Integration by Trigonometric Substitution

Summary

Expression in Substitution and

Restriction on θ Triangle Involved
the Integrand Simplification

u = a sin θ
√ du = a cos#θ dθ
$ ! π π" a
u u
a2 − u2 θ = sin−1 θ∈ − ,
√ a 2 2
a2 − u2 = a cos θ θ
√
a 2 − u2

u = a tan θ
du = a sec2#θ dθ √
√ $ # π π$ a2 + u2
u u
a2 + u2 θ= tan−1 θ∈ − ,
√ a 2 2
a2 + u2 = a sec θ θ
a

u = a sec θ
du = a sec θ tan θ dθ ! % & √
√ # $
u π$ 3π u
u2 − a2
u2 − a2 θ= sec−1 θ ∈ 0, ∪ π,
√ a 2 2
u2 − a2 = a tan θ θ
a
 Example
! √
x2 − 9
1. dx
x3
that asaaHencea s
Note
xsseca.nnereaeo.euas
Let
a secatana is 3sec
via
some
asee d a sect's
sin vea
also
x
goseen
aseen
ssecatana

tantanna
ifsea
tantanna
sea
tan
seaan
see an
sea
Isucosmos
costa
ISin a da
of asia
a an
I in since c
in gasinacosa c
i 1 ga
g see o
 Example
!
x
2. √ dx
2
x + 2x + 5
SueI n d

f
an a t
net
letx a standwhere
µ
Jaana a
2

Itseen seenseea

ii
aan
2sec

can
katanaelse

a enseeatana
2sec c
neans en e aa s a c
 Exercise
! √
8x − 3x2
3. dx
2x
shesaton x sinaa
1 a s
saxgoosada

f stage
16161 Jcosada
9 ax s Ising
a
sinacosada
g 2xp p
213 Y4ft
sina
cos cosada

f anc ax
sina
cos cosada
sina

a he sinned

ti
sing
16 in a ax
say
Iisina on
a a sina
sinallesina
an
in a 1
a x
fromsina at atax c
y i y
a singer
cosa ay
Also
4
I
 Example
"x#
4. Use the substitution z = tan to evaluate
2
!
dx
.
4 sin x − 3 cos x
the
Note facts
following

n f z lampthen taniz ax stan'sson gaz

cost
a sin asingcosy costs
sine cosy
acosy
alane
sect's
slant's
atank's

acosa cosy
sect I
2
litany
nI l
a ez

i a
Susinan
zoos
iz
1 31
Isassedz
fizFizs a
tobe
continued
 Exercises: Tangent Half-Angle Substitution

Let k ∈ R such that k > 0.

! !
dx dx
5. 6.
sin x + k cos x + k
2
f e k
d
f it x
d

ie a
Jaieti az Jeen
ie
ne

g
a iii i if p
a an Iii an
I c

µ n z tan cant
K
Ifcnn.imit in
I can Kiran c
c
Leepke a saprat me l'd
Jaz if
p
2ndtanlui C
it tanlitit c
cani ktani I C
n am
 Exercises

! √ !
8x − 3x2 dx
3. dx 5. ,k>0
2x sin x + k
!
dx
6. ,k>0
cos x + k