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MICROECONOMICS MINI RESEARCH

In Partial fulfilment of the requirements for

BASIC MICROECONOMICS

Submitted by:

Biligan, King Marco L.

Submitted to:

Prof. Cherry Lou I. Duque

November 15, 2022

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1. Name at least three businesses falling under each of the four business
organization types (Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, Corporation, and
Cooperative) and provide a brief background and explanations as to why you
choose it?
A. Sole Proprietorship
a. Caduceus Medica Multispecialty Clinic
Brief Description:
Caduceus Medica Multispecialty Clinic is a clinic
with a medical team composed of Infectious
Disease Specialist, a Gynaecologist, a Surgeon, a
Dermatologist, and trained licensed nurses. With
the founder Dr. Gregg Denicola, Started 2006, the
aim of the group practice is to provide a solid and
holistic medical care to patients with Sexually
Transmitted Infections, preserving their sense of
control, protecting their privacy, and giving back their peace of mind. The Triage is
incorporated in the service for close patient monitoring and communication. We
provide an option to Medical Care.
Reason for choosing the business:
Handling a medical clinic with a medical team composts of many specialist is hard
to do. It will be even harder if you are leading it alone. I chose this product because
I am flattered by the determination of the founder to run a medical clinic alone.
b. ViyLine
Brief Description: ViyLine is a company that
offers different products in line to beautifying
physical features. VIYLine Group of Companies
(VGC) is one of the Philippines’ emerging
companies that offers a diverse set of products and
services to consumers ranging from Fast Moving
Consumer Goods (FMCG) like cosmetics, clothing,
and skincare products, to Limited-Service
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Restaurants, to its own Media arm. Since its establishment in 2019, VIYLine Group
of Companies (VGC) became synonymous with a start-up business-turned-huge
company that continues to expand in the industry. Intending to be one of the
country’s premier companies, VGC commits to always uphold its excellent and
quality product and service offerings to the public.
Reason for choosing the business:
I am always watching vlogs and there is only one thing I can say. Viy and Cong’s
vlog are super entertaining. We can see that the vlogs were not scripted. I chose
the business for a reason that it was ran by Viy Cortez. They can prove that
youtube vlogging cannot be the only thing she can do but also doing business.
c. Savvy Swim
Brief Description:
Savvy Swim is a swimwear brand locally made in
the Philippines. Each product is guaranteed made
with high quality fabric and aims to perfectly fit each
body shape. The brand creates variety of one-piece
swimsuits and two-piece bikini sets that every
woman will love. It started on April 11, 2021 with
only 1 design of swim wear. Angel Dei, the founder
of Savvy Swim is known for her travel vlogs that
often feature picturesque beaches, and she's always sporting pretty bikinis for
each spot she goes to. According to her it is not easy for her to achieve where she
is right now. She believes that she has long journey to go and is willing to take risk
and work hard in order for company and brand to success.
Reason for choosing the business:
Every summer swimwears becomes in demand specially on girls. Girls we’re able
to showcase and flex their bodies with swimsuits. Savvy swim offers beautiful swim
suits for girls. Also, I love swimming, in fact I once dream to be a professional
swimmer. I chose this company for 2 reasons. First is that I support women for
standing up for their rights to showcase their bodies. Next is my passion for
swimming.
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B. Partnership
a. Ben & Jerry’s
Brief Description:
Ben & Jerry’s is an American company that
manufactures ice cream, frozen yogurt, and sorbet.
Founded in 1978 in Burlington, Vermont, the
company went from a single ice cream parlor to a
multi-national brand over the course of a few
decades. It was sold in 2000 to
multinational conglomerate Unilever and operates
as a fully owned subsidiary. Its present-day
headquarters is in South Burlington, Vermont, with its factory in Waterbury,
Vermont. en & Jerry's is known for their original flavors, many of which incorporate
foods and desserts mixed with ice cream. Some of these flavors have been themed
after musicians, comedians, and public figures, such as Jerry Garcia, Stephen
Colbert, Colin Kaepernick, and Phish. The company, and its two founders, have
also been noted for their political activism and advocacy for social justice. This
includes the way their products have been manufactured, marketed, and
distributed.
Reason for choosing the business:
I won’t forget how happy my childhood was. My parents often buys me ice cream
in different flavors, I love how creamy the ice creams was. Ice cream has been part
of my childhood. Up until know I still love eating ice cream especially when I’m
impassive or not okay, this is my reason for including the business.
b. Uber Technologies Inc.
Brief Description:
Uber Technologies Inc provides ride hailing services. The Company develops
applications for road transportation, navigation, ride sharing, and payment
processing solutions. Uber Technologies serves customers worldwide. Uber
Technologies, Inc. (Uber), based in San Francisco, provides mobility as a
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service, ride-hailing (allowing users to book a car

and driver to transport them in a way similar to
a taxi), food delivery (Uber
Eats and Postmates), package delivery, couriers,
and freight transportation. Via partnerships with
other operators such as Thames Clippers (boats)
and Lime (electric bicycles and motorized
scooters). Users are also able to book other modes
of transport through the Uber platform in some locations. Uber sets fares, which
vary using a dynamic pricing model based on local supply and demand at the time
of the booking and are quoted to the customer in advance, and receives
a commission from each booking. It had operations in approximately 72 countries
and 10,500 cities as of December 31, 2021.
Reason for choosing the business:
There were times where I went home late at night. At night jeepneys are so rare
and finding transportation at night. I choose this business for a reason that Uber
really save me in times when transportation is kind of hard to do with normal
jeepneys.
c. Hewlett-Packard
Brief Description
The Hewlett-Packard Company, commonly
shortened to Hewlett-Packard or HP, was an
American multinational information
technology company headquartered in Palo Alto,
California. HP developed and provided a wide
variety of hardware components, as well as
software and related services to consumers, small
and medium-sized businesses (SMBs), and large enterprises, including customers
in the government, health, and education sectors. The company was founded in a
one-car garage in Palo Alto by Bill Hewlett and David Packard in 1939, and initially
produced a line of electronic test and measurement equipment. The HP Garage at
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367 Addison Avenue is now designated an official California Historical Landmark,

and is marked with a plaque calling it the "Birthplace of 'Silicon Valley'".
Reason for choosing the business:
One of my hobbies are gaming. With gaming I am able sit and relax with my games.
I can’t play good games if I don’t have a good gaming desktop/laptop. Hp provides
best gadgets with high specs.
C. Corporation
a.Manila Electric Company (Meralco)
Brief Description:
Manila Electric Company (Meralco) is the largest
private sector electric distribution utility company in
the Philippines. It holds a 25-year congressional
franchise under Republic Act No. 9209. It provides
electricity to 6.3 million customers in 36 cities and
75 municipalities in a franchise area covering 9,685
km2 that includes Metro Manila, the provinces of
Rizal, Cavite, Bulacan and portions of the
provinces of Pampanga, Batangas, Laguna and Quezon. The franchise covers the
core of the country’s industrial, commercial, and population centers. The Company
celebrates its 115th year of service in 2018. The power segment, primarily power
distribution, consists of operations of Meralco and its 65%-owned subsidiary, Clark
Electric Distribution Corporation (CEDC), a registered private distribution utility
serving exclusively within its franchise area including the Clark Freeport Zone and
the sub-zone as determined pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 66.
Reason for choosing the business:
I choose this business because it is part of my everyday life. Meralco has been
part of everyday life, it really helps our family to lived better by providing electricity
on our home. It became source of my happiness, it also caused me to be stress
with high amount of bills.
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b. BDO Unibank, Inc.

Brief Description:
BDO is a full-service universal bank in the
Philippines. It provides a complete array of
industry-leading products and services including
Lending (corporate and consumer), Deposit-
taking, Foreign Exchange, Brokering, Trust and
Investments, Credit Cards, Retail Cash Cards,
Corporate Cash Management and Remittances in
the Philippines. Through its local subsidiaries, the
Bank offers Investment Banking, Private Banking, Leasing and Finance, Rural
Banking, Life Insurance, Insurance Brokerage and Online and Non-Online
Brokerage services. BDO’s institutional strengths and value-added products and
services hold the key to its successful business relationships with customers. On
the front line, its branches remain at the forefront of setting high standards as a
sales and service-oriented, customerfocused force. The Bank has the largest
distribution network with over 1,600 operating branches and offices, and more than
4,500 ATMs nationwide. BDO has 16 international offices (including full-service
branches in Hong Kong and Singapore) spread across Asia, Europe, North
America, and the Middle East.
Reason for choosing the business:
As a marketing students, I was engaged in selling at an early stage. In line with
this, I have to find a bank account to put my money on. BDO is one of the best
when it comes to their rules and regulation.
c. Petron Corp.
Brief Description:
Petron Corporation is the largest oil company in the Philippines, operating the
country’s only remaining refinery. Also a leading player in the Malaysian market,
we have a combined refining capacity of 268,000 barrels per day, producing a full
range of world-class fuels and petrochemicals to fuel the lives of millions of
Filipinos and Malaysians. Here in the Philippines, they are capable of supplying
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around 40% of the country’s total fuel

requirements through the operation of our 180,000
barrel-per-day oil refinery in Bataan. Considered
one of the most advanced facilities in the region,
their refinery processes crude oil into various
petroleum products including gasoline, diesel,
LPG, jet fuel, kerosene, and petrochemicals.
Through their service station network – the most
extensive in the country – they retail gasoline, diesel, and auto LPG to motorists
and the public transport sector. Our wide range of world-class fuels includes Blaze
100, XCS, Xtra Advance, Turbo Diesel, and Diesel Max. We also sell our LPG
brands Gasul and Fiesta Gas to households and commercial consumers through
an extensive retail network.
Reason for choosing the business:
Petron is one of our family’s main choice when it comes to gasoline stations. Petron
provides one of the cheapest and high quality gasoline. This is enough reason for
this company to be included.
D. Cooperatives
a. CHS Inc.
Brief Description:
CHS is a diversified global agribusiness
cooperative owned by farmers and local
cooperatives across the United States. Our
10,000-plus dedicated employees around the
globe have a singular purpose: Creating
connections to empower agriculture. We help
drive sustainable growth for our owners and
customers with a strong, efficient supply chain,
access to global markets, and exceptional products and services. As a farmer-
owned cooperative, CHS connects growers to consumers around the world. We
purchase grain from a network of cooperatives and farmer-owners and match it
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with the needs of domestic and global food and feed customers in 65 countries.
CHS also manufactures and distributes a variety of Cenex® brand energy products
and offers crop inputs through wholesale and retail operations in more than 450
communities in the United States to help farmers grow healthy, profitable crops.
Reason for choosing the business:
I’m really amazed on how cooperative works. Aside from that my family our farmers
so including an agribusiness would be great.
b. Dairy Farmers of America:
Brief Description:
At Dairy Farmers of America, they're proud to
share the simple pleasures of real dairy straight
from their family farms. And because their
Cooperative is owned by their farmers, they're
personally invested in every product, decision and
step they take as an organization. That direct,
personal connection to the farm makes each bowl
of ice cream even sweeter—and that's why This
Mark Matters. They are a purpose-driven cooperative, working to enrich
communities and consumers' lives through all the possibilities of dairy. And at Dairy
Farmers of America, they understand that these possibilities go beyond the
traditional dairy case. They mean providing opportunities for rural communities to
thrive, sharing nourishment to those in need and preserving natural resources for
future generations. From their family farmers and field staff to product developers
and finance teams, every member of their organization plays an essential role so
that together, they can share the simple pleasures of real dairy with families
everywhere. DFA is an organization of local, family farmers from across the
country, which means that they're owned by the family farmers we passionately
serve. Divided into seven geographic Areas, theur grassroots structure ensures
every member is represented through elected farmer-leaders at all levels of
Cooperative governance. This grassroots structure is overseen by a 48-member
Board of Directors.
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Reason for choosing the business:

Dairy Farmers of America provide best dairy products. Although I am lactose
intolerant, I still love to eat dairy products, I am taking risk in order to eat such
delicious foods. I included this cooperative because I want to include an
agribusiness that provides dairy products.
c. Land O’Lakes Inc.
Brief Description:
Land O'Lakes, Inc. is an American member-
owned agricultural cooperative based in
the Minneapolis-St. Paul suburb of Arden Hills,
Minnesota, United States, focusing on the dairy
industry. The cooperative has 1,959 direct
producer-members, 751 member-cooperatives,
and about 9,000 employees who process and
distribute products for about 300,000 agricultural
producers, handling 12 billion pounds of milk annually. It is ranked third on
the National Cooperative Bank Co-op 100 list of mutuals and cooperatives. The
co-op is one of the largest producers of butter and cheese in the United States
through its dairy foods business; serves producers, animal owners and their
families through more than 4,700 local cooperatives, independent dealers and
other large retailers through its Purina Animal Nutrition (Purina Mills) business; and
delivers seed, crop protection products, agricultural services and agronomic
insights to 1,300 locally owned and operated cooperative and independent
agricultural retailers and their grower customers through its WinField United
business.
Reason for choosing the business:
It never ceases to astonish me how well cooperation can work. In addition to that,
my ancestors were farmers, so incorporating an agribusiness would be a wonderful
addition.
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2. How do you identify market structures?

In the field of economics, the term "market structure" refers to the method by which
various industries are categorized and differentiated from one another depending on the
degree and form of rivalry for products and services that they face. It is focused on the
features that influence the behavior and outcomes of organizations working in a certain
market. Specifically, it focuses on the characteristics that influence the conduct of
companies (CFI, 2022). Market structure will be different for each market as there are
factors to be considered when identifying market structures.

According to IFT (2022), market structures are classified into four categories. These are
perfect competition, monopolistic competition, Oligopoly and Monopoly. There are factors
to be consider if what market structure is the market. These includes the following:

 The number relative size of firms supplying the product. The higher the number of firms,
the higher degree of competition.

 The degree of product differentiation.

 Pricing power of the sellers. Are they price takers, or can they influence market prices?

 The relative strength of the barriers to market entry and exit

 The degree of non-price competition

3. What companies are considered monopolies or oligopolies?

These companies are considered Monopoly:

1. Microsoft- The Justice Department's charge that Microsoft is

a monopolist rests mainly on the fact that some version of the
Windows operating system is currently used on some 80 percent
of all personal computers in the world.

2. Google- Google is considered as monopoly for its wide

coverage of user. Almost all people use google as their search
engine. In addition to that Google is built in almost all android
apps in the world.
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3. Tyson Foods- Tyson supplies chicken products to

McDonald's, Walmart, Burger King, Wendy's, KFC, and Taco
Bell among others. This make them have a wide coverage
making them a monopoly.

These companies are considered Oligopoly:

1. AT&T- the firms Sprint, AT&T, Verizon, and T-Mobile own

about 95% of the market share of the U.S. cellular market. This
means that these few firms dominate in the market, which is a
characteristic of an oligopoly market form.

2. Comcast Corporation- Market conditions are still suitable for

Comcast to thrive as part of the video/voice/internet oligopoly.
Although competition exists for Comcast, its market is large
enough for the company to own a significant piece of the
video/voice/Internet pie.

3. Walt Disney- The Walt Disney Company is categorized under

an oligopoly market structure. Participation of very few firms in
this market is the cause for Disney to be an oligopoly.

4. What SMEs are identified as perfect competition and Monopolistic competition?

For Monopolistic competetion, there were many business to consider but mostly of them
are big enterprises. Milktea shops are best fit to be identified as SME with monopolistic
competition due to various reasons. First Milktea Shops can be considered as small or
mid-size market size due to its coverage. It can be considered as monopolistic
competition because many milktea shops are selling similar product but not identical.
Perfect Competition is just a market structure theory so it may exist or not. However
there are some SMEs which is closer to perfect competion. One small market that can be
identified as perfect competition is the online market. Online market provides identical
products. The buyers are well informed about the product.
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5. Is there a monopsony market in the Philippines?

There is no company in the Philippines that practices monopsony, however there are
specific cirmcustances where monopsony can be shown. An example of this is when one
supplier only supplies to one person.
6. Do you think it might be efficient for an industry to be monopolistically
competitive rather than perfectly competitive?
Although perfect competition can provide a wide coverage of buyers and seller making
the market be in low chance of being in risk of shortage, we cannot deny the fact that it
might not develop and be imposed on the reality. Monopolistic competition is more
realistic, it also gives many advantages. Starting with having few barriers to entry, buyers
can enter the market without being worry on the barriers. Other advantages includes,
active business environment, customers can obtain a great variety of products and
services since they are differentiated, consumers are informed about goods and services
available in the market, higher quality of products.

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