500000E-04 1.7300000000E-07 1.7300000000E-07
1 2.4378200000E-03 1.6246040000E-03 8.1206200000E-04 1.6500000000E-07 1.6500000000E-07
0.2 5.1008200000E-04 3.4000300000E-04 1.7008800000E-04 3.3200000000E-07 3.3200000000E-07
0.4 1.0147360000E-03 6.7627600000E-04 3.3814400000E-04 3.2700000000E-07 3.2700000000E-07
0.04 0.6 1.5092490000E-03 1.0057910000E-03 5.0282100000E-04 3.1800000000E-07 3.1800000000E-07
0.8 1.9886830000E-03 1.3252570000E-03 6.6247400000E-04 3.0700000000E-07 3.0700000000E-07
1 2.4482470000E-03 1.6314820000E-03 8.1550800000E-04 2.9300000000E-07 2.9300000000E-07
0.2 5.1227100000E-04 3.4150300000E-04 1.7092100000E-04 5.1800000000E-07 5.1800000000E-07
0.4 1.0189040000E-03 6.7907600000E-04 3.3961600000E-04 5.1100000000E-07 5.1100000000E-07
0.05 0.6 1.5153560000E-03 1.0098610000E-03 5.0491600000E-04 4.9800000000E-07 4.9800000000E-07
0.8 1.9966670000E-03 1.3305580000E-03 6.6517100000E-04 4.8000000000E-07 4.8000000000E-07
1 2.4580280000E-03 1.6379590000E-03 8.1877900000E-04 4.5700000000E-07 4.5700000000E-07

By taking the Elzaki transform, we get On taking Elzaki inverse transform of Eq. (48), we get
 ρ 
~ζðυ, μÞ = ρμ + 1 − ρ E ½ψðυ, τÞψ ðυ, τÞ ∞
"  " ∞ !##
υυυ ρμρ + 1 − ρ
N ðρ Þ 〠 X E ψE ðυ, τÞ = XE −1 E 〠 X E φE ðυ, τÞ
E=0
N ðρÞ E=0
+ ψðυ, τÞψυ ðυ, τÞ + 3ψυ ðυ, τÞψυυ ðυ, τÞ + μ2 ψðυ, 0Þ: 
+ E −1 μ2 ψðυ, 0Þ :
ð47Þ
ð49Þ
Now applying Elzaki perturbation transform technique to
Eq. (47), we obtain In Eq. (38), υE ð:Þ denotes the nonlinear terms given in Eq.
∞   " ∞ !# (23). By repeating the same process for nonlinear terms, we
ρμρ + 1 − ρ
E~
〠 X ζE ðυ, μÞ = X E E
〠 X φE ðυ, τÞ + μ2 ψðυ, 0Þ: ð48Þ obtain the following terms:
E=0
N ðρ Þ E=0

  υ  8 υ
8
X 0 : ψ0 ðυ, τÞ = E −1 μ2 − c cos2 = − c cos2 ,
3 4 3 4
 ρ      
ρμ + 1 − ρ −2/3c2 sin ðυ/2Þ ρτρ
X 1 : ψ1 ðυ, τÞ = E −1 E ½φ0 ðυ, τÞ = +1−ρ ,
N ðρÞ N ðρÞ Γðρ + 1Þ
!
ð50Þ
 ρ    3  ρ 2
ρμ + 1 − ρ 1/3c cos ð υ/2 Þ ð ρτ Þ 2ρð1 − ρÞτρ 2
X 2 : ψ2 ðυ, τÞ = E −1 E ½φ1 ðυ, τÞ = + + ð 1 − ρ Þ ,
N ðρÞ N 2 ðρÞ Γð2ρ + 1Þ Γðρ + 1Þ
⋮:
8 Journal of Function Spaces

Table 3: Comparison of the exact and proposed method solution at various values of ρ with a, b = 1 for problem 1.

τ υ ρ = 0:4 ρ = 0:6 ρ = 0:8 ρ = 1ðapproxÞ ρ = 1ðexactÞ

0.2 2.391919 2.392019 2.392119 2.392219 2.392219
0.4 2.260796 2.260896 2.260996 2.261096 2.261096
0.01 0.6 2.125753 2.125853 2.125953 2.126053 2.126054
0.8 1.986275 1.986375 1.986475 1.986575 1.986576
1 1.841714 1.841814 1.841914 1.842015 1.842014
0.2 2.391918 2.392018 2.392118 2.392218 2.392218
0.4 2.260795 2.260895 2.260995 2.261095 2.261096
0.02 0.6 2.125752 2.125852 2.125952 2.126052 2.126053
0.8 1.986274 1.986374 1.986474 1.986574 1.986575
1 1.841713 1.841813 1.841913 1.842013 1.842014
0.2 2.391917 2.392017 2.392117 2.392217 2.392218
0.4 2.260794 2.260894 2.260994 2.261094 2.261095
0.03 0.6 2.125751 2.125851 2.125951 2.126051 2.126052
0.8 1.986273 1.986373 1.986473 1.986573 1.986574
1 1.841712 1.841812 1.841912 1.842012 1.842013
0.2 2.391916 2.392016 2.392116 2.392216 2.392217
0.4 2.260793 2.260893 2.260993 2.261093 2.261094
0.04 0.6 2.125750 2.125850 2.125950 2.126051 2.126052
0.8 1.986272 1.986372 1.986472 1.986572 1.986573
1 1.841711 1.841811 1.841911 1.842011 1.842012
0.2 2.391915 2.392015 2.392115 2.392215 2.392216
0.4 2.260792 2.260892 2.260992 2.261093 2.261094
0.05 0.6 2.125749 2.125849 2.125949 2.126050 2.126051
0.8 1.986271 1.986371 1.986471 1.986572 1.986573
1 1.841710 1.841810 1.841910 1.842011 1.842012

Thus, the approximate solution by means of ABC oper-

ator is given as

n 
8 υ −2/3c2 sin ðυ/2Þ ρτρ 
ψðυ, τÞ = 〠 ψσ ðυ, τÞ = − c cos2 + +1−ρ
σ=0 3 4 N ðρÞ Γðρ + 1Þ
  ! ð51Þ
3 ρ 2 ρ
1/3c cos ðυ/2Þ ðρτ Þ 2ρð1 − ρÞτ 2
+ + + ð1 − ρÞ +⋯,
N 2 ðρÞ Γð2ρ + 1Þ Γðρ + 1Þ

which gives the solution at ðρ = 1Þ as, −8/3c cos2 simplicity and accuracy of the provided method. The error
ð1/4ðυ − cτÞÞ. analysis between the exact and approximate solutions is shown
in Tables 1 and 2, indicating that the series solution quickly
5. Results and Discussion converges to a small value. Also, in Tables 3 and 4, we show
the numerical simulation of the proposed method solution.
In this article, a detailed investigation of error analysis between As a result, we will only use the third order of the series solution
exact and approximate solutions, as stated by Tables 1 and 2, throughout the numerical evolution. The correctness of the
has been conducted with greater accuracy. In table, calculating error analytical result will be increased by inserting more terms
the absolute error at various fractional-orders demonstrates the of approximation solution. Figures 1 and 2 depict the
Journal of Function Spaces 9

Table 4: Comparison of the exact and proposed method solution at various values of ρ with c = 0:5 for problem 2.

τ υ ρ = 0:4 ρ = 0:6 ρ = 0:8 ρ = 1ðapproxÞ ρ = 1ðexactÞ

0.2 -1.330522 -1.330354 -1.330186 -1.330019 -1.330019
0.4 -1.321077 -1.320744 -1.320410 -1.320077 -1.320077
0.01 0.6 -1.305094 -1.304598 -1.304102 -1.303606 -1.303606
0.8 -1.282732 -1.282079 -1.281425 -1.280772 -1.280772
1 -1.254215 -1.253410 -1.252605 -1.251801 -1.251801
0.2 -1.330541 -1.330372 -1.330204 -1.330036 -1.330035
0.4 -1.321116 -1.320780 -1.320445 -1.320110 -1.320110
0.02 0.6 -1.305151 -1.304652 -1.304154 -1.303656 -1.303656
0.8 -1.282808 -1.282150 -1.281493 -1.280837 -1.280837
1 -1.254307 -1.253498 -1.252689 -1.251881 -1.251881
0.2 -1.330560 -1.330390 -1.330221 -1.330052 -1.330052
0.4 -1.321153 -1.320816 -1.320480 -1.320143 -1.320143
0.03 0.6 -1.305208 -1.304706 -1.304205 -1.303705 -1.303705
0.8 -1.282882 -1.282221 -1.281561 -1.280902 -1.280901
1 -1.254399 -1.253585 -1.252773 -1.251961 -1.251961
0.2 -1.330579 -1.330409 -1.330239 -1.330069 -1.330069
0.4 -1.321191 -1.320852 -1.320514 -1.320176 -1.320176
0.04 0.6 -1.305263 -1.304760 -1.304257 -1.303754 -1.303754
0.8 -1.282955 -1.282291 -1.281629 -1.280966 -1.280966
1 -1.254489 -1.253672 -1.252856 -1.252041 -1.252041
0.2 -1.330597 -1.330426 -1.330256 -1.330085 -1.330085
0.4 -1.321228 -1.320888 -1.320549 -1.320209 -1.320209
0.05 0.6 -1.305318 -1.304813 -1.304308 -1.303803 -1.303803
0.8 -1.283028 -1.282361 -1.281696 -1.281031 -1.281031
1 -1.254578 -1.253758 -1.252939 -1.252121 -1.252120

2.0 2.0
1.9 Exact 1.9 Analytical
1.8 1.8
1.7 1.7
1.6 1.6
1.5 1.5
1.4 1.4
1.3 1.3

0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.2
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
𝜏 0.8 1 0.8 𝜐 𝜏 0.8 1 0.8 𝜐
(a) (b)

Figure 1: The graphical layout of the exact solution, proposed method solution at ρ = 1 and at various fractional orders of ρ = 1,0:8,0:6,0:4
with a, b = 1 for problem 1.
10 Journal of Function Spaces

0.24 0.24
0.22 0.22
0.20 0.20
0.18 Exact 0.18 Analytical
0.16 0.16
0.14 0.14
0.12 0.12
0.10 0.10
0.08 0.08
0 0.2 0 0 0.2 0
0.4 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.2
𝜏 0.8 1 0.8 0.6 𝜏 0.8 1 0.8 0.6
υ 𝜐
(a) (b)

0.26

0.24
0.22

0.26 0.20
0.24
0.18
0.22
0.20 0.16
0.18
0.16 0.14
0.14 0.12
0.12
0.10 0.10
0.08 0.08
0 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0.4 0.6 0.4 0.2
𝜏 0.8 1 0.8 0.6 𝜐
𝜐
ρ=1 ρ = 0.7
ρ=1 ρ = 0.7 ρ = 0.8 ρ = 0.6
ρ = 0.8 ρ = 0.6
(c) (d)

Figure 2: The graphical layout of the exact solution, proposed method solution at ρ = 1 and at various fractional orders of ρ = 1,0:8,0:6,0:4
with c = 0:5 for problem 2.

behaviour of the exact and proposed approach solutions and it shows the reliability of the algorithm, and it is greatly suit-
describe the properties of the approximate solution. We also able for nonlinear fractional partial differential equation.
present the proposed approach solution at different fractional-
orders for a better understanding of the problems characteris-
tics. We concluded that the recommended technique solution Data Availability
was in good agreement with the exact solution based on the The numerical data used to support the findings of this
tables and graphs. study are included within the article.

6. Conclusion Conflicts of Interest

The main goal of this study is to use an efficient technique to The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest
determine the solution to the fractional Harry Dym equation regarding the publication of this article.
and fractional Rosenau-Hyman equation. The proposed
method is used in addition to two fractional derivatives:
Caputo fractional derivative and Atangana-Baleanu frac-
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