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Cellular Respiration

This document discusses cellular respiration and how cells produce ATP. It describes aerobic respiration as the most efficient pathway, involving glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain to fully oxidize glucose and produce 38 ATP. When oxygen is absent, fermentation allows limited ATP production without oxygen by regenerating NAD+ through alcohol or lactic acid fermentation. The document provides learning outcomes and concepts about the structures and pathways involved in aerobic respiration and fermentation.

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Zinedine Hornachoz
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94 views38 pages

Cellular Respiration

This document discusses cellular respiration and how cells produce ATP. It describes aerobic respiration as the most efficient pathway, involving glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain to fully oxidize glucose and produce 38 ATP. When oxygen is absent, fermentation allows limited ATP production without oxygen by regenerating NAD+ through alcohol or lactic acid fermentation. The document provides learning outcomes and concepts about the structures and pathways involved in aerobic respiration and fermentation.

Uploaded by

Zinedine Hornachoz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION:

Producing ATPs

DISCLAIMER:
Figures are courtesy of Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the topic, at least 80% of the students are able to:

 define cellular respiration;

 differentiate between aerobic, anaerobic respiration and fermentation;

 describe the structure of mitochondrion and its role in aerobic respiration;

 identify the stages of aerobic respiration and discuss the events occurring
in each stage;

 account for the ATPs produced in aerobic respiration and fermentation;


and

 cite some differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic aerobic


respiration in terms of ATP produced.
Concept 1:
Cellular respiration yields energy (ATP) by oxidizing organic
molecules
Concept 1:
Cellular respiration yields energy (ATP) by oxidizing organic
molecules

 catabolic reactions --- breakdown of complex molecules


into simpler ones to release stored energy

 aerobic respiration
 requires O2 as reactant

 anaerobic respiration
 use other reactants other than oxygen

 fermentation
 does not require oxygen
AEROBIC RESPIRATION:
Harvesting Energy With O2
Concept 2:
Aerobic pathway is the most efficient cellular respiration

 aerobic respiration is a step-by-step process


catalyzed by enzymes
 organic molecule (i.e. sugar) is oxidized to CO2
 oxygen is reduced to H2O

 electrons are transferred to electron carriers, i.e.


NAD+ and FAD
 oxygen is the final electron acceptor
Concept 2:
Aerobic pathway is the most efficient cellular respiration

 aerobic respiration is divided into 3 general stages


 Glycolyis
 Krebs cycle

 Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport


chain/chemiosmosis)
 substrate-level phosphorylation produces ATP by
transferring a phosphate group from a substrate to
ADP with the help of enzymes
 oxidative phosphorylation produces ATP by adding
inorganic phosphate to ADP using the energy from the
flow of electrons in the ETC
GLYCOLYSIS
Concept 3:
Glycolysis harvests ATP by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate

 glyco (sugar) + lysis (splitting)


 occurring in the __________
Cytosol
 goal: glucose → pyruvate

 2 sub-phases

 energy investment phase


 energy payoff phase
ENERGY
INVESTMENT
PHASE
ENERGY
INVESTMENT
PHASE
ENERGY
PAYOFF
PHASE
ENERGY
PAYOFF
PHASE
In summary...

glucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+

2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH


*net 2 ATP
More notes…
 Is CO2 produced in the process?
 NO

 Will glycolysis proceed in the absence of oxygen?


 YES

 What mechanism was used to produce ATP?


 SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION
KREBS CYCLE
Concept 4:
Krebs cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of
organic molecules

 a.k.a citric acid cycle; tricarboxylic acid cycle


 occurring in the __________
matrix
 goal: pyruvate → CO2

 2 sub-stages

 pyruvate oxidation
 Krebs cycle proper
PYRUVATE
OXIDATION
In summary...

2 pyruvate + 2 ADP + 6 NAD+ + 2 FAD

6 CO2 + 2 ATP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2


More notes…
 Is CO2 produced in the process?
 YES

 Will Krebs cycle proceed in the absence of oxygen?


◼ NO

 What mechanism was used to produce ATP?


 SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN / CHEMIOSMOSIS
Concept 5:
During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron
transport to ATP synthesis

 Inner mitochondrial membrane


occurring in the ______________________
 involves protein complexes (I, II, III, IV) and ATP
synthase
 goal of ETC: create proton gradient
 goal of chemiosmosis: ATP synthesis
3i
In summary...
10 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 4 ADP + 6 O2

10 NAD+ + 2 FAD + 4 ATP + 6H2O

 1 NADH = 3 ATPs ; 10 NADH x 3 = 30 ATPs


 1 FADH2 = 2 ATPs ; 2 FADH x 2 = 4 ATPs
 glycolysis & citric acid cycle = 4 ATPs
TOTAL = 38 ATPs
FERMENTATION:
Harvesting Energy Without O2
Concept 6:
Fermentation enable cells to produce ATP without the use of
oxygen

 fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen

 goal: regenerate NAD+

 2 types
 alcohol fermentation: pyruvate → ethanol
 lactic acid fermentation: pyruvate → lactate
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
AND FERMENTATION:
A Comparison
CELLULAR RESPIRATION:
Producing ATPs

DISCLAIMER:
Figures are courtesy of Pearson Education, Inc.

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