MODULE VI

SPUR GEARS

DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL INFORMATION

 Gears is a machine part considered as a friction wheel with teeth cut around its circumference and used to connect
shafts for the purpose of transmitting motion and power.
 Gears are used to transmit motion from a rotating shaft to another that rotates, or from a rotating shaft to a body which
translates and which can be considered as rotating about an axis at infinity.
 Gears are commonly employed for transmitting power from one rotating shaft to another.
 In comparison with friction or belt drives, gears are especially adapted where an exact velocity ratio is required or
where driving and driven members must maintain definite phase relationship.
 The basic types of gears are spur gears, helical gears, bevel gears, and worm gearings.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF GEARS

1. Spur Gears are gears with teeth parallel to the axis of rotation and are used to transmit motion from one shaft to
another, parallel shaft.
Gear
Figure 6.1. Spur Gears

Pinion

2. Helical Gears are gears with teeth inclined to the axis of rotation. These can be used for the same applications as
spur gears and, when so used, are not noisy, because of the more gradual engagement of the teeth during meshing.
The inclined tooth also develops thrust loads and bending couples, which are not present with spur gearing.
Sometimes used to transmit motion between nonparallel shafts.

Figure 6.2. Helical Gears

3. Bevel Gears are gears with teeth formed on conical surfaces and are used mostly for transmitting motion between
intersecting shafts. Spiral Bevel Gears - are cut so that the tooth is no longer straight, but forms a circular arc.
Hypoid Bevel Gears - are quite similar to spiral bevel gears except that the shaft are offset and non-intersecting.

Figure 6.3. Straight Bevel Gears

4. Worm Gearings - gears used for non-intersecting and non-parallel shafts. The worm gear resembles a screw.

Figure 6.4. Worm Gearings

SPUR GEAR NOMECLATURE

1. Pitch Circle is the circle on gear that corresponds to the contact surface of the friction wheel.
2. Addendum Circle is the circle drawn through the top of the gear tooth; its center is at the gear center.
3. Addendum is the radial distance from the pitch circle to the addendum circle.
4. Root or Dedendum Circle is the circle drawn through the bottom of the gear tooth; its center is at the gear center.
5. Dedendum is the radial distance from the pitch circle to the root circle.
6. Clearance circle is the largest circle centered at the gear center, which is not penetrated by the teeth of the mating gear.
It is a circle tangent to the addendum circle of the mating gear.
7. Clearance is the radial distance from the clearance circle to the root circle. It is the difference between the dedendum of
one gear and addendum of the mating gear.
8. Whole Depth is the radial distance between the addendum and dedendum circle. It is the sum of the addendum and the
dedendum.
9. Working Depth is the radial distance between the addendum and the clearance circle.
10. Backlash is the minimum distance between the non-driving side of a tooth and the adjacent side of the mating tooth. It
is the amount by which the width of a tooth space exceeds the thickness of the engaging tooth measured on the pitch
circle.
11. Arc of action is an arc of the pitch circle through which a tooth travels from the first point of contact with the mating
tooth to the point where the contact ceases.
12. Arc of approach is an arc of the circle through which a tooth travels from the point of contact with the mating tooth to
the pitch point.

Figure 6.5. Spur Gear Nomenclature

13. Arc of recess is an arc of the pitch circle through which a tooth travels from its contact with the mating tooth at the
pitch point where the contact ceases.
14. Axial plane in a pair of gears is the plane that contains the two axes; in a single gear. It may be any plane containing
the axis and the given point.
15. Pressure angle is the angle between the line drawn from the pitch point perpendicular to the line of centers and the line
drawn from the pitch point to the point where a pair of teeth is in contact.
16. Base circle is the circle from which an involute tooth is generated or developed.
17. Base helix angle is the angle in the base cylinder of an involute gear that the tooth makes with the gear axis.
18. Base pitch of an involute gear is the pitch on the base circle or along the line of action.
19. Normal base pitch of an involute gear is the base pitch in the normal plane.
20. Axial base pitch of an involute gear is the base pitch in the axial plane.
21. Center distance is the distance between the parallel axes of spur gears and parallel helical gears, or distance between
the crossed axes of helical gears and worm gears. It can be define also as the distance between the centers of pitch
circles.
22. Clearance is the amount by which the dedendum exceeds the addendum of the mating tooth. It is the radial distance
between the top of the tooth and the bottom of the mating tooth space.
23. Tooth thickness or circular thickness is the width of the tooth measured along the pitch circle.
24. Chordal thickness is the tooth width measured along the chord at the pitch circle.
25. Tooth space or width of space the space between teeth measured along the pitch circle.
26. Face width is the length of teeth in an axial direction.
27. Tooth face the surface of the tooth between the pitch cylinder and the addendum cylinder.
28. Tooth flank the surface of the tooth between the pitch and root cylinders.
29. Tooth top land the surface of the top of the tooth.
30. Tooth bottomland the surface of the bottom of the tooth space.

PITCH AND BASE CIRCLES

 There are two common pitches being considered in gears, the diamtral pitch and the circular pitch.
Circular Pitch
 Circular Pitch is the distance measured along the pitch circle from a point on one tooth to the corresponding point
on the adjacent tooth of the gear.

Eq. 6.1

Where, D = the pitch diameter, inches or mm. T = the no. of teeth of the gear
Pc = circular pitch of the gear, inch/tooth, inch, mm/tooth, or mm.

Diametral Pitch
 Diametral Pitch is equal to the number of teeth of a gear divided by the diameter of the pitch circle in inches. It is
the number of teeth per inch of the pitch diameter. This is also a number or parameter used to determine the sizes
of gears in the English system.

Eq. 6.2

Where, Pd = diametral pitch, teeth/inch T = no. of teeth of the gear

D = pitch diameter, inches

DIAMETRAL PETCHES FOR FOUR TOOTH CLASSES

 Table 6.1 below is the listing of standard diametral pitches for four tooth classes of spur gears in the English
system.

Table 6.1. Diametral Pitches for Four Tooth Classes

Class Diametral Pitch

Coarse ½, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
Medium Coarse 12, 14, 16, 18
Fine 20, 24, 32, 48, 64, 72, 80, 96, 120, 128
Ultra Fine 150, 180, 200

Relation of Pd & Pc

From the equations of Pd and Pc, Pc Pd =  ` Eq. 6.3

Circular Pitch in mm: Eq. 6.4

Where, D = pitch diameter, mm

Module
 Module is the ratio of the pitch diameter to the number of teeth. This is a number used to determine and specify
gear sizes in the metric system.

Eq. 6.5

Where, m = module, mm/tooth D = pitch diameter, mm

T = no. of teeth Pd = diametral pitch, Teeth/inch

 The following table (Table 6.2) is the listing of standard module for spur gears.

Table 6.2. Tooth Sizes in General Use

MODULE, mm

Preferred 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 32

40, 50

Next choice 1.125, 1.375, 1.75, 2.25, 2.75, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 18, 22, 28, 36
SPUR GEAR GEOMETRY

 Figure below illustrates the spur gear geometry, indicating all the nomenclature mentioned above. For two meshing
gears, the smaller gear is called pinion, while the bigger gear is called, simply gear.
 Pinion - is the smaller of the two meshing gears.
 Gear - is the larger of the two meshing gears.

Figure 6.6. Spur Gear Geometry

FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF GEARING

 The fundamental law of gearing states that “The shape (profile) of the tooth of a gear must be such that the common
normal at the point of contact between two teeth always passes through a fixed point on the line of centers of the
gears”.
 This law states the condition that the gear tooth profiles must satisfy in order to maintain a constant velocity ratio;
because an important reason for the use of gears is to maintain a constant velocity or speed ratio.

TOOTH SYSTEMS (Standard Gears)

 Tooth System is a standard which specifies the relations is involving addendum, dedendum, working depth, tooth
thickness, and pressure angle to attain interchangeability of gears of all tooth numbers but of the same pressure angle
and pitch.

GEAR TOOTH PROFILE

 The profiles of gear teeth may be:

1) Conjugate 2) Involute 3) Cycloid
4) Combination of Involute and cycloid

REQUIREMENTS OF GEAR TOOTH PROFILE

 Aside from the requirement the working faces of gear teeth must comply with the fundamental law of gearing, several
other requirements have influenced the choice of standard gear-tooth forms and proportions. These are the following:
 The teeth must be capable of accurate production and low cost.
 The tooth form should have good wearing qualities. Low rubbing speeds and close approach to surface contact are
both favorable.
 The tooth form must result in good “beam strength”. In service, forces act on the tooth side tending it like a beam.
 The arc of contact must be at least equal to the circular pitch; otherwise there would not be continuous contact
between gears. An arc of action greater than 1.4 times the circular pitch is generally held to be good design. Below
this limit, noisy action of the gears is likely unless they are very accurately cut.
 Interchangeability of a series of gears of the same pitch is generally desirable, although it is unnecessary with many
gears which are of the special purpose type.

Conjugate Curves
 Two curves are said to be conjugate when they are so formed that they may be used for the outlines of two gear
teeth that will work together and fulfill the fundamental law of gearing.
Cyloid Curves
 Cycloid curve is a curve described by a point on a circle that rolls internally or externally on another circle. The
rolling circle is known as the describing circle, and in forming a gear-tooth outline it is rolled internally and
externally on the pitch circle. Internal rolling forms the flank of the tooth; external rolling forms the face.

Involute of a Circle
 An involute curve is the path generated by a tracing point on a cord as the chord is unwrapped from a cylinder
called the base cylinder.
 If the mating tooth profiles have the shape of involute curves, the condition that the common normal at all points of
contact is to pass through the pitch point must be satisfied.

APPLICATION OF INVOLUTE CURVE TO GEARS

 In the application of involute curve in the gear-tooth profile, the fundamental law of gearing should always be satisfied,
and the following points are observed:
 The involute is wholly determined by the diameter of its base circle.
 An involute moving about its base-circle center imparts rotative motion to a contacting involute in the exact ratio of
the diameters of their respective base circles.
 An involute has no pressure angle until brought into intimate contact with another involute or a rack.
 The pressure angle is determined through the center distance and the base-circle diameters. The pressure angle once
established is constant for a fixed center distance.
 An involute has no pitch diameter until brought into intimate contact with another involute or rack
 The pitch diameter of an involute, contacting another involute, is determined through the center distance and the
ratio.
 The pressure angle of an involute contacting a rack is unchanged when the base-circle centers is moved away from
the rack.
 The pitch diameter of an involute contacting a rack is unchanged when the base circle is moved toward or away
from the rack.
 The pitch-line position of an engaging involute and rack is determined by the intersection of the line of action
and a line passing through the base-circle center and perpendicular to the direction of rack travel.

PRACTICAL ADVANTAGES OF USING INVOLUTE CURVES

 The advantages of in using involute curve in gear tooth profiles are as follows:
 Involute gears may be mounted with small initial inaccuracies in the center-to-center distance, or this distance may
change as the result of bearing wear, tooth contact still complying with the fundamental law of gearing.
 Involute gears may be used for applications such as driving rolls in steel mills, where the center-to-center distance
constantly varies.
 The working surface of the involute rack is of the simplest possible form: a plane.
 Where the teeth are cut by formed milling cutters, the number of cutters needed in converting the range from the
smallest pinion to rack is less than would be necessary for cycloidal profiles. This is due to the slow change in tooth
curvature as the tooth numbers are increased.

o The main disadvantage of involute teeth lies in the fact that interference is obtained with pinions having small
tooth numbers, but this may be eliminated by varying the heights of the addendum and dendendum of the
mating teeth.

EXTERNALLY MESHING SPUR GEARS

 As shown in Figure 6.7 below is an internally two meshing gears. The characteristics of these gears are given
below.

Figure 6.7. Externally Two Meshing Gears

Gear
Pinion

1
2

Characteristics of Two Meshing gears

1) Connecting parallel shafts 2) Opposite directions of rotation

 3) The same addendum 4) The same dedendum
5) The same tooth thickness 6) The same clearance
7) The same circular pitch 8) The same diametral pitch
9) The same face width

Let, N1= the rpm of gear 1 or the pinion N2 = the rpm of gear 2 or the gear
r1 = pitch radius of gear 1, inches or mm r2 = pitch radius of gear 2, inches or mm
1 = angular velocity of gear 1, rad/s 2 = angular velocity of gear 2, rad/s
D1 = pitch diameter of gear 1, inches or mm D2 = pitch diameter of gear 2, inches or mm
r1 = radius of gear 1, inches or mm r2 = radius of gear 2, inches or mm
C = center distance, inches or mm V = pitch line velocity, m/s or fps
T1 = no. of teeth of gear 1 T2 = no. of teeth of gear 2

Speed Ratio or Velocity Ratio, Eq. 6.5

Center-to-Center Distance, Eq. 6.6

INTERNALLY TWO MESHING GEARS

 As shown in Figure 6.8 below, two gears are internally meshed; characteristics are given.
 The internal gear is also called annular gear.

Figure 6.8. Internally Two Meshing Gears

Gear

1 2

Pinion

Characteristics of internally meshing gears

a) Connecting parallel shafts b) The same directions of rotation
c) The same addendum d) The same dedendum
e) The same tooth thickness f) The same clearance
g) The same circular pitch k) The same diametral pitch
l) The same face width

Speed Ratio or Velocity Ratio: Eq. 6.7

Center-to-Center Distance: Eq. 6.8

INVOLUTE PINION AND RACK

Rack Gear
 Figure below illustrates a pinion gear driving a rack gear. A rack gear is a gear with infinite diameter.

Figure 6.16. Pinion and Rack Gears

PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Prob. # 1] A spur gear, having 32 teeth and a diametral pitch of 4, is rotating at 400 rpm. Determine its circular pitch and its
pitch line velocity. [Ans. 0.7854 inch, 13.97 fps]

Prob. # 2] Repeat problem # 1 for a gear manufactured with module of 1.5 mm rather than a diametral pitch of 4. [ Ans.
1.006 m/s]

Prob. # 3] Two spur gears have a velocity ratio of 4. The driven gear has a module of 6 mm, 96 teeth, and rotates at 500
rpm. Determine the rpm of the driver, the no. of teeth of the driver, and the pitch line velocity. [Ans. 2000 rpm, 24 teeth,
15.08 m/s]

LOAD ANALYSIS FOR SPUR GEAR

 Consider the pitch circle of a spur gear with the loads acting on the pitch point, as shown in Figure 6.17 below.

Figure 6.8. Spur Gear Load Analysis Fr F


Ft

Gear Pitch
Circle

Where, Ft = tangential or transmitted load Fr = radial load

F = resultant load  = pressure angle = 14 ½o or 21o for standard gear

Applied or Transmitted Torque: Eq. 6.9

Transmitted Horsepower: Eq. 6.10

Where, Tq = torque, in-lb Ft = transmitted load, lb

V = pitch line velocity, fpm

Transmitted Power (S.I.): Eq. 6.11

Where, P = transmitted power, kW N = rpm

Tq = torque, kN-m  = Angular velocity, rad/s

DESIGN CALCULATION FOR SPUR GEARS

Gear Tooth Strength

 The value of that tangential load on the tooth is determined using the Lewi’s Equation

Let, Ft = tangential or transmitted load Fr = radial load

F = resultant load  = pressure angle
 Lewi’s Equation, Eq. 6.12

Where, Fs = Lewi’s tangential or transmitted load, lb s = design stress, psi

s = sn sn = endurance stress, psi
sn = 0.5 su  for steel sn = 0.4 su  for cast iron
su = ultimate stress, psi b = face with of the tooth, inch.

p.367 (Faires)

Pc = circular pitch, inch/tooth Pd = diametral pitch

Y = Lewi’s form factor (Table AT 24, Faires)
kf = stress concentration factor or strength reduction factor
kf = 1.2 to 1.7  when the load is applied at the tooth tip
kf = 1.4 to 2.0  when the load is applied near the middle of the tooth

o When two gears are of the same material, the pinion tooth is the weaker,

o When the materials are different, assume the tooth with smaller sY to be the weaker.
Fs = tangential load, lb Fs  NSF Fd  with Y for the load at the middle
Fs  Fd  with Y for the load at the tip NSF = service Factor

o 1 < NSF < 1.25  uniform load without shock; centrifugal machines, hoisting machinery, belt driven machine
tools, textile machinery, smoothly running conveyors.
o 1.25 < NSF < 1.5  medium shock; frequent starts; reciprocating compressors and pumps, pneumatic tools,
well-drilling machinery, portable electric tools, lobe blowers, heavy-duty conveyors, machine tools, kilns.
o 1.5 < NSF < 1.75  Moderately heavy shock; dredging machinery, road machinery, railway motor cars, single-
cylinder compressors, ore or stone crushers, punch press, tumbling barrels.
o 1.75 < NSF < 2  Heavy shock; rolling mill, rocks crushers.

Fd = dynamic load, lb.

DYNAMIC LOAD AS A FUNCTION OF VELOCITY ONLY

 The following equations are used when the service is intermittent and wear is not a factor.

 Commercially cut teeth (Vm  2000 fpm)

Eq. 6.13

 Carefully cut gear teeth (1000  Vm  4000 fpm)

Eq. 6.14

 Precision cut gear teeth (Vm > 4000 fpm)

Eq. 6.15

 Commercial hobbed or shaved teeth (precision cut)

Eq. 6.16

Where, Vm = pitch-line velocity, fpm Ft = transmitted load, lb

BUCKINGHAM’S GEAR TOOTH DYNAMIC LOAD

 The following equation of dynamic load is used for continuous service.

 Eq. 6.17

Where, Fd = dynamic load, lb Ft = transmitted load, lb

Vm = pitch-line velocity, fpm b = face width, inches

C = a constant that depends on the elasticity of gear material,

Eg = modulus of elasticity for gear material, psi

Eg = modulus of elasticity for pinion material, psi
k = 0.107e  for 14.5o full-depth teeth k = 0.115e  for 20o stub teeth
e = effective or composite tooth error

Interchangeable Involute Spur Gear Systems

a) Full-depth involute system

b) Stub-tooth System

PRACTICE PROBLEMS (Continued)

Prob. # 4] A spur pinion rotates at 1800 rpm and transmits to a mating gear 30 Hp. The pitch diameter is 4 inches and the
pressure angle is 14 ½o. Determine the tangential load and the separating load. (ME Board Problem, Oct, 1996) [Ans.
525.21 lb, 135.83]

Prob. # 5] A metric spur-gear set has gears with a module of 2.5 mm and a 20 o pressure angle. The driver has 30 teeth and
the driven gear has 68 teeth. Find the required center distance. [Ans. 87.5 mm]

Prob. # 6] A precision cut gear transmits 25 Hp at a pitch line velocity of 6000 fpm. If the service is intermittent, find the
dynamic load. [Ans. 274.05 lb]

Prob. # 7] Compute the circular pitch of a pair of gears having a ratio of 4 and a center distance of 10.23 inches. The gear
has 72 teeth and the pinion has 18 teeth. Find the diametral pitch, Pd. [Ans. 0.7142, 5]

Prob. # 7] A machine shop somewhere in Quezon City fabricated a pair of spur gear with 2.5 module and to be mounted on
shafts with a center line distance of 90 mm. The speed ratio required is 3:1. Determine the following: a) Pitch diameters; b)
Number of teeth of each gear; c) Circular pitch; d) Addendum distance; e) Clearance; f) Dedendum distance; g) Whole
depth; h) Working depth; i) Tooth thickness; j) Space width; k) Outer diameters; and l) Root diameters. Allowable backlash
for accurately cut gears is from 0.03 / Pd to 0.04 / Pd. (Board Problem April 1986)

Solution:
a) For the pitch diameters
 D1 + D2 = 2C = 180 and D2 = 3D1then, D1 + 3D1 = 180

Then, and D2 = 3(45) = 135 mm ans.

b) Solving for the number of teeth

c) For the circular pitch

d) For the addendum distance

e) For the clearance

f) Solving for the dedendum

g) For the whole depth

Whole depth = Add + Ded = 2.5 + 3.125 = 7.8125 mm = 0.3076 inch

h) Solving for the working depth

Working Depth = 2 (Add) = 2(0.0984) = 0.1968 inch = 5 mm

i) For the tooth thickness

j) For the space width

Space Width = t + backlash = 3.8895 + 0.03(2.5) = 3.9645 mm

k) For the Addendum Diameters

Do1 = D1 + 2(Add) = 45 + 2(2.5) = 50 mm

Do2 = D2 + 2(Add) = 135 + 2(2.5) = 140 mm

l) Solving for the dedendum diameters

Di1 = D1 – 2(Ded) = 45 – 2(3.125) = 38.75 mm

Di2 = D2 – 2(Ded) = 135 – 2(3.125) = 128.75 mm

Ex. # 15] A speed-reduction gear box consists of an SAE 4140 steel pinion mounted to a shaft on a 30 Hp, 1750 rpm
electric motor. The pinion drives a cast steel (with 0.25 % carbon) gear with a speed reduction 5:1. Assuming 20 o involute
stub teeth and 16 teeth pinion, determine the a) diametral pitch; b) pitch diameters; and c) face width. (Board Problem, April
1983)

Solution:
a) Determination of the diametral pitch
 To solve for the diametral pitch, consider a typical velocity of 1200 fpm.

b) Solve for the pitch diameters, considering Pd = 6,

STUDENTS SELF-TEST (Set A)

Direction: Select the correct answer from each of the following questions.

1. It is the circle on gear that corresponds to the contact surface of the friction wheel.
a) Pitch circle b) Addendum circle
c) Base circle d) Dedendum circle
2. It is the circle drawn through the top of the gear tooth; its center is at the gear center.
a) Pitch circle b) Addendum circle
c) Base circle d) Dedendum circle
3. The radial distance from the pitch circle to the addendum circle.
a) Addendum b) Dedendum
c) Clearance d) Space width
4. The circle drawn through the bottom of the gear tooth; its center is at the gear center.d
a) Pitch circle b) Addendum circle
c) Base circle d) Dedendum circle
5. It is the radial distance from the pitch circle to the root circle.
a) Addendum b) Dedendum
c) Clearance d) Space width
6. The largest circle centered at the gear center, which is not penetrated by the teeth of the mating gear. It is a circle
tangent to the addendum circle of the mating gear.
a) Pitch circle b) Addendum circle
c) Clearance circle d) Dedendum circle
7. The radial distance from the clearance circle to the root circle. It is the difference between the dedendum of one gear
and addendum of the mating gear.
a) Addendum b) Dedendum
c) Clearance d) Space width
8. The radial distance between the addendum and dedendum circle. It is the sum of the addendum and the dedendum.
a) Addendum b) Whole depth
c) Working depth d) Space width
9. It is the radial distance between the addendum and the clearance circle.
a) Addendum b) Whole depth
c) Working depth d) Space width
10. The minimum distance between the non-driving side of a tooth and the adjacent side of the mating tooth. It is the
amount by which the width of a tooth space exceeds the thickness of the engaging tooth measured on the pitch circle
a) Circular pitch b) Whole depth
c) Backlash d) Space width
11. It is an arc of the pitch circle through which a tooth travels from the first point of contact with the mating tooth to the
point where the contact ceases.
a) Arc of action b) Arc of approach
c) Tooth profile d) Involute curve
12. It is an arc of the circle through which a tooth travels from the point of contact with the mating tooth to the pitch point.
a) Arc of action b) Arc of approach
c) Arc of recess d) Involute curve
13. It is an arc of the pitch circle through which a tooth travels from its contact with the mating tooth at the pitch point
where the contact ceases.
a) Arc of action b) Arc of approach
c) Arc of recess d) Involute curve
14. It is the plane that contains the two axes; in a single gear. It may be any plane containing the axis and the given point.
a) Axial plane in a pair of gears b) Tooth plane
c) Tooth bottom land plane d) Involute curve plane

15. It is the angle between the line drawn from the pitch point perpendicular to the line of centers and the line drawn from
the pitch point to the point where a pair of teeth is in contact.
a) Pressure angle b) Helix angle
c) Lead angle d) Angle of approach
16. The circle from which an involute tooth is generated or developed, is called as:
a) Pitch circle b) Addendum circle
c) Base circle d) Dedendum circle
17. The angle in the base cylinder of an involute gear that the tooth makes with the gear axis is known as:
a) Pressure angle b) Base helix angle
c) Lead angle d) Angle of approach
18. It is the pitch on the base circle or along the line of action.
a) Axial base pitch of an involute gear b) Normal pitch of an involute gear
c) Angle of approach of an involute gear d) Base pitch of an involute gear
19. It is the base pitch in the normal plane.
a) Axial base pitch of an involute gear b) Normal pitch of an involute gear
c) Angle of approach of an involute gear d) Base pitch of an involute gear
20. It is the base pitch in the axial plane.
a) Axial base pitch of an involute gear b) Normal pitch of an involute gear
c) Angle of approach of an involute gear d) Base pitch of an involute gear
21. The distance between the parallel axes of spur gears and parallel helical gears, or distance between the crossed axes of
helical gears and worm gears. It can be define also as the distance between the centers of pitch circles.
a) Addendum b) Center distance
c) Clearance d) Space width
22. The amount by which the dedendum exceeds the addendum of the mating tooth. It is the radial distance between the top
of the tooth and the bottom of the mating tooth space.
a) Addendum b) Dedendum
c) Clearance d) Space width
23. The width of the tooth measured along the pitch circle is called as:
a) Circular thickness b) Chordal thickness
c) Tooth space d) Face width
24. The tooth width measured along the chord at the pitch circle is known as:
a) Circular thickness b) Chordal thickness
c) Tooth space d) Face width
25. The space between teeth measured along the pitch circle is called:
a) Circular thickness b) Chordal thickness
c) Tooth space d) Face width
26. The length of teeth in an axial direction is called as:
a) Circular thickness b) Chordal thickness
c) Tooth space d) Face width
27. The surface of the tooth between the pitch cylinder and the addendum cylinder is said to be:
a) Tooth face b) Chordal thickness
c) Tooth space d) Face width
28. The surface of the tooth between the pitch and root cylinders is said to be:
a) Circular thickness b) Tooth flank
c) Tooth space d) Face width
29. The surface of the top of the tooth of a gear is known as:
a) Tooth top land b) Tooth bottom land
c) Tooth space d) Face width
30. The surface of the bottom of the tooth space is said to be:
a) Circular thickness b) Chordal thickness
c) Tooth space d) Tooth bottom land
31. Circular Pitch is the distance measured along the pitch circle from a point on one tooth to the corresponding point on
the adjacent tooth of the gear.
a) Circular thickness b) Diametral pitch
c) Circular pitch d) Tooth bottom land
32. It is the number of teeth per inch of the pitch diameter. This is also a number or parameter used to determine the sizes of
gears in the English system.
a) Circular thickness b) Diametral pitch
c) Circular pitch d) Module
33. The ratio of the pitch diameter to the number of teeth; it is a number used to determine and specify gear sizes in the
metric system.
a) Circular thickness b) Diametral pitch
c) Circular pitch d) Module
34. “The shape (profile) of the tooth of a gear must be such that the common normal at the point of contact between two
teeth always passes through a fixed point on the line of centers of the gears.” The preceding statement is known as:
a) Grashof’s law b) Coriolli’s law
c) Klein’s law c) Fundamental law of gearing
35. A curve described by a point on a circle that rolls internally or externally on another circle is said to be:
a) Arc of action b) Arc of approach
c) Involute curve d) Cycloid curve
36. the path generated by a tracing point on a cord as the chord is unwrapped from a cylinder called the base cylinder
 a) Arc of action b) Arc of approach
c) Involute curve d) Cycloid curve
37. For two externally meshing gears, which of the following is incorrect?
a) The same direction of rotation b) The same diametral pitch
c) The same circular pitch d) The same addendum
38. For two internally mashing gears, which of the following is incorrect?
a) Opposite directions of rotation b) The same diametral pitch
c) The same circular pitch d) The same addendum
39. A rotating or stationary member, usually of circular cross section much smaller in diameter than its length, used to
transmit motion or power; having mounted on it such power-transmitting elements as gears, pulleys, belts, chains, cam,
flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and rolling-element bearings.
a) Gear b) Flywheel
c) Shaft d) Cam
40. A non-rotating member that carries no torque and is used to support rotating wheels, pulleys, and the like.
a) Spindle b) Axle
c) Line shaft d) Counter shaft