Electrical & Electronics Engineering Institute

University of the Philippines Diliman

EE 251
Fault Studies

Notes No. 3
Short Circuit Studies

Short Circuit Studies

 Fault Current at Different Times

 ANSI/IEEE and IEC Standards
 ANSI/IEEE Calculation Method
 IEC Calculation Method

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Fault Current at Different Times
Clearing Time
of Molded
Breakers Clearing Time
of High Voltage
Breakers

Fault Current that

upstream overcurrent
Contact devices must withstand
Clearing Opening Time while downstream devices
Time of of High Voltage isolate the fault
Fuse Breakers

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Fault Current at Different Times

 First (1/2) Cycle Fault Current
 Short circuit ratings of low voltage equipment
 Ratings of High Voltage (HV) switch and fuse
 Close & Latch (Making) capacity or ratings of HV
Circuit Breakers
 Maximum Fault for coordination of instantaneous
trip of relays

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Fault Current at Different Times
 1.5 to 4 Cycles Fault Current
 Interrupting (breaking) duties of HV circuit
breakers
 Interrupting magnitude and time of HV breakers
for coordination

 30 Cycles Fault Current

 For time delay coordination

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Application of Short Circuit Analysis

 Comparison of Closed-and-Latch (Momentary

or Making) and Interrupting (Breaking) Duties
of Interrupting Devices
 Comparison of Short-time or withstand
rating of system components
 Selection of rating or setting of short circuit
protective devices
 Evaluation of current flow and voltage levels
in the system during fault

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 Characteristic of
Short Circuit Currents
R L

di
Ri  L  E sin t   
E sin (t+) dt

E sin t      E sin(   ) R t

i   e X

R2  X 2 R2  X 2

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Characteristic of
Short Circuit Currents
E sin t      E sin(   ) R t
i   e X
2 2 2 2
R X R X

I total , RMS  I symmetrical RMS  Asymmetrical Factor

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ANSI/IEEE and IEC Standards

 ANSI/IEEE: American National

Standards Institute/ Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers
 IEC: International Electrotechnical
Commission

Prescribes Test Procedures and

Calculation Methods
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ANSI/IEEE Calculation Method

½ Cycle Network: also known as the subtransient
network because all rotating machines are
represented by their subtransient reactances
Type of Machine Xsc
Utility X”
Turbo generator Xd”
Hydro-generator with amortisseur windings Xd”
Hydro-generator without amortisseur windings 0.75 Xd’
Condenser Xd”
Synchronous motor Xd”
Induction Machine
> 1000 hp @ 1800 rpm or less Xd”
> 250 hp @ 3600 rpm Xd”
All other  50 hp 1.2 Xd”
< 50 hp 1.67 Xd”
Xd” of induction motor = 1/(per-unit locked-rotor current at rated voltage)
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ANSI/IEEE Calculation Method
1.5-4 Cycle Network: the network used to
calculate interrupting short-circuit current and
protective device duties 1.5-4 cycles after the
fault.
Type of Device Duty

High Voltage CB Interrupting Capability

Low Voltage CB N/A

Fuse N/A

Switchgear and MCC N/A

Relay N/A

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ANSI/IEEE Calculation Method

1.5-4 Cycle Network: also known as the transient
network

Type of Machine Xsc

Utility X”
Turbo generator Xd”
Hydro-generator with amortisseur windings Xd”
Hydro-generator without amortisseur windings 0.75 Xd’
Condenser Xd”
Synchronous motor 1.5 Xd”
Induction Machine
> 1000 hp @ 1800 rpm or less 1.5 Xd”
> 250 hp @ 3600 rpm 1.5 Xd”
All other  50 hp 3.0 Xd”
< 50 hp infinity
Xd” of induction motor = 1/(per-unit locked-rotor current at rated voltage)
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ANSI/IEEE Calculation Method
30 Cycle Network: also known as the steady-
state network

Type of Machine Xsc

Utility X’’
Turbo Generator Xd’
Hydro-generator w/ Amortisseur Winding Xd’
Hydro-generator w/o Amortisseur Winding Xd’
Condenser Infinity
Synchronous Motor Infinity
Induction Machine Infinity

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X/R Ratio

Vf
 For the 3-phase fault: Ia 
Z1  Z f

 Let Z eq  Z 1  Z f  Req  jX eq

X X eq
 Cooper: 
R Req
X X1  X f
 ANSI/IEEE: 
R R1  Rf

using separate R and X networks

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 X/R Ratio

3Vf
 For the single line-to-ground fault: I a 
Z 1  Z 2  Z 0  3Z f
Z 1  Z 2  Z 0  3Z f
 Let Z eq 
3
X X eq
 Cooper: 
R Req
X X 1  X 2  X 0  3X f
 ANSI/IEEE: 
R R1  R 2  R 0  3Rf

using separate R and X networks

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X/R Ratio

Vf
 For the line-to-line fault: I b ,Ic   j 3
Z1  Z 2  Z f
Z1  Z 2  Z f
 Let Z eq 
j 3
X X eq
 Cooper: 
R Req

ANSI/IEEE: X X1  X 2  X f
 
R R1  R 2  Rf
using separate R and X networks

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 X/R Ratio
 For the double line-to-ground fault:
Vf Z 0T  aZ 2T 
Ib  j 3
Z 1T Z 2T  Z 1T Z 0T  Z 2T Z 0T

Ic  j 3

Vf Z 0T  a 2Z 2T 
Z 1T Z 2T  Z 1T Z 0T  Z 2T Z 0T
Let

Z 1T Z 2T  Z 1T Z 0T  Z 2T Z 0T
Z eq (b ) 
 j 3Z 0T  aZ 2T 
Z 1T Z 2T  Z 1T Z 0T  Z 2T Z 0T
Z eq (c ) 

j 3 Z 0T  a 2Z 2T 
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X/R Ratio
 where Z 0T  Z 0  Z f  3Z g
Z 1T  Z 1  Z f
Z 2T  Z 2  Z f
 Cooper: X X eq

R Req
 ANSI/IEEE:
X X 1T X 2T  X 1T X 0T  X 2T X 0T R 0T  aR 2T
 
R X 0T  aX 2T R1T R 2T  R1T R 0T  R 2T R 0T
X X 1T X 2T  X 1T X 0T  X 2T X 0T R 0T  a 2R 2T
 
R X 0T  a 2 X 2T R1T R 2T  R1T R 0T  R 2T R 0T
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 X/R Ratio

(0.150  0.070)(0.020  0.120)

X1   0.0856
0.150  0.070  0.020  0.120
(0.0017  0.0015)(0.0005  0.0120)
R1   0.00255
0.0017  0.0015  0.0005  0.0120
IEEE C37.010:1999

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X/R Ratio

(0.070)(0.030  0.300)
X0   0.0578
0.070  0.030  0.300
(0.0015)(0.0010  0.0300)
R0   0.00143
0.0015  0.0010  0.0300 IEEE C37.010:1999

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 X/R Ratio
 For 3-phase fault,
X X 1 0.0856
   33.57
R R1 0.00255
 For single line-to-ground fault,
X X1  X 2  X 0 2  0.0856  0.0578
   35.1
R R1  R 2  R 0 2  0.00255  0.00143

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ANSI/IEEE Calculation Method

ANSI Multiplying Factor: determined by the
equivalent X/R ratio at a particular fault location.
The X and the R are calculated separately.
Local and Remote Contributions
A local contribution to a short-circuit current is
the portion of the short-circuit current fed
predominantly from generators through no more
than one transformation, or with external
reactance in series which is less than 1.5 times
the generator subtransient reactance. Otherwise
the contribution is defined as a remote
contribution.
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ANSI/IEEE Calculation Method
Momentary (1/2 Cycle) Short-Circuit Current
Peak Momentary Short-Circuit Current

Imom, peak  MFp  Imom,rms, symm

 


MFp  2 1  e X R


 

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ANSI/IEEE Calculation Method

Momentary (1/2 Cycle) Short-Circuit Current
Asymmetrical RMS value of Momentary Short-
Circuit Current

Vpre  fault
Imom,rms, symm 
3Zeq
Imom,rms, asymm  MFm  Imom, rms, symm
2

MFm  1  2e X R

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ANSI/IEEE Calculation Method
High Voltage Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty
(1.5-4 Cycle)
Adjusted RMS value of Interrupting Short-Circuit
Current (for total current basis CBs)
Vpre  fault
Iint,rms, symm 
3Zeq

I int,rms ,adj  AMFi  I int,rms ,symm

where AMFi  MFl  NACD MFr  MFl 

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ANSI/IEEE Calculation Method

No AC Decay (NACD) Ratio
The NACD ratio is defined as the remote
contributions to the total contributions for the
short-circuit current at a given location

I remote
NACD 
I total
• Total short circuit current Itotal = Iremote + Ilocal
• NACD = 0 if all contributions are local
• NACD = 1 if all contributions are remote

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ANSI/IEEE Calculation Method
High Voltage Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty
(1.5-4 Cycle)

4
 t
MFr  1  2e X R

Circuit Breaker Contact Parting

Rating in Cycles Time ( t ) in Cycles
8 4
5 3
3 2
2 1.5

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ANSI/IEEE Calculation Method

High Voltage Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty
(1.5-4 Cycle) Calculation

IEEE C37.010:1999

Multiplying factors (total current basis CBs) MF r for 3-phase &

line-to-ground faults.
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ANSI/IEEE Calculation Method
High Voltage Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty
(1.5-4 Cycle)

IEEE C37.010:1999

Multiplying factors (total current basis CBs) MF l for 3-phase faults.

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ANSI/IEEE Calculation Method

High Voltage Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty
(1.5-4 Cycle)
Adjusted RMS value of Interrupting Short-Circuit
Current (for symmetrically rated CBs)
AMFi  I int,rms ,symm
I int,rms ,adj 
S
Circuit Breaker Contact S Factor
Parting Time (Cycles)
4 1.0
3 1.1
2 1.2
1.5 1.3

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ANSI/IEEE Calculation Method
Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty
(1/2 Cycle) Calculation
Adjusted asymmetrical RMS value of Interrupting
Short-Circuit Current
Vpre  fault
Iint,rms, symm 
3Zeq

I int,rms ,adj  MF  I int,rms ,symm

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ANSI/IEEE Calculation Method

Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty
(1/2 Cycle) Calculation



2(1  e X R
)
MF  
Unfused power
breakers

( X R)test
2(1  e )


1  2e X R
MF  Fused power
breakers &

 Molded Case
( X R)test
1  2e
Note: If calculated MF < 1.0, set MF = 1.0
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 ANSI/IEEE Calculation Method
Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty
(1/2 Cycle) Calculation
Circuit Breaker Type (X/R)test
Power Breaker (Unfused) 6.59
Power Breaker (Fused) 4.90
Molded Case (> 20 kA) 4.90
Molded Case (10.001 – 20 kA) 3.18
Molded Case (10 kA) 1.73
Fuse Interrupting Short-Circuit Current
Calculation
- same procedure as Circuit Breaker Interrupting
Duty calculation.

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ANSI/IEEE Calculation Method

X1=0.070
Example R1(ac)=0.0015
X0=0.07 X1=0.020
R0=0.0015 R1(ac)=0.0005
X0=0.030
R0=0.0010

X1=0.120 X1=0.200
R1(ac)=0.0120 R1(ac)=0.0040
X0=0.300 X0=0.200
R0=0.30 R0=0.004
Xd”=0.150
R1(ac)=0.0017

IEEE C37.010:1999

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 IEC Calculation Method
Near-to-Generator Short-Circuit
Short-circuit condition to which at least one synchronous
machine contributes a prospective initial short-circuit current
which is more than twice the generator’s rated current, or a
short-circuit condition to which synchronous and
asynchronous motors contribute more than 5% of the initial
symmetrical short-circuit current (I”k) without motors.

Far-from-Generator Short-Circuit
Short-circuit condition to which the magnitude of the
symmetrical ac component of the available short-circuit
current remains essentially constant

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IEC Calculation Method

Time-course of near-to-generator short-circuit current:
Ik” – initial (symmetrical) short-circuit current
ip – peak short-circuit current,
Ik – steady-state short-circuit current
A – initial value of the aperiodic component idc

*IEC 60909:1988

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 IEC Calculation Method
Time-course of far-from-generator short-circuit current:

*IEC 60909:1988

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IEC Calculation Method

Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current (Ik’’) RMS value
of the AC symmetrical component of an available short-circuit
current applicable at the instant of short-circuit if the impedance
remains at zero-time value.
Peak Short-Circuit Current (ip)
Maximum possible instantaneous value of the available short-
circuit current.
Symmetrical Short-Circuit Breaking Current (Ib)
RMS value of an integral cycle of the symmetrical AC component
of of the available short-circuit current at the instant of contact
separation of the first pole of a switching device
Steady-state Short Circuit Current (Ik)
RMS value of the short-circuit current which remains after
the decay of the transient phenomena.

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 IEC Calculation Method
Short-circuit current calculation according to IEC 60909-0 is
carried out based on the method of ‘equivalent voltage source
at the short-circuit location’.
Assumptions:
 Symmetrical short-circuits are represented by the positive-
sequence component; unsymmetrical (unbalanced) short-
circuits are represented by connection of positive-, negative-
and zero-sequence component.
 Capacitances and parallel admittances of non-rotating load
of the positive- (and negative-) sequence component are
neglected. Capacitances and parallel admittances of the
zero-sequence component shall be neglected, except in
systems with isolated neutral or with resonance earthing
(systems with Petersen coil) as they have an influence on
fault currents in power.
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IEC Calculation Method

Assumptions (cont.):
 Impedance of the arc at the short-circuit location is
neglected.
 The type of short-circuit and the system topology remain
unchanged during the duration of short-circuit.
 The tap-changers of all transformers are assumed to be in
main-position (middle position).
 All internal voltages of system feeders, generators and
motors are short-circuited and an equivalent voltage source
with value cUn/√3 is introduced at the short circuit location.

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 IEC Calculation Method
Example for short-circuit current calculation with an
equivalent voltage source at s.-c. location
(a) Three-phase a.c. system with three-phase short-circuit:

*Schlabbach, 2005

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IEC Calculation Method

(b) equivalent circuit diagram in 012-system (positive
sequence system for 3 s.c. case):

*Schlabbach, 2005

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 IEC Calculation Method
(c) equivalent circuit diagram in 012-system with equivalent
voltage source:

*Schlabbach, 2005

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IEC Calculation Method

Voltage Factor (c)
Factor used to adjust the value of the equivalent voltage source
for the minimum and maximum current calculations

Nominal System Voltage Un Cmax Cmin

LV: 100 V to 1000 V
400 V/230 V 1.00 0.95
Other voltages 1.05 1.00
Upper voltage tolerance +6% 1.05 0.95
Upper voltage tolerance +10% 1.10 0.95
MV: > 1kV to 35 kV 1.10 1.00
HV: > 35 kV to 230 kV 1.10 1.00
380 kV 1.10 1.00

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 IEC Calculation Method
Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current Ik”
 The initial symmetrical short-circuit current Ik” is calculated
for balanced and unbalanced short-circuits based on the
equivalent voltage source at the short-circuit location and
the short-circuit impedance seen from the short-circuit
location, which has to be determined with the system of
symmetrical components.
 The results obtained for the short-circuit currents (and the
voltages of the non-faulted phases, if required) in the 012-
system have to be transferred back into the RYB-system.
 Let
c = voltage factor
Un = nominal system voltage
Z1, Z2, Z0 = short-circuit impedance in the positive-,
negative- and zero-sequence component.
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IEC Calculation Method

*Schlabbach, 2005

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 IEC Calculation Method
Short Circuit Type Equation Remarks
Three-phase cUn
Ik" 3 
3 Z1
Double-phase cUn
without earth Ik" 2 
2Z1
connection

Double-phase "  3cUn Z2 Current flowing

IkE 2E 
with earth Z1Z2  Z1Z0  Z2 Z0 through earth
connection
 jcUn Z0  aZ2 
(General) Ik" 2EY  Current of
Z1Z2  Z1Z0  Z2 Z0 phase Y

Ik" 2EB 

jcUn Z0  a2 Z2  Current of
Z1Z2  Z1Z0  Z2 Z0 phase B

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IEC Calculation Method

Short Circuit Type Equation Remarks
Double-phase " 3cUn Current flowing
IkE 2E 
with earth connection Z1  2Z0 through earth
(Far-from-generator;
cUn Z0 Z1  a
Z1 = Z2) Ik" 2EY  Current of
Z1  2Z0 phase Y

cUn Z0 Z1  a2 Current of
Ik" 2EB  phase B
Z1  2Z0
Line-to-earth 3cUn
single-phase Ik" 1 
(General)
Z1  Z2  Z0

Line-to-earth 3cUn
single-phase
Ik" 1 
2Z1  Z0
(Far-from-generator, Z1 = Z2)
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 IEC Calculation Method
System Feeder
2
c  UnQ
Z1Q 
"
SkQ
c  UnQ
Z1Q 
3  Ik" 3Q
Z1Q
X1Q 
1  R1Q X1Q 2

Ik" 3Q
Z0Q  3  Z1Q   2  Z1Q
Ik" 1Q
*Schlabbach, 2005

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IEC Calculation Method

c voltage factor
Ik1Q” initial short-circuit current (single-phase short-circuit)
Ik3Q” initial short-circuit current (three-phase short-circuit)
SkQ” initial short-circuit power (three-phase short-circuit)
UnQ nominal system voltage at connection point

Assumptions for resistance:

• RQ  0 if UnQ  35 kV; system with overhead transmission
lines
• RQ = 0.1XQ respectively XQ = 0.995ZQ
• The impedance in the zero-sequence component normally is
given as a ratio of the impedance in the positive-sequence
component. If the single-phase short-circuit current from
the system feeder is known, the zero-sequence impedance
can be calculated.
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 IEC Calculation Method
2
ukr  UrT
Two-winding Transformer Z   KT
T
100%  SrT
2
uRr  UrT P
RT   KT  krT  KT
100%  SrT 2
3  IrT

XT  ZT2  RT2
UnQ
KT 
Ub max
cmax

1  xT Ib max T IrT  sin bT
cmax
 0.95 
1  0.6 xT
*Schlabbach, 2005

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IEC Calculation Method

ZT = RT + jXT = corrected rated transformer impedance in 
xT rated transformer reactance in pu
ukr impedance voltage
UrT rated voltage (HV- or LV-side)
SrT rated apparent power
cmax voltage factor at LV-side
IbmaxT maximal current prior to short-circuit
IrT rated current (HV- or LV-side)
PkrT ohmic losses
uRr ohmic part of impedance voltage
Ubmax maximal voltage prior to short-circuit
UnQ nominal system voltage
bT phase angle of current prior to short-circuit

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 IEC Calculation Method
• Transformer with high rated power: XT ≈ ZT
• Correction factor (KT) for positive-, negative- and zero-
sequence component.
• Impedances as per this table are related to HV-side.
• The impedance in the zero-sequence component can either
be given as a ratio of the impedance in the positive-
sequence component or can be calculated from the
impedance voltage and the losses in the zero-sequence
component.
• The impedance in the zero-sequence component depends
on the handling of transformer neutral.

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IEC Calculation Method

Synchronous Generator
"  U2
xd
X1G  rG  K
G
100%  SrG
X2G  0.5  X d 
"  X"  K
q 
G

X0G  0.4  0.8X d" K

G
UnQ cmax
KG  
UrG 1  pG  1  x "  sin 
d rG

*Schlabbach, 2005

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27
 IEC Calculation Method
cmax voltage factor
pG voltage control range: UrG = const  pG = 0
SrG rated apparent power
UrG rated phase-phase voltage
xd” subtransient reactance
rG phase angle between UrG/3 and rated current IrG

Fictitious resistance of stator RGf (for peak s.-c. current)

HV: RGf = 0.05XG for SrG  100 MVA, UrG > 1 kV
RGf = 0.07XG for SrG < 100 MVA, UrG > 1 kV
LV: RGf = 0.15XG for UrG  1 kV

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IEC Calculation Method

• Correction factor (KG) for positive-, negative- and zero-
sequence component.
• Synchronous motors identical to synchronous generators
• Calculation of decaying d.c. component with real resistance
of stator
• Impedance in the zero-sequence component depends on
the type of winding of the generator

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28
 IEC Calculation Method
Power-station Unit (PSU)

ZKW  ZG  trT2 Z
THV  K KWi 
With tap - changer : K KWi is
2
UnQ 2
UrTLV
K KWs  
UrG 1  pG 2 2
UrTHV
cmax

"
1  xd  xT  sin rG

Without tap - changer : K KWi is

UnQ U
K KWo   rTLV
UrG 1  pG  UrTHV
cmax
 1  pT  
" sin 
1  xd
*Schlabbach, 2005 rG
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IEC Calculation Method

UnG nominal system voltage at PSU connection point
Generator:
pG control range of voltage: UrG=const ⇒ pG=0; e.g. pG=5%
UrG rated voltage
xd” subtransient reactance
• Correction factor
ZG impedance
(KKWi) for positive-,
ϕrG phase angle between UrG and IrG
negative- and zero-
Unit transformer:
sequence component
cmax voltage factor
pT control range of tap-changer (e.g., pT = 5%)
trT rated transformation ratio
UrTLV rated voltage LV-side
UrTHV rated voltage HV-side
xT reactance in pu at nominal tap position
ZTHV uncorrected impedance referred to HV side
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29
 IEC Calculation Method
Asynchronous Motor
2
IrM UrM
ZM  
IanM SrM
ZM
XM 
1  RM X M 2
PrM
SrM 
rM  cos rM

*Schlabbach, 2005

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IEC Calculation Method

IanM locked rotor current
IrM rated current
PrM rated active power
SrM rated apparent power
rM phase angle at rated power
rM rated power factor
MV:
RM = 0.1∗XM with PrMp ≥ 1 MW
RM = 0.15∗XM with PrMp < 1 MW
PrMp rated active power per pole pair
LV:
RM = 0.42∗XM including connection cable
• Asynchronous motors are normally operated with isolated
neutrals, zero-sequence impedance therefore can be
neglected
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30
IEC Calculation
Method
Short-Circuits Inside
Power Plant

*Schlabbach, 2005

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IEC Calculation Method

The short-circuit current for location F1 between generator
and unit transformer, if the unit transformer is equipped with
tap-changer, is calculated by

"  I "  c  UrG 

Ik"  IkG
1

1

 
kT
3 KGs  ZG 2 Z
ZTLV  1 trT Q min

with the impedance correction factor KGs

cmax
KGs 
"
1  xd  sin rG

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 IEC Calculation Method
When the unit transformer is not equipped with tap-changer,
the short-circuit current is given as

"  I "  c  UrG 

Ik"  IkG
1

1

 
kT
3 KGo  ZG 2 Z
ZTLV  1 trT Q min

with the impedance correction factor KGo

1 cmax
KGo 
1  pG 1  " sin 
xd rG

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IEC Calculation Method

The short-circuits at the HV-side of the auxiliary transformer
at location F2 are given by
 
 
" c  UrG   1 1 
IkEB  
3  K Z
 Gs

G 2  

KTs  ZTLV  1 trT  ZQ min 

with impedance correction factor for the generator
cmax
KGs 
"
1  xd  sin rG
and the unit transformer
cmax
KTs 
1  xT  sin rG

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 IEC Calculation Method
If the unit transformer is installed without tap-changer the
impedance correction factors are given for the generator
1 cmax
KGo  
"
1  pG 1  x  sin 
d rG
and for the unit transformer
1 cmax
KTo  
1  pG 1  xT  sin rG
which shall be used instead of correction factors K Gs and KTs.
The impedance Zrsl including the correction factors is called
the coupling impedance:
1 1
Zrsl  
KGs  ZG 2 Z
KTs  ZTLV  1 trT Q min  
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IEC Calculation Method

Quantities are:
ZG impedance of the generator
ZTLV impedance of the unit transformer at LV-side (generator
voltage)
ZQmin impedance of the system feeder for maximal short-circuit
current
trT transformation ratio of the unit transformer (t rT  1)
UrG rated voltage of generator
c; cmax voltage factor
xT reactance of the transformer in p.u. (impedance voltage)
xd” subtransient reactance of the generator in p.u.
pG voltage control range of generator in p.u.
sin rG power factor of generator at rated operating conditions

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 IEC Calculation Method
Peak Short-Circuit Current ip
 Depending on the feeding source of the short-circuit
different considerations have to be taken to calculate the
peak short-circuit current.

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IEC Calculation Method

Single-fed
short circuit

*Schlabbach, 2005

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34
 IEC Calculation Method
The peak short-circuit current, which is a peak value, can be
calculated for the different types of short-circuits based on the
initial short-circuit current (r.m.s. value) by

i p3    2Ik" 3

i p2    2Ik" 2

i p1    2Ik" 1
3R X 
The factor κ can be calculated by   1.02  0.98  e
where Ik3”; Ik2”; Ik1” are the initial symmetrical short-circuit
currents for three-phase, double-phase and line-to-earth
short-circuit and R;X are the resistance and reactance of the
short-circuit impedance.

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Short-circuit
fed from
non-meshed
sources:

The peak
short-circuit
current is
calculated by
superposing
the contributions
of different
sources.

*Schlabbach, 2005

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35
 IEC Calculation Method
The peak short-circuit currents ip3T1 and ip3T2 of each
branch, fed through the transformers T1 and T2, are
calculated separately as well as the factors κ1 and κ2.
i p3T 1  1  2  Ik" 3T 1

i p3T 2  2  2  Ik" 3T 2
The total peak short-circuit current ip3 is given by
i p3  i p3T 1  i p3T 2

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IEC Calculation Method

Short-circuits in
meshed networks

*Schlabbach, 2005

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36
 IEC Calculation Method
 Uniform (smallest) ratio R/X. The factor κ is calculated
based on the smallest ratio R/X of all branches of the
network. Only those branches need to be taken into account
which contribute to the short-circuit current in the power
system corresponding to the short-circuit location,
respectively those branches connected through transformers
to the short-circuit location. The results are always on the
safe side, however the accuracy is low.

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IEC Calculation Method

 RatioR/X at short-circuit location. Based on the ratio R/X of
the total system impedance at the short-circuit location, the
factor κ is calculated taking account of a safety factor of
1.15 to allow for deviations due to the different ratios R/X in
the different branches.
 b  1.15  
The factor 1.15 ∗ κ should not exceed the value of 1.8 in LV-
systems and shall not exceed 2.0 in HV-systems. The safety factor
1.15 is neglected when R/X ≤ 0.3.

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 IEC Calculation Method
 Equivalent frequency fc. Initially, the magnitude of network
reactances are scaled from their power frequency f values to
a reduced frequency fc, then the Thevenin’s impedance at
the fault point is calculated. If the positive and negative
sequence impedances at fc at the fault point are Z1c =
R1c+jX1c and Z0c = R0c+jX0c, the factor κ is calculated
based on the ratio R/X:
R R1c fc
  3-phase short-circuit
X X1c f
R  2 X1c  X0c  1-phase short-circuit to earth
 
X  2R1c  R0c 
where f is nominal system frequency (50 or 60 Hz) and fc/f
=0.4 (fc =20 or 24 Hz). Equal Z1c and Z2c are assumed.
Similar equations can be derived for other fault types.
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IEC Calculation Method

Symmetrical Short-Circuit Breaking Current Ib
 Near-to-generator short-circuits:
 The calculation of the symmetrical short-circuit breaking
current Ib is based on the initial short-circuit current and on
the factor μ,
Ib    Ik"
 The decrement factor μ can be calculated by
  0.84  0.26  e 0.26IkG IrG 
"
for tmin  0.02 s

  0.71  0.51  e 0.30 

"
IkG IrG
for tmin  0.05 s

  0.62  0.72  e 0.32 

"
IkG IrG
for tmin  0.10 s

  0.56  0.94  e 0.38IkG IrG 

"
for tmin  0.25 s
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38
 IEC Calculation Method
 where IkG” is the initial symmetrical short-circuit current of
the generator, IrG is the rated current of the generator and
tmin is the minimal time delay of the protection, switchgear
and auxiliaries, that is, minimal time for switching the short-
circuit current off.
 The factor μ is valid for high-voltage synchronous
generators, excited by rotating machines of rectifiers. If the
excitation system is not known the factor shall be set to μ =
1.

 Far-from-generator short-circuits: the symmetrical

short-circuit breaking current Ib is equal to the initial short-
circuit current Ik” as the a.c. component is not decaying.

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IEC Calculation Method

RMS Symmetrical Steady-State S-C Current Ik
• For a single-fed near to generator three-phase short circuit,
the maximum and minimum steady state short-circuit
current is given by I  I
k max max rG
Ik min  minIrG
max and min are given by IEC 60909-0 as functions of
IkG”/IrG and xdsat. [xdsat =1/(Short-Circuit Ratio)]
• For meshed networks,
Ik min  Ik" min
Ik max  Ik" max

and similarly for unbalanced short-circuit faults.

• For far-from-generator short-circuits, Ik = Ik” for all types of
short-circuits.
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39
 IEC Calculation Method
Contribution of Motors
Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current
Three-phase Double-phase Line-to-earth
cUn 3 " c 3Un
Ik" 3M  Ik" 2M  Ik 3M Ik" 1M 
3ZM 2 Z1M  Z2M  Z0M

(in systems with earthed

neutral only)

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IEC Calculation Method

Peak Short-Circuit Current
Three-phase Double-phase Line-to-earth
3
i p3M   M 2Ik" 3M i p2M  i p3M i p1M   M 2Ik" 1M
2

MV-motors:
κM = 1.65 (RM/XM = 0.15) for active power per pole-pair <1 MW
κM = 1.75 (RM/XM = 0.10) for active power per pole-pair ≥1 MW

LV-motors including connection cables:

κM = 1.30 (RM/XM = 0.42)

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40
 IEC Calculation Method
Symmetrical Short-Circuit Breaking Current
Three-phase Double-phase Line-to-earth
" 3 "
Ib3M  qIk 3M Ib2M  Ik 3M Ib1M  Ik" 1M
2

Previous equations for decrement factor  for generators can

be used by replacing (IkG”/IrG) by (IkM”/IrM).

Steady-State Short-Circuit Current

Three-phase Double-phase Line-to-earth
3 "
Ik 3M  0 Ik 2M  Ik 3M Ik1M  Ik" 1M
2

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IEC Calculation Method

 The factor q (three-phase short-circuit) depending on the
minimal time delay of the protection tmin can be obtained
from
q  1.03  0.12  lnPrM p tmin  0.02 s
q  0.79  0.12  lnPrM p tmin  0.05 s
q  0.57  0.12  lnPrM p tmin  0.10 s
q  0.26  0.10  lnPrM p tmin  0.25 s
where tmin is the minimal time delay of the protection,
switchgear and auxiliaries, i.e., minimal time for switching
the short-circuit current off, PrM is the motor rated power in
MW, and p is the number of pole-pairs. The factor q should
not be greater than 1.

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41
 IEC Calculation Method
Example:

At node Q, the power station unit supplies a static impedance

load, the load voltage magnitude is 380 kV and the generator
is operating at rated active and reactive power output.
Generator: SrG=588MVA; UrG=23 kV; RG=0.18%
xd”=18%; xd’=24%; cos rG = 0.85
Transformer: SrT = 588MVA; UrTHV = 432 kV; UrTLV = 23 kV
uXr = 15%; uRr = 0.2% pT =−16% to +2%
System(load): UnQ = 400 kV *Tleis, 2008

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IEC Calculation Method

Example: 10 kV system, f = 50 Hz
SkQ” = 1000 MVA; UnQ = 110 kV
SrT = 10 MVA; ukrT = 10%; PkT = 70 kW; trT = 125 kV/12 kV
SrG = 20 MVA; UrG = 10.5 kV; cos rG = 0.8; xdG” = 10%
XL’ = 0.09 /km; RL’ = 0.123 /km; lL = 5 km

ip = 19.43 kA

*Schlabbach, 2005

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42
 IEC Calculation Method

HV CB asymmetrical breaking & dc current rating

 4 f t min 
I b ,asymm  I b ,symm 1  2 exp  
 X /R 
 2f t min 
I dc  I b ,symm 2 exp  
 X /R 
f = system frequency
tmin = minimum delay time
Ib,symm = symmetrical AC breaking current = Ib
X/R = calculated based on testing PF of 7% at 50 Hz

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IEC Calculation Method

LV CB asymmetrical breaking current rating

 4 f t min 
I b ,asymm  I b ,symm 1  2 exp  
 X /R 

f = system frequency
tmin = minimum delay time
Ib,symm = symmetrical AC breaking current = Ib
X/R = calculated based on testing PF given by IEC

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43
 IEC Calculation Method

Fuse asymmetrical breaking current rating

 4 f t min 
I b ,asymm  I b ,symm 1  2 exp  
 X /R 

f = system frequency
tmin = assumed to be a half cycle
Ib,symm = symmetrical AC breaking current = Ib
X/R = calculated based on testing PF of 15%

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44