Lecture 7 - Plastic Analysis

1) Plastic analysis is used to determine the ultimate or failure load of a structure using the material's properties in the plastic range beyond the elastic limit. It can show the failure load is higher than the elastic load capacity. 2) An idealized stress-strain curve is used to model the behavior of materials, showing they can sustain strains beyond yielding before failure. Idealized diagrams are used in place of actual stress-strain curves. 3) A plastic hinge forms at locations where the moment equals the plastic moment capacity of the cross section. This allows large rotations without an increase in moment acting like a hinge. Plastic hinges are key to plastic analysis methods.

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Lecture 7 - Plastic Analysis

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ECE 305 Structural Analysis II

Lecture Note 7: Plastic Analysis

Dr. Hasitha D. Hidallana-Gamage

1
Introduction
• Plastic analysis is defined as the analysis in which the criterion for
the design of structures is the ultimate load.

• The term plastic has occurred due to the fact that the ultimate
load is found from the strength of material in the plastic range.
Here the analysis of inelastic material is studied beyond the
elastic limit (Yield stress).

• In plastic analysis, the actual failure load of a structure is

calculated, and as will be seen, this failure load can be
significantly greater than the elastic load capacity.

• This method is also known as method of load factor design or

ultimate load design
Introduction. . .

• The material can sustain strains far in excess of the strain at which
yield occurs before failure. This property of the material is called
its ductility.
Introduction. . .

• For plastic analysis, we change the typical diagram by its idealized

diagram. Some of the idealized diagrams considered in engineering
practice are presented below.
Introduction. . .

• The most common, and simplest, model is the idealized stress-

strain behavior. A curve for an ideal elastic-plastic material (which
doesn’t exist) is presented below.
Introduction. . .

Stress-Strain curve for Elastic-Perfectly Plastic material

Introduction. . .

Elastic analysis
• Material is in the elastic state
• Performance of structures under service loads
• Deformation increases with increasing load

Plastic analysis
• Material is in the plastic state
• Performance of structures under ultimate/collapse loads
• Deformation/Curvature increases without an increase in load
Behaviour of a Cross-Section
Behaviour of a Cross-Section. . .
Behaviour of a Cross-Section. . .

• Consider an arbitrary cross section with a vertical plane of

symmetry, which is also the plane of loading

• Consider the cross section subject to an increasing bending

moment and assess the stresses at each stage
Behaviour of a Cross-Section. . .
Behaviour of a Cross-Section. . .
Behaviour of a Cross-Section. . .

Plastic Hinge
• With idealized moment rotation curve, the cross section linearly sustains
moment up to the plastic moment capacity of the section and then yields
in rotation an indeterminate amount

• To use this idealization, the actual section must be capable of sustaining

large rotations that is it must be ductile

• Once the plastic moment capacity is reached, the section can rotate
freely (that is, it behaves like a hinge, except with moment of Mp at the
hinge)

• This is termed a plastic hinge and it is the basis for plastic analysis

• At the plastic hinge stresses remain constant, but strains and hence
rotations can increase
Behaviour of a Cross-Section. . .

Plastic Hinge
Plastic Hinge is defined as an yielded zone due to bending in a
structural member at which large rotations can occur at a section
at a constant moment Mp.
Behaviour of a Cross-Section. . .

Plastic Moment (Mp)

It is the moment at which the entire section is under yield stress

Behaviour of a Cross-Section. . .
Plastic Moment (Mp)
Analysis of a Cross-Section

Assumptions
• The material obeys Hooke's law until the stress reaches the yield value
and thereafter remains constant
• The yield stresses and the modulus of elasticity have the same value in
compression as in tension
• The material is homogeneous and isotropic in both the elastic and plastic
states
• The plane transverse sections (the sections perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the beam) remain plane and normal to the
longitudinal axis after bending, the effect of shear being neglected
• There is no resultant axial force on the beam
• The cross section of the beam is symmetrical about an axis through its
centroid parallel to plane of bending
• Every layer of the material is free to expand and contract longitudinally
and laterally under the stress as if separated from the other layers
Analysis of a Cross-Section. . .
Analysis of a Cross-Section. . .
Rectangular Cross-section
Analysis of a Cross-Section. . .
Rectangular Cross-section
Analysis of a Cross-Section. . .

Shape Factor
Analysis of a Cross-Section. . .
Shape Factor - Doubly Symmetric I Section
Analysis of a Cross-Section. . .