MODULE 6

TENSION
MEMBERS
Tension Members;

• structural members subjected toaxialtensileforce;

Tension Members;

• structural members subjected toaxialtensileforce;

▪ trussmembers
Tension Members;
• structural members subjected toaxialtensileforce
▪ trussmembers
▪ cablesinsuspension bridges
Tension Members;

• structural members subjected toaxialtensileforce

▪ trussmembers
▪ cablesinsuspension bridges
▪ bracingforbuildings
Tensile Stress;

T
ft = – stress capacity
A
Pt = Ft A – tensile capacity
Allowable Tensile Stress;

Ft = 0.60Fy – on gross area

Allowable Tensile Stress;

Ft = 0.50Fu – on effective net area

Gross Area;
• gross area of a member at any point shall be determined by summing products of
thickness andgrosswidthofeachelementasmeasurednormaltoaxisofmember
At = Σwiti
• forangles,thegrosswidthshallbethesumofwidths ofthelegslessthickness
A = a+b–t
Net Area;
• presence of a hole obviously increases unit stress in a tension member even if hole is
occupied byarivetorabolt
dh = db +2.0mm
• in case of a chain of holes extending across a part in any diagonal or zigzag line, net width
ofpartshallbeobtainedbydeductingfromgrosswidthsumofdiametersofallholesinthe
chainandadding, foreachgagespace,thequantity;

s2
c = 4g

c
Net Area;

• for angles, gage for bolts in opposite adjacent legs shall be sum of gages from back of
angleslessthickness;

• criticalnetareaofpartisobtainedfromthatchainwhichgivestheleastnetwidth;
Effective Net Area;

• when a member other than a flat plate or bar is loaded in axial tension until failure, its
actualtensilefailurestresswillprobablybelessthanthetensilestrengthofsteel
▪ reasonisconcentration ofstress,calledshearlag
➢ shear lag describes behavior at an end connection of a tension member where
somebutnotallofcross-sectional elementsareconnected
▪ flowoftensilestress betweenthe fullmembercross-sectionandthe connectedcross-
sectionisnot100%effective
Effective Net Area;
• when load is transmitted directly to each of the cross-sectional elements by connectors,
effective netareacanbecomputed by;
Ae = An
• when loadis transmitted by bolts or rivetsthrough some but not all of the cross-sectional
elementsofmembers,effective netareashallbe;
Ae = UAn
Effective Net Area;
• when load is transmitted by welds through some but not all of the cross-sectional
elementsofmembers,effective netareashallbe;
Ae = UAg
• effective net area shall be taken as actual net area, except that, for purpose of design
calculations, itshallnotbetakenasgreaterthan85%ofgrossarea
Typical Values ofU;

Situation U
forW,M,andS-shapeswithflangewidthnotlessthantwo-thirdsofthe
depth and structural tees cut from these shapes, provided the
0.90
connection is to the flanges and has no fewer than 3 fasteners per line
inthedirection ofstress
for W, M, and S-shapes not meeting the conditions above, structural
tees cut from these shapes and all other shapes, including built-up
0.85
shapes, provided the connection has not less than 3 fasteners per line
inthedirection ofstress

all members whose connections have only 2 fasteners per line in the
0.75
direction ofstress
EX. A steel plate is made up of 10 mm x 250 mm with

5 @50 =250 mm
20– mm  bolts. Compute the design net area of the A
plate.(assumealldimensionstobeinmm) B C
D
E

50 60 75

dh = 20+2.0 = 22.0mm

B ത D
ത = C= ഥ = 250–1(22) = 228.0mm

AE = 250–2(22) = 206.0mm

(50)2 (50)2
ABE = 250–3(22)+ + = 202.75mm
(4)(50) (4)(100)

(60)2 (60)2
ADE = 250–3(22)+ + = 211.0mm
(4)(100) (4)(50)
EX. A steel plate is made up of 10 mm x 250 mm with

5 @50 =250 mm
20– mm  bolts. Compute the design net area of the A
plate.(assumealldimensionstobeinmm) B C
D
E

50 60 75

(135)2 (75)2 (60)2

ACDE = 250–4(22)+ + + = 299.25mm
(4)(50) (4)(50) (4)(50)

(135)2 (75)2
ACD = 250–3(22)+ + = 281.25mm
(4)(50) (4)(50)
An = 10(202.75) = 2027.5mm2

An = 0.85Ag = 0.85(10)(250) = 2125.0mm2

EX.Asingleangletensionmember150mmx100mmx20mmhastwogagelinesinitslonglegandoneinthe
shortlegfor16–mmbolts.Iftheareaoftheangularsectionis4480mm2,computethedesignnetarea.

50 50 1
2
50 g
3
50
4
50
4 @50 mm
5

t1 t2
g = g1 – 2 +g2 – 2 = 50+50–20 = 80.0mm

dh = 16+2.0 = 18.0mm

W = 50+80+50+50 = 230.0mm
EX.Asingleangletensionmember150mmx100mmx20mmhastwogagelinesinitslonglegandoneinthe
shortlegfor16–mmbolts.Iftheareaoftheangularsectionis4480mm2,computethedesignnetarea.

50 50 1
2
50 g
3
50
4
50
4 @50 mm
5

1245 = 230–2(18) = 194.0mm

(50)2 (50)2
12345 = 230–3(18)+ + = 196.31mm
(4)(80) (4)(50)

An = 20(194) = 3880.0mm2
An = 0.85Ag = 0.85(4480) = 3808.0mm2
EX.Theplateshownhasawidthof300mmandthickness 120 mm
of20 mmand to beconnected toanotherplate by20-mm
 bolts. Calculate the value of pitch “b” such that the net

5 @60 =300 mm
width along bolts “1234” is equal to net width along bolts 1
“124”.(alldimensionsinmm). 2
3
4

60 b

dh = 20+2.0 = 22.0mm

(60)2 b2 (120)2 b2
1234 = 300–4(22)+ + + = 287+ 240
(4)(60) (4)(60) (4)(60)

(60)2 (120−b)2 (120−b)2

124 = 300–3(22)+ + = 249+ 480
(4)(60) (4)(120)

b2 +240b+2880 = 0; b = 25.34mm
EX. An S18 x 70 is connected through its web with three gage lines of 25-mm ϕ. If gage lines are 75 mm on
centers,determine theeffective netcross-sectional areaofsteelshape.

Properties ofS18x70;
A = 13290mm2
d = 457.20mm
bf = 158.78mm
75 75
tf = 17.55mm

dh = 25+2.0 = 27.0mm

An = 13290–4(27)(17.55) = 11394.6 mm2

bf 158.78
= = 0.347
d 457.20
bf 2
since,  
3, adapt, U = 0.85
d
Ae = Uan = 0.85(11394.6) = 9685.41 mm2
0.85Ag = 0.85(13290) = 11296.50 mm2
EX. Compute the effective net area of the built-up section shown if the holes are punched for 20-mm  bolts.
Assumeatleastthreeboltsineachline.

Properties ofC15x40; PL 15 x 300

A = 7613mm2
d = 381.0mm C 15 x 40
tw = 13.21mm
tf = 16.51mm
bf = 89.41mm

dh = 20+2.0 = 22.0mm

➢ fortheplates;
An = Ae = 2(15)(300) –4(22)(15) = 7680.0mm2
EX. Compute the effective net area of the built-up section shown if the holes are punched for 20-mm  bolts.
Assumeatleastthreeboltsineachline.

Properties ofC15x40; PL 15 x 300

A = 7613mm2
d = 381.0mm C 15 x 40
tw = 13.21mm
tf = 16.51mm
bf = 89.41mm

➢ forthechannels;

An = 2(7613)–4(22)(16.51) = 13773.12 mm2

bf 89.41
= = 0.235
d 381
bf 2
since,  
3, adapt, U = 0.85
d
Ae = UAn = 0.85(13773.12) = 11707.15 mm2

Ae = 7680+11707.15 = 19387.15 mm2

0.85Ag = 0.85[2(7613) +2(15)(300)] = 20592.10 mm

EX. Find the tensile strength of the L150 x 100 x 8 75
100
angle shown. A36 steel was used and holes are for
20-mmbolts.(alldimensions inmm)
50
50
50

dh = 20+2.0 = 22.0mm
t t
Weff = g1 – 21 +g2 – 22

= 150+100–8 = 242.0mm
Ag = 242(8) = 1936.0mm2

AB = 242–2(22) = 198.0mm
An = 198(8) = 1584.0mm2
EX. Find the tensile strength of the L150 x 100 x 8 75
100
angle shown. A36 steel was used and holes are for
20-mmbolts.(alldimensions inmm)
50
50
50

bf 100
= = 0.67
d 150
bf 2
since, d = 3,  adapt, U = 0.90

Ae = Uan = 0.90(1584) = 1425.6mm2

0.85Ag = 0.85(1936) = 1645.6mm2

EX. Find the tensile strength of the L150 x 100 x 8 75
100
angle shown. A36 steel was used and holes are for
20-mmbolts.(alldimensions inmm)
50
50
50

P = 0.60FyAg – ongrossarea
0.6 248 1936
= = 288.08kN
1000
P = 0.50FuAe – onnetarea
0.5 400 1425.6
= = 285.12kN
1000
 adapt, Pcap = 285.12kN
EX. A miscellaneous channel HP10 x 42 is bolted by 18-
mmbolts.A36steelisused.Computethetensilestrength
ofthechannel.(alldimensionsinmm)

4 @75
Properties ofHP10x42;

A = 8000mm2 d = 246.38mm
tw = 10.54mm tf = 10.67mm
3 @50
bf = 255.91mm

dh = 18+2.0 = 20.0mm
50 2
An = 8000–3(20)(10.54) +4(75) (10.54)2 = 7543.27 mm2

bf 255.91
= = 1.039
d 246.38
bf 2
since, > 
d 3, adapt, U = 0.90

Ae = UAn = 0.90(7543.27) = 6788.943 mm2

0.85Ag = 0.85(8000) = 6800.0mm2

EX. A miscellaneous channel HP10 x 42 is bolted by 18-
mmbolts.A36steelisused.Computethetensilestrength
ofthechannel.(alldimensionsinmm)

4 @75
Properties ofHP10x42;

A = 8000mm2 d = 246.38mm
tw = 10.54mm tf = 10.67mm
3 @50
bf = 255.91mm

P = 0.60FyAg – ongrossarea
0.6 248 8000
= = 1190.40 kN
1000
P = 0.50FuAe – onnetarea
0.5 400 6788.943
= = 1357.789 kN
1000
 adapt, Pcap = 1190.40 kN
Block Shear;

• susceptibility ofasegmentor“block” ofmaterialtearout

• similartotensileruptureinthemainpartofthemember
• combination oftensionandshearonthefailurepath
Block Shear;

P = AvFv +AtFt
Fv = 0.30Fu
Ft = 0.50Fu
where: Fv – allowable shearstress
Ft – allowable tensile stress
Av – netsheararea
At – nettensionarea
EX. The 175 x 100 x 20 mm angle is connected to a
gussetplatewith three 25-mm asshown.Assuming 75
P
three bolts per line and A36 is used, find the tensile
loadcapacity.(alldimensions inmm) 100

50 100 100

dh = 25+2 = 27.0mm

Weff = 175+100–20 = 255.0mm

Ag = 255(20) = 5100.0mm2

An = Ag –ndht = 5100–1(27)(20) = 4560.0mm2

bf 100
= = 0.571
d 175
bf 2
since, < 
d 3, adapt, U = 0.85

Ae = Uan = 0.85(4560) = 3876.0mm2

0.85Ag = 0.85(5100) = 4335.0mm2
EX. The 175 x 100 x 20 mm angle is connected to a
gussetplatewith three 25-mm asshown.Assuming 75
P
three bolts per line and A36 is used, find the tensile
loadcapacity.(alldimensions inmm) 100

50 100 100

0.6 248 5100

P = 0.60FyAg = 1000 = 758.88kN

0.5 400 3876

P = 0.5FuAe = = 775.20kN
1000
EX. The 175 x 100 x 20 mm angle is connected to a
gussetplatewith three 25-mm asshown.Assuming 75
P
three bolts per line and A36 is used, find the tensile
loadcapacity.(alldimensions inmm) 100

50 100 100

0.6 248 5100

P = 0.60FyAg = = 758.88kN
1000
0.5 400 3876
P = 0.5FuAe = = 775.20kN
1000
P = AvFv +AtFt

Av = 20[250–2.5(27)] = 3650.0mm2

At = 20[75–½(27)] = 1230.0mm2
0.3 3650 400 + 0.5 1230 400
P = = 684.0kN
1000
THANK
YOU!