Community & PubliC HealtH for mediCal laboratory SCienCe

WEEK 2| INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
Census
I. TYPES OF DATA – studies total population
A. PRIMARY DATA – De facto -people are allocated to the areas where they were
B. SECONDARY DATA physically present at the census date regardless of where they
usually live
II. SOURCES OF DATA – De Jure - assigns individuals to the place of their usual
III. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION residence regardless of where they were actually enumerated
IV. CLASSIFICATION OF STATISTICAL DATA during the census.
V. METHODS OF DATA PRESENTATION
A. NARRATIVE OR TEXTUAL METHOD Interview
– one on one encounter, use list of questions, to know opinions
B. TABULAR PRESENTATION or feelings of subjects
C. GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION – Questionnaires can be sent for respondents living in far-flung
areas

TYPES OF DATA
CLASSIFICATION OF STATISTICAL DATA
Two Types of Data:
1. Primary Data 1. Demographic- ex. Population size, age, sex, geographic
are those obtained first hand by the investigator to help him distribution, mortality, morbidity, growth rate
answer specifically the purposes of his study 2. Health Status- ex. Causes and distribution of mortality and
2. Secondary Data morbidity as to residence, place of occurrence, age, sex
are those which are already existing and which have been 3. Health Resources- ex. Number and distribution of health
obtained by some other people for purposes facilities, health manpower, health expenditures
not necessarily those of the investigator’s. 4. Health-related Socio-economic
• Environmental Factors- ex. Water supply,
• As a METHOD it refers to orderly processes of data excreta disposal, school enrollment, food
collection, organization, presentation and interpretation establishment, transports, food
(tabulation of data, computation of rates and frequency intake/habits
distribution, graphic presentation)
• As a DATA it refers to quantitative data affected to a marked METHODS OF DATA PRESENTATION
extent by a multiplicity of causes. Data are collected in order to
measure something (number of deaths, births, specific NARRATIVE OR TEXTUAL PRESENTATION OF DATA
diseases, hospital admissions) “A census conducted in Barangay X in Cavite by the
International Institute of Rural Reconstruction in 1988 showed
that there were 272 females aged between 15 and 44 years
SOURCES OF DATA old. Of these women, 75 or 28% were less than 20 yrs. Old,
106 or 39% were between 20 and 29 while 91 or 33% were
• Census between 30 and 44. Approximately sixty-six percent (66%) or
• Registries of vital events 181 of the women had married atleast once. Among the
• Reports of occurrence of notifiable proportion of 15-19 age group, only 6 women or
diseases 8% were ever-married. The proportion of ever- married women
• Different records increased sharply in the 20-29 age group to 81% or 86 women.
• Family Records (kept by RHU) For the 30-44 age group, the number of ever-married women
• Laboratories, Pharmacies, Blood banking was 89 or 98% of the women in this age bracket.”
centers, and Private practitioners
• Statistical publications (Phil. Health
Statistics, Weekly Disease Bulletin, TABULAR PRESENTATION
Annual Demographic yearbook) TABULATION
- It refers to the arrangement of any data in an orderly
sequence, so that they can be presented concisely and
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION compactly and so that they can be understood easily.
Documented sources
– Saves time, energy and money
TABLES
– Data is routinely obtained, did not have in mind the specific
– Provide a compact way of presenting large sets of detailed
questions of the researcher
information
– Simplicity, clarity and directness are prime considerations in
the construction of table
Sample Surveys
– studies specific segments or subsets of population

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
Parts of a Table SCATTERPOINT/SCATTERPLOT
• Table Number - Arabic numerals are used. Place it on the – Show correlation between simultaneous measurement
first line of the tile. – shows relationship between 2 sets of data
• Title - it should state the objective of the table. It should
clearly, briefly and comprehensively what the figures in the
body of the table stand for. How the data are classified, where
and when obtained
• Row Headings/Stubs - indicate the basis of classification of
the rows or horizontal series of figures
• Column headings -indicate the basis of classification of the
columns or vertical series of figures.
• Body of the table - this is made up of the figures filling the
cells or compartments brought about by the coordinates of
rows and columns
PIE CHART
• Footnote -indicate the source of information
– Shows the breakdown of a group per total where the number
of categories is not too many

HISTOGRAM
– Similar to a bar graph but groups number into ranges

GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION FREQUENCY POLYGON

LINE DIAGRAM
– Shows trend data or changes with time or age with respect to
some other variable

PIE CHART
– Shows the breakdown of a group per total where the number
of categories is not too many

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS