Number system (Basic Concepts & Formulas

Number system (Basic Concepts & Formulas)

Numbers
• A number is an arithmetic value used for representing the quantity and used in making calculations

TYPES OF NUMBERS

Natural Numbers

• Natural numbers are a part of the number system which includes all the positive integers from 1 till infinity.
They are denoted by N.
For example, N= {1, 2, 3, 4….}
• All natural numbers are positive
• Zero is not natural number
• 1 (one) is the smallest natural number

Whole number

• The whole numbers are the part of the number system in which it includes all the positive integers from 0 to
infinity. They are denoted by W.
For example, W= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4….}
• Whole numbers are also known as non-negative integers
• Zero (0) is the smallest natural number

Integers

• Integers include all whole numbers and their negative counterpart. They are denoted by I. For example, I= {…-
4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4….}
• Two types of Integers are
Positive Integers- Natural numbers are called as positive integers. They are denoted by I+. For example,I+=
{1, 2, 3, 4….}
Negative Integers- Negative of natural numbers are called as positive integers. They are denoted by I-. For
example, I- = {1, 2, 3, 4….}
• Zero (0) is neither positive integers nor negative integer.
Real Numbers

• Any number such as positive integers, negative integers, fractional numbers or decimal numbers without
imaginary numbers are called the real numbers. Real numbers are denoted by R
For example, √ 2, √ 3,8/5,6/2, -0.65, π, 8
• Real numbers include both rational and irrational numbers

Rational Numbers

• A number that can be expressed as p/q is called a rational number. where p and q are integers and q ≠
0 (Note: The denominator cannot be 0, but the numerator can be)For example 1/2, 3/4, 7/2,3/5,7
• All the perfect squares are rational numbers. Example: √ 4, √ 9, √ 49
• All the terminating decimals are rational numbers. Example: 1.25, 2.34 and 6.94
• All the repeating decimals are the rational numbers. Example: 0.33333333, 0.222222 and 0.555555
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 Number system (Basic Concepts & Formulas
• Zero (0) is a rational number
• Every integer is a rational number. Example:3,5,8
• All rational numbers are real numbers

Irrational Numbers

• The numbers that cannot be expressed in the form of p/q are called irrational numbers. where p and q are
integers and q ≠ 0
For example, √2, π, √3, √99, √11
• Non-periodic infinite decimal fractions are called as irrational numbersExample: 0.0435523, 0.3425452
• All irrational number are real number.

Prime Number

• A prime number is a natural number greater than 1 that can only be divided by itself and 1Example: 2, 3,
5,7,11…
• The number 2 is the only even prime number
Composite numbers

• Composite numbers are the numbers which have factors other than 1 and the number itselfExample: 4, 6,
8,9,10, etc.
• Composite numbers are non-prime natural numbers
• The number 1 is neither prime nor composite number.
• Composite numbers can be both odd and even numbers

Co-prime numbers

• Two numbers that have only one common factor are known as Co-prime numbers. All the prime numbers are
Co-prime numbers
Example: (35, 39), (25, 9), (7, 9)
• Co-prime numbers may or may not be prime

Twin Prime Numbers

• A twin prime is a prime number that is either 2 less or 2 more than another prime numberExample: (3, 5), (5,

7), (11, 13), (17, 19), (29, 31)

Even number

• A number which is divisible by 2 and generates a remainder of 0 is called an even number Example: 2, 4, 8, 12,
18….

Odd Number

• Odd numbers are the numbers that cannot be divided by twoExample: 3, 5, 7, 13, 17….

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 Number system (Basic Concepts & Formulas
PLACE VALUE AND FACE VALUE

Face Value

• In numeral, the face value of a digit is the value of the digit itself irrespective of its place in the numeral

Example: Number = 581276

Face value of 6 is 6

Face value of 7 is 7

Face value of 8 is 8

Face value of 2 is 2
Place Value

• Place value can be defined as the value represented by a digit in a number on the basis of its position in the
number.
• Place Value of a digit in a number is the digit multiplied by thousand or hundred or whatever place it issituated

Example: Number = 581276

In 581276, the place value of 5 = 5*100000

=500000

In 581276, the place value of 8 = 8*10000

=80000

In 581276, the place value of 2 = 2*100

=200

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 Number system (Basic Concepts & Formulas
DIVISIBILITY RULES

Divisibility by 1

• Every number is divisible by 1. Divisibility rule for 1 doesn’t have any particular condition

Divisibility by 2

• When the last digit of a number is either zero even number, then the number is divisible by 2Example: 2,
12,20,36,48,64,1000, etc. are divisible by 2.

Divisibility by 3

• If the sum of the digits of the number is a multiple of 3, then the number is divisible by 3.

Example: (i) 2997 2+9+9+7=27, which is divisible by 3, so 2997 must be divisible by 3

(ii) 2997 2+9+9+7=27, which is divisible by 3, so 2997 must be divisible by 3

Divisibility by 4
• If the last two digits of a number are divisible by 4, then the number is divisible by 4.
Example: Let the number: 2512 consider the last two digits i.e., 12. As 12 is divisible by 4, the originalnumber
2512 is also divisible by 4.

• The number having two or more zeroes at the end, is also divisible by 4
Example: 47200, 4300

Divisibility by 5

• Number having 0 or 5 at the end are divisible by 5.

Example: 250, 1555, 2650

Divisibility by 6

• When a number is divisible by both 3 and 2, then that particular number is divisible by 6 also
Example: 18, 42, 90

Divisibility by 7

• A number is divisible by 7 when the difference between twice the digit at one’s place and the number formedby the
other digits is either zero or a multiple of 7
Example: (i) 672 (Double 2 is 4, 67-4=63, and 63÷7=9), i.e., 672 is divisible by 7
(ii) 105 (Double 5 is 10, 10-10=0), i.e., 105 is divisible by 7

Divisibility by 8

• When the number made by last three digits of a number is divisible by 8, then the number is also divisible by8
• Example: Let the number: 5584 consider the last three digits i.e., 584. As 584 is divisible by 8, the originalnumber
5584 is also divisible by 8.

Divisibility by 9

• If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by 9, then the number itself is divisible by 9.
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 Number system (Basic Concepts & Formulas
• Example: 30555→ 3+0+5+5+5=18 which is divisible by 9, Therefore 30555 also divisible by 3

Divisibility by 10

• If a number has 0 in the one’s place, then it is divisible by 10.

• Example: Let the number:500 (500/10=50)

Divisibility by 11

• If the difference of the sum of alternative digits of a number is divisible by 11 then that number is divisible by
11
• Example:217382
Sum of digits at odd numbers (p) =2+7+8
Sum of digits at even numbers (q) =1+3+2
P-q=11
Clearly, 217382 is divisible by 11

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 Number system (Basic Concepts & Formulas
UNITS DIGIT

• Unit’s digit of a number is the digit in the one’s place of the numberExample: Units digit of 20197 is 7
Units digit of 201 is 1

How to find unit digit?

• Find the unit digit in the product of 652*368*96*474

Take the unit digit of every number and then multiplying themProduct of unit digits=2*8*6*4
Required digit=4

If the given number is index form

• To identify the unit digit of a number with some power, we must know about cyclicity
Cyclicity of Numbers
Number Cyclicity of Numbers
1 1
2 4
3 4
4 2
5 1
6 1
7 4
8 4
9 2
0 1

Example:
Find the unit digit in the product: (2567)143 x (2513)85
In (2567)143, unit digit is 7.
The cyclicity of 7 is 4. Dividing 143 by 4, we get 3 as remainder.
73 = 3
So, the unit digit of 7143 is 3
In (2513)85, unit digit is 3.
The cyclicity of 3 is 4. Dividing 85 by 4, we get 1 as remainder.
31 = 3
So, the unit digit of 385 is 3
By multiplying the unit digits, we get=3*3=9
The unit digit of the expression (2567)143 x (2513)85 is 9

• If unit’s digit number is 0, 1, 5 and 6, then the resultant unit’s digit remains same
Example:
(i) Unit digit of (656)115 is?
Unit digit = 6
(ii) Unit digit of (275)116 is?
Unit digit = 5
(iii) Unit digit of (171)256 is?
Unit digit = 1
(iv) Unit digit of (1700)25 is?Unit digit = 0
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 Number system (Basic Concepts & Formulas
• If unit digit is 4 and if the power of 4 is even, then the unit’s digit will be 6 and if the power of 4 is odd, then
units digit will be 4
Example:
(i) Unit digit of (254)115 is?
Unit digit = 4
(ii) Unit digit of (254)126 is?Unit digit = 6

• If unit digit is 9 and if the power of 9 is even, then the unit’s digit will be 1 and if the power of 9 is odd, then
units digit will be 9
Example:
(iii) Unit digit of (659)115 is?
Unit digit = 9
(iv) Unit digit of (659)118 is?Unit digit = 1

IMPORTANT FORMULAS

• Sum of first n natural numbers=n (n+1)/2

• Sum of square of first n natural numbers=n (n+1) (2n+1)/6
• Sum of square of first n natural numbers= (n (n+1)/2)2
• Sum of first n even numbers=n (n+1)
• Sum of first n odd numbers=n2
• The formula for finding the nth term of an Arithmetic Progression (AP) is: an=a+(n−1) d
• Sum of n terms in Arithmetic Progression (AP)= n/2[2a + (n − 1) × d]