BASIC
ESTIMATING
APPROACH
CONCRETING
WORKS
Engr. Algerico S. Odal Jr., MSE,RCE,RMP,RME,SO2,RSE
FINE AGGREGATES- SAND
In concrete or mortar, the aggregate is a granular material, it is
called fine aggregate when the particles of granular material
are so fine that they can pass through a 4.75mm sieve. To
increase the volume of concrete it is used in the construction
industry and is cost-saving material.
COARSE AGGREGATES:
Coarse aggregate is stone which are broken into
small sizes and irregular in shape. In construction
work the aggregate are used such as limestone and
granite or river aggregate.
WATER
Water is an important ingredient of concrete as
it actively participates in the chemical reaction
with cement. Since it helps to form the strength
giving cement gel; the quantity and quality of
water required to look into very carefully
PORTLAND AND POZZOLAN
CEMENTS
Two widely used cement blends employed in the
preparation of concrete in general construction are
Portland cement and pozzolan cement.
Portland cement has been defined as a hydraulic
cement produced by pulverizing clinker, consisiting
essentially of hydraulic calcium and usually
containing calcium sulphate as an interground
addition.
5 TYPES OF PORTLAND
CEMENT
Type I
Also called Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC),
Type I is a general-purpose cement, which is
adequate for most uses, except those which require
the special properties of other types. It has an
adequate strength and a low heat of hydration. Type
I cement is not suitable for uses where the concrete
can face chemical attacks, or excessive temperature
during curing.
Type II
Type II has the same uses as Type I, along with a
moderate resistance to sulfates. It generates only a
moderate heat of hydration, and at a lesser rate. It is
ideal for applications where the concrete comes into
contact with soils or groundwater having some
amount of sulfate ions, though not excessively high.
Type III
Type III cement is chemically almost identical to Type I,
though it has a lesser curing time, which means it
hardens faster. It is also ground finer, and contains a
higher amount of C3S, both of which promote the rapid
setting of concrete.
Type IV
This type of Portland cement is designed to reduce the
heat released during hydration. This is achieved by
reducing the percentage of C3A in the cement. However,
this type has a lower final and initial strength as
compared to Type I. It is suited for the construction of
massive structures with a low surface-to-volume ratio,
like gravity dams, where a large heat of hydration may
result in dangerous cracks.
Type V
This is almost similar to Type II, except that it is even more
tolerant to the attack of sulfate ions. This is achieved by
reducing the C3A percentage even lower to 5%. So, it is
suitable for buried concrete structures, where the soil or
groundwater is rich in sulfate ions. However, it gains
strength at a slow rate as compared to Type I (OPC).
POZZOLAN CEMENT
Has been defined as a hydraulic cement consisting
of a mixture of Portland cement and definite
amounts of natural and artificial pozzolanic
materials like volcanic tuff, shales, clay, fly ash, blast
furnace.
Type P – pozzolan cement used in general
construction where high initial strength of the
concrete before 28 days is not required.
Type 1P – this type of pozzolan cement is an early
strength cement and is required for more critical
concrete works.
ADMIXTURE
Admixture is a material other than cement,
water and concrete added to batches before
mixing or during mixing to modify the
properties of ordinary concrete & to make it
more suitable for the essential condition.
Organic or inorganic materials are added in
small quantifies to modify the properties of the
concrete which is fresh/hardened state.
DESIGN MIX AND PRESCRIBED
MIX
DESIGN MIX
- where the contractor is responsible in
selecting the mixture proportion to achieve the
required strength and workability
PRESCRIBED MIX
- where the designing engineer specify the
mixture proportion. The contractor responsibility is
only to provide a properly mixed concrete containing
the right proportion.
PROPORTION OF CONCRETE
varying the amount of cement, fine and coarse
aggregates and water in a given volume of concrete
results in different strength of the mixture. The
quality of concrete to be used in a given project is
specified in different ways such as
by its water cement ratio
weight of a given volume
compressive strength after 28 days
fixed proportion of cement
CONTROLLING THE PROPORTION OF CONCRETE
MATERIALS DURING MIXING
when concrete is mixed during construction at the
project site, the proper amount of fine and coarse
aggregates that go with each bag of cement is
usually controlled by means of a wooden
measuring box.
TWO METHODS OF ESTIMATING
THE COMPONENTS OF CONCRETE
METHOD 1:
- Based on the concrete volume being multiplied
by certain factors appropriate for the specified
“class” or concrete mixture in order to obtain the
estimated quantities of cement, fine and coarse
aggregates required.
METHOD 2:
- the estimated quantities of cement, fine and
coarse aggregates are determined with the aid of
tables.
FOOTING
A CONCRETE COLUMN 4.0 M HIGH WITH A CROSS
SECTIONAL DIMENSION OF 20 CM X 25 CM IS
RESTING ON A CONCRETE FOOTING 20 CM THICK
BY 80 CM X 80 CM. IF CLASS “B” CONCRETE IS
SPECIFIED. FIND THE QUANTITY OF CEMENT, SAND
AND GRAVEL IF THERE ARE 12 COLUMNS OF THE
SAME SIZE.
DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF 40 KG. CEMENT
INCLUDING THE SAND AND GRAVEL REQUIRED,
USING CLASS “A” CONCRETE FOR THE FOOTING,
PEDESTAL AND CLASS “C” FOR THE FLOORING.
COLUMN
A CONCRETE COLUMN IS 5.0M HIGH WITH A
CROSS SECTIONAL DIMENSION OF 25CM X 30CM.
IF THERE ARE 8 COLUMNS OF THE SAME SIZE. FIND
THE REQUIRED CEMENT, SAND AND GRAVEL IF THE
PLAN SPECIFIES CLASS “A” CONCRETE.
SLAB
A PROPOSED CONCRETE PAVEMENT HAS A
GENERAL DIMENSION OF 4IN THICK, 3.00 METERS
WIDE AND 5.00 METERS LONG. CONSIDERING THE
SLAB TO BE RESTING ON THE GROUND FILL,
DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF CEMENT IN BAG,
SAND AND GRAVEL REQUIRED USING CLASS C
MIXTURE.
