Conceptual Questions (KPK Board)

Chap 1
1. How technology is shaped by physics?

Physics plays important role in technology, all the technological devices work on principles of
physics. For example, mobiles, computers, fans, lights, cars etc all work on physics.

2. Physics and biology are considered different branches of science, how physics links with
biology?

Our bodies involve many processes in which physics principles are involved. For example, the
blood flow in blood vessels is related to fluid studies in physics. Our eyes work on optics. We
hear sound and sound waves are studied in physics. So physics and biology are related.

3. Why are measurements important?

Measurements are important for accuracy and precision in the fields of science, engineering and
medicine where small changes in measurements can change the outcomes.

4. Why area is a derived quantity?

Area is a derived quantity because it is a combination of a base quantity (length). Area is

calculated by multiplying 2 lengths. Its unit is m 2.

5. Name any four derived units and write them as their base units?

Newton:
kg m
N= 2
s
Joule:
J=N m
kg m
J= 2 ×m
s
2
kg m
J= 2
s
Watt:
J
W=
s
2
kg m
2
s
W=
s
 2
kg m
W= 3
s
Pascal:
N
Pa=
m2
kg m
s2
Pa= 2
m
kg
Pa= 2
ms

6. Why in physics we need to write in scientific notation?

In physics, we deal with very large or very small quantities. We use scientific notation to easily
write and understand very large and very small quantities.

7. What is least count? How least count for vernier calliper and screw gauge are defined?

The smallest measurement that can be taken using a measuring instrument is called the Least
Count of that instrument.

Least Count of Vernier callipers:

Smallest Measurement on Main Scale
LC =
No .of Divisions onVernier Scale
Least Count of Screw Gauge:
Smallest Measurement on Main Scale( Pitch)
LC =
No. of Divisions onCircular Scale
Note: The smallest measurment on main scale of a Screw gauge is also known as Pitch of
Screw Gauge.

8. How can we find the volume of a small pebble with the help of measuring cylinder?

The volume of an irregular shaped stone can be measured by lowering it in a measuring cylinder
partially filled with water. The volume of the irregular shaped stone is calculated be subtracting
the original volume of liquid from the raised volume of liquid.

Volume of pebble=Final volume−initial volume

V pebble =V f −V i

Chap 2
1. Is it possible that displacement is zero but not the distance. Under what condition
displacement will be equal to distance.

Yes, it is possible. If an object moves in a circular path or any other closed path, the
displacement is zero but distance is not zero. Displacement will be zero when start and end
point are same.

2. Does a speedometer measure a car's speed or velocity?

The speedometer only measures the magnitude of a car’s velocity. It does not tell the direction
of the car. So a speedometer measures the speed of the car.

3. Is it possible for an object to be accelerating and at rest at the same time?

Accelartion is defined as rate of change of velocity. If an object is at rest, there is no change in

velocity and hence, it will not be accelerating.

4. Explain with example. Can an object have zero acceleration and nonzero velocity at the same
time? Give example.

Yes, an object can have zero acceleration and non-zero velocity if the velocity is
constant/uniform. For example, a car moving with uniform velocity will have zero acceleration.

5. A person standing on the roof of a building throws a rubber ball down with a velocity of 8.0
m/s. What is the acceleration (magnitude and direction) of the ball?

Any free falling body experiences the gravitational acceleration. As the ball is in free fall, it
experiences gravitational acceleration. The megnitude of the acceleration is 10 m/s 2 and its
direction is downward towards center of the Earth.

6. Describe a situation in which the speed of an object is constant while the velocity is not.

The magnitude of velocity is also known as speed. If an object is moving in a circular path with
constant speed, its velocity is not constant because the direction of velocity is changing every
instant.

7. Can an object have a northward velocity and a southward acceleration? Explain

Yes, an object can have northward velocity and southward acceleration. In this case, velocity
and acceleration will have opposite direction and the velocity of the object will be decreasing.

8. As a freely falling object speeds up, what is happening to its acceleration - does it increase,
decrease, or stay the same?
 A freely falling object falls under the action of gravity and its acceleration is always gravitaional
acceleration. Hence the acceleration of the freely falling object remains same.

9. A ball is thrown upward with an initial speed of 5 m/s. What will be its speed when it returns
to starting point?

If a ball is thrown up and it returns to the starting point, then by 3rd Equation of motion for
freely falling bodies:
2 gH =V f 2−V i2
2
2 g ( 0 )=V f −52
2
0=V f −52
2
V f =52
Taking Sq. Root on both sides:

V f =5 m/s

Hence, the ball has same velocity when it comes back to starting point.

Chap 3
1. Why does dust fly off, when a hanging carpet is beaten with a stick?

The dust on a hanging carpet is at rest. When the carpet is hit, it moves but the dust particles
tend to ramain at rest due to inertia and the get off from the carpet. The wind blows the dust
particles and they fly off.

2. If your hands are wet and no towel is handy, you can remove some of the excess water by
shaking them. Why does this work?

When we shake our hands and stop them instantly, the water drops tend to keep moving due to
inertia and hence the water drops fly off our hands.

3. Why a balloon filled with air move forward, when its air is released?

When a balloon filled with air is released, the air escapes out in backward direction with some
velocity and it has momentum. To conserve that momentum, the balloon moves forward with
some velocity.

4. Why does a hose pipe tend to move, backward when the fireman directs a powerful stream of
water towards fire?

When a powerful stream of water comes out of a water hose, the water has momentum. To
conserve that momentum, the hose tends to move backward.
5. Your car is stuck in wet mud. Some students on their way to class see your predicament and
help out by sitting on the trunk of your car to increase its traction. Why does this help?

When the students sit on the trunk, the weight on the tyres increases and hence the reaction
force of the ground also increases. As the reaction force increases, the friction force between
the tyres and ground also increases and it becomes easy to get the car out of the mud.
F f =µR

6. How does friction help you walk? Is it kinetic friction or static friction?

When we walk, our feet push against the ground, creating a force that is opposite in direction to
the direction of our motion. This force is known as friction, and it helps us to maintain our
balance and move forward.
Static friction occurs when there is no relative motion between two surfaces, kinetic friction
occurs when there is relative motion between two surfaces.
When we walk, our feet and the ground are in contact with each other and there is no relative
motion between them. So, there is static friction between our feet and the ground.

7. The parking brake on a car causes the rear wheels to lock up. What would be the likely
consequence of applying the parking brake in a car that is in rapid motion?

when the car wheels are rotating, there is static friction between tyres and the road. If the
parking brakes are applied, the rear wheels lock up and the friction between tyres and the road
becomes kinetic friction which is less than static friction, so the car tyres begin to slip which
results in loss of control and accident can happen.

8. Why is the surface of a conveyor belt made rough?

A conveyor belt is used to transport objects from one place to another in a factory or a store.
The surface of a conveyor belt is made rough to increase the friction between the objects and
the belt. Increasing the friction helps to handle heavy and fragile objects so they do not fall off
the conveyor belt.

9. Why does a boatman tie his boat to a pillar before allowing the passengers to step on the river
bank?

To prevent the boat from drifting away from the shore. When a boat is floating on the water, it
is subject to the forces of the water and wind, which can cause it to move away from the shore
if it is not anchored or tied to a stationary object.

10. In uniform circular motion, is the velocity constant? Is the acceleration constant? Explain.

In uniform circular motion, the velocity of an object moving in a circle at a constant speed is not
constant, because the direction of the velocity vector is constantly changing.
 The acceleration of an object in uniform circular motion is not constant, because the direction of
the acceleration vector is constantly changing, just like the direction of the velocity vector.

11. You tie a brick to the end of a rope and whirl the brick around you in a horizontal circle.
Describe the path of the brick after you suddenly let go of the rope.

If you whirl a brick around you in a horizontal circle and suddenly let go of the rope, the brick
will continue to move in a straight line tangent to the circle at the point where it was released.

12. Why is the posted speed for a turn lower than the speed limit on most highways?

The posted speed for a turn is lower than the speed limit on most highways because the force
required to turn a vehicle increases as the speed of the vehicle increases. In other words,
turning at high speeds requires more force than turning at lower speeds.
mv 2
F c=
r
2
Fcα v

Chap 4

1. Can the rectangular component of the vector be greater than the vector itself? Explain

No, the rectangular component of a vector cannot be greater than the vector itself. The
magnitude of a vector is always equal to or greater than the magnitude of any of its
components. The vector and its perpendicular components form a right angle triangle in which
the hypoteneous (resultant vector) is always greater than the other sides (components).

2. Explain why door handles are not put near hinges?

Door handles are put near the edge of the door and not near the hinges to keep the moment
arm as long as possible. When the moment arm is large, small force generates the required
torque to open/close the door. If the moment arm is small, a large force is required to
open/close the door.

3. Can a small force ever exert a greater torque than a larger force? Explain.

Yes a small force can exert a greater torque than a larger force if the moment arm of the small
force is long enough to produce a greater torque than the larger force.
e.g. let F 1=10 N F 2=50 N
r 1=10 m r 2=1 m
Ƭ 1=r 1 × F 1 Ƭ 2=r 2 × F 2
 Ƭ 1=10 N ×10 m Ƭ 2=50 N ×1 m
Ƭ 1=100 Nm Ƭ 2=50 Nm
Hence, we can see that a small force can exert a greater torque than a larger force.

4. Why it is better to use a long spanner rather than a short one to loosen a rusty nut?

It is better to use a long spanner rather than a short one because the moment arm of the long
spanner is greater and it requires small force to generate torque to loosen a rusty nut. If we use
a small spanner, we need to apply a large force to loosen the nut.

5. The gravitational force acting on a satellite is always directed towards the centre of the earth.
Does this force exert torque on satellite?

The gravitational force acting on a satellite always acts on the center of mass of the satellite.
Whenever a force acts on the center of mass of a body, it causes the body to move without
rotation. Hence, the gravitational force does not cause the satellite to rotate so it does not exert
torque on the satellite.

6. Can we have situations in which an object is not in equilibrium, even though the net force on
it is zero? Give two examples.

Consider a book placed on the edge of a table. The weight of the book is balanced by the
reaction force of the table, but the book rotates and falls off the table so it is not in equillibrium.
If a ladder is placed against a wall, the weight of the ladder is balanced by the reation force of
the ground but the ladder slips and falls on the ground. So the ladder is not in equilibrium.

7. Why do tightrope walkers carry a long, narrow rod?

Tightrope walkers carry a long, narrow rod, known as a balance pole, to help them maintain
balance and stability. The function of the balance pole is to provide a counterbalance to the
performer's body weight. By moving the pole back and forth and adjusting its position, the
tightrope walker can shift their center of gravity and stay upright on the rope.

8. Why does wearing high-heeled shoes sometimes cause lower back pain?

When women wear high heels, they walk on the balls of the feet. This shifts the center of gravity
forward and they bend their back to maintain balance. This bending of the back results in lower
back pain.

9. Why is it more difficult to lean backwards. Explain?

 When we lean forward, our center of gravity shifts forward but it remains above the toes of our
feet which touch the ground. But when we lean backward, the center of gravity shifts backwards
and it does not remain above out feet and hence we get unbalanced and fall backward.

10. Can a single force applied to a body change both its translational and rotational motion?
Explain.

Yes, a single force applied to a body can change both its translational and rotational motion. This
is because when a force is applied to a rigid body, it can produce both linear and angular
accelerations. The linear acceleration is the change in velocity in a straight line, and the angular
acceleration is the rate at which the body rotates around an axis.

11. Two forces produce the same torque. Does it follow that they have the same
magnitude? Explain.

If two forces produce the same torque, it does not necessarily mean that they have same
magnitude. The two forces can have such moment arms that their torque are same.
e.g. F 1=10 N F 2=50 N
r 1=5 m r 2=1 m
Ƭ 1=r 1 × F 1 Ƭ 2=r 2 × F 2
Ƭ 1=10 N ×5 m Ƭ 2=50 N ×1 m
Ƭ 1=50 Nm Ƭ 2=50 Nm

Chap 5

1. If there is an attractive force between all objects, why don't we feel ourselves gravitating
toward nearby massive buildings?

We do not feel the gravitational force between us and nearby massive buildings because the
product of the masses of our body and the buildings is very very small as compared to the mass
of the earth. Hence, the gravitational force due to buildings is very very small as compared to
gravity.

2. Does the sun exert a larger force on the Earth than that exerted on the sun by the Earth?
Explain.

According to the Law of Gravitation, both bodies exert equal but opposite force on eachother.
This means that the earth exerts force on the sun equal to the force the sun exerts on the earth.
As the mass of sun is very greater than the earth, so it does not move due to force from the
earth.
3. What is the importance of gravitational constant 'G'? Why is it difficult to calculate?

The gravitational constant is an important physical constant that represents the strength of the
gravitational force between two objects in the universe. Its value is same throughout the
universe. The value of “G” is also used in the calculation of the mass of celestial bodies, such as
planets, stars, and galaxies.
The value of “G” is very difficult to calculate because its value is very very small, i.e. 6.773 × 10-11.
To measure such small value, we need special equipment and methods.

4. If Earth somehow expanded to a larger radius, with no change in mass, how would your
weight be affected? How would it be affected if Earth instead shrunk?

As the gravitational acceleration is given by:

M
g=G 2
R
1
g∝ 2
R
As the gravitational acceleration is inversely proportional to square of radius of radius of earth,
so when the radius increases the gravitational accelaration would decrease and hence our
weight would also decrease.
If the earth shrunk, the radius would decrease and the gravitational acceleration would increase
so our weight would also increase.
w=mg
w∝g

5. What would happen to your weight on earth if the mass of the earth doubled, but its radius
stayed the same?

M
As g=G 2
R
' 2M
g =G 2
R
' M
g =2 G 2
R
'
g =2 g
Now, weight is given by:
w=mg
' '
w =m g
'
w =m ( 2 g )
'
w =2 mg
'
w =2 w
Hence, if the mass of the earth is doubled, our weight would also become double.
 6. Why lighter and heavier objects fall at the same rate toward the earth?

Object with small mass face small gravitational force buth they have small inertia. On the other
hand, objects with large mass face large gravitational force but they have large inertia so it is
difficult to accelarate them. That is why, small and large objects fall with same acceleration
toward earth.

7. The value of 'g' changes with location on earth, however we take same value of 'g' as 9.8 ms
for ordinary calculations. Why?

The value of ‘g’ changes with location on earth, however in our daily life engineering and
scientific problems, we do not deal with very notable difference in value of ‘g’. Hence the value
of ‘g’ is approximated to the value of ‘9.8 m/s 2’ and is used for ordinary calculations.

8. Moon is attracted by the earth, why it does not fall on earth?

The moon is attracted by the earth’s gravitational force, but this force acts on the moon as
centripetal force which keeps it moving in a circular orbit around the earth. The moon has
sufficient speed to move in a circular orbit around the earth.

9. Why for same height larger and smaller satellites must have same orbital speeds?

As the orbital velocity is given by:

V o=
√ GM
R
Where M is the mass of the earth, R is the radius of the earth and G is the gravitational constant.
The orbital velocity depends on the mass and radius of the earth and not on the mass of the
satellite. Hence larger and smaller satellite on same height must have same orbital speeds.

Chap 6

1. Can a centripetal force ever do work on an object? Explain.

Centripetal force acts on a body when it is moving in a circular/curved path. The direction of
velocity/dispacement of an object is tangent to the circular/curved path and centripetal force
acts towards center (radius). As the displacement and Force are always perpendicular, hence the
centripetal force does no work on the body.

2. What happens to the kinetic energy of a bullet when it penetrates into a sand bag?

The kinetic energy of the bullet is used in

a. Sound Energy
b. Heat Energy
 c. Deforming the sand bag
d. Deforming the bullet

3. A meteor enters into earth's atmosphere and burns. What happens to its kinetic energy?

As the meteor falls through the atmosphere, the air resistance produces large amount of heat
energy. The kinetic energy is converted to the heat energy.

4. Two bullets are fired at the same time with the same kinetic energy. If one bullet has twice
the mass of the other, which has the greater speed and by what factor? Which can do the
most work?

m1=2 m2 _____(1)
K . E 1=K . E 2
1 2 1 2
m1 v 1 = m2 v 2
2 2
m1 v 1 =m2 v 22
2

m
v 22= 1 v12
m2
2 2 m2 2
v2 = v (from eq. 1)
m2 1
2 2
v 2 =2 v 1
v 2= √ 2 v 1
2

v 2=√ 2 v 1

Hence, the velocity of the lighter bullet (m2) is √ 2 times greater than the heavier bullet (m1)

As the momentum of the heavier bullet is greater, it is capable to do more work.

p=mv

5. Can an object have different amounts of gravitational potential energy if it remains at the
same elevation?

The gravitation potential energy is defined as the amount of energy possesed by a body due to
its height from surface of earth.
P . E g=mgh
If the object remains at the same elevation, the height does not change and hence the
gravitaional potential energy also does not change.

6. Why do roads leading to the top of a mountain wind back and forth?
 If we build roads straight up a mountain, the slope would be very steep and cars could not climb
the mountain. So roads are build to wind back and forth on a mountain so that the slope is not
steep and the cars can easily climb the mountain without slipping.

7. Which would have a greater effect on the kinetic energy of an object, doubling the mass or
doubling the velocity?

If we double the mass:

1 2
KE= m v
2
1
KE ' = ( 2 m) v 2
2
' 1 2
K E =2 × m v
2
'
K E =2 KE

Now, if we double the velocity:

1 2
KE= m v
2
1
KE ' = m(2 v )2
2
1
KE ' = m(4 v 2)
2

' 1 2
K E =4 × m v
2
'
K E =4 KE

Hence, if we double the velocity the kinetic energy will increase four times while if we double
the mass, the kinetic energy will increas two times.

8. If the speed of a particle triples, by what factor does its kinetic energy increase?

If the velocity/speed becomes three times:

1 2
KE= m v
2
' 1 2
KE = m(3 v )
2
' 1 2
KE = m(9 v )
2

1
K E' =9 × mv 2
2
 '
K E =9 KE

If the speed of a particle triples, its kinetic energy increases nine times.

9. The motor of a crane uses power P to lift a steel beam. By what factor must the motor's power
increase to lift the beam twice as high in half the time?

W
P=
t
mgh
P=
t
Now, the time is half and the height is double:
mg ( 2 h )
P' =
1
t
2
' mgh
P =4
t
P '=4 P
The power of the motor should increase by four times.

Chap 7

1. If you climbed a mountain carrying a mercury barometer, would the level of the mercury
column in the glass tube of the barometer increase or decrease as you climb the mountain?
Explain.

As we climb a mountain, the height would increase. The air molecules will decrease and the
atmospheric pressure will also decrease. So the level of mercury column in glass tube of
barometer would decrease.

2. Walnuts can be broken in the hand by squeezing two together but not one. Why?

If we squeeze two walnuts, the surface area between the walnuts will be very small and the
pressure will be very large and the walnuts will break easily. If we squeeze only one walnut, the
surface area between walnut and our hands will be greater and the pressure will be smaller so it
will be difficult to break the walnut.

3. Why is the cutting edge of the knife made very thin?

 The cutting edge of the knife is made very thin to make the surface area of the edge very small.
This makes the pressure applied very large and it makes it easy to cut with a sharp knife.
F
P=
A

4. Why water tanks are constructed at the highest level in our houses?

The pressure at a point in a liquid depends on the depth of the point from the surface of the
liquid. By placing the water tank at the highest level, the depth of the water increases and hence
the water pressure at lowest level also increases and we get maximum pressure.

P= ρgh

5. Why a small needle sinks in water and huge ships travel easily in water without sinking?

Weight of iron nail is more than weight of water displaced by it and nail sinks. While the shape
of the iron ship is made in such a way that it displaces more weight of water than its own
weight, in this way the upthrust force on the ship is greater than its weight.

6. Explain how and why camels have adapted to allow them to walk more easily in desert
conditions?

Camel’s feet are wide and have large surface area than other animals. This way the pressure
exerted on the sand decreases and their feet do not sink into the sand. This helps them to walk
easily on the sand.

7. You would have probably experienced your ears 'popping' while driving in the mountains.
Why ears 'pop'?

When we ascend or descend a mountain, the atmospheric pressure decreases or increases. But
the air pressure in our middle ear does not change quickly. When our brain senses the change in
outside pressure after some time, it opens a passage for air so that air pressure becomes equal
to outside pressure. This makes the popping sound.

8. If you filled an airtight balloon at the top of a mountain, would the balloon expand or contract
as you descend the mountain? Explain.

When we fill a balloon on a mountain, the air pressure inside the balloon is equal to the outside
pressure. When we descend the mountain, the atmospheric pressure increases but the pressure
in the balloon remains same. There is greater pressure outside the balloon which causes the
balloon to contract untill inside pressure becomes equal to outside pressure.
 9. A rowboat is floating in a swimming pool when the anchor is dropped over the side. When the
anchor is dropped, will the water level in the swimming pool increase, decrease, or remain the
same? Explain.

When the boat is place in water, the weight of the anchor was on the boat and it also displaced
the water in the pool. When it is dropped in the pool, the water level remains the same because
its displacement was already accounted when it was on the boat.

10. Which material is more elastic, steel or rubber and why?

Steel is more elastic because it requires a large amount of force for a little displacement and it
returns to its original shape after removing the force. On the other hand, rubber deforms on
very small force and if the force is large, it breaks or permanently deforms so it is very less
elastic.

Chap 8

1. Ordinary electric fan increases the kinetic energy of the air molecules caused by the fan blades
pushing them means the air temperature increases slightly rather than cool the air? why use
it?

An electric fan increases the kinetic energy of air molecules which can cause a slight increase in
air temperature. But this increase in temperature is very small. Also we feel cooling because the
fast moving air speeds up the process of evaporation from our skin.

2. Why are small gaps left behind the girders mounted in walls?

Small gaps are left behind the girders mounted in walls to allow thermal expansion and
contraction. If gaps are not left, the girders could deform and get damaged.

3. Why you should not put a closed glass jar into a campfire. What could happen if you tossed an
empty glass jar, with the lid on tight, into a fire?

You should not put a closed glass jar into a campfire because the rapid heating of the air inside
the jar will cause the pressure to build up to dangerous levels. This pressure buildup can cause
the glass to shatter and send sharp pieces of glass flying in all directions which can be very
dangerous.

4. Explain why it is advisable to add water to an overheated automobile engine only slowly, and
only with the engine running.
 When an engine overheats, the metal parts of the engine expand due to the heat. If cold water
is added too quickly to an overheated engine, the sudden temperature change can cause the
metal to contract rapidly, leading to bending, cracking or engine damage. So water should be
added slowly.

5. Explain why burns caused by steam at 100°C on the skin are often more severe than burns
caused by water at 100°C.

Steam contains more heat energy than water at the same temperature. When steam comes into
contact with skin, it releases this heat energy as it condenses into liquid form, transferring a
larger amount of heat to the skin than water. This can cause more extensive tissue damage and
deeper burns.

6. Explain why cities like Karachi situated by the ocean tend to have less extreme temperatures
than inland cities at the same latitude.

The ocean has a high heat capacity, which means it can absorb and store a large amount of heat
energy without a significant increase in temperature. This means when the air is hot it absorbs
heat from the air and it transfers heat to cold air in winter. In this way the temperature of cities
near ocean have less extreme temperature.

7. An iron rim which is fixed around a wooden wheel is heated before its fixture. Explain why?

An iron rim is slightly smaller than the wooden wheel. It is heated before its fixture on the wheel
because it exands on heating and easily fits on the wheel. When it cools down, it contracts and
firmly grips the wooden wheel in place.

8. Why is ice at 0°C a better coolant of soft drinks than water at 0°C?

Ice at 0°C is a better coolant of soft drinks than water at 0°C because it has a higher latent heat
of fusion. When ice is added to a soft drink, it absorbs heat from the surrounding environment
to melt and convert from a solid to a liquid state. On the other hand, water absorbs heat from
surrounding and the temperature of water rises.

9. Why we feel cool after perspiration?

During the process of sweating (perspiration), the liquid molecules absorb heat energy from our
bodies to evaporate. As our body heat is used in evaporation, our body cools down and we feel
cooling.

Chap 9
1. Why white clothes are preferred wearing in summer? Explain briefly

White colour is a good reflector of light. It reflects sunlight and prevents our bodies from
heating up in summer. So it is preferred to wear white clothes in summer to keep body cool.

2. Why is the freezer compartment kept at the top of a refrigerator? Explain briefly.

It is because air is cooled by the freezer compartment at the top. As the cool air moves
downward, the warmer air from the bottom moves upward and the freezer compartment again
cools this warm air. In this way, the circulating air takes away the heat energy from the food.

3. A black car standing in the sun warms up more quickly than any other. Why?

A black car heats up more quickly because blace colour is a good absorber of light and heat.
Hence, black coloured cars absorb sunlight more and warm up quickly.

4. Why a tile floor feels colder to bare feet than a carpeted floor?

A tile feels colder because it conducts heat from our feet quickly and we feel coldness ou our
feet. The surface of a carpet traps air, air is a good insulator and it insulates feet and the ground
and heat does not transfer. Hence our feet do not feel cold on carpeted floor.

5. How woolen sweaters keep us warmer in winter?

Woolen sweaters trap air in them. Air is a good insulator of heat. Hence it insulates our body
from cold temperature of outside and keeps us warm.

6. In certain places, birds can fly for hours without flapping their wings. Explain.

Birds use hot air currents / convection currents to fly very high. Hot air currents rise up due to
heat of the sun. The bird rides on these hot convection currents and can fly for hours without
flapping their wings.

7. Good-quality thermos bottle is double-walled and evacuated between these walls, and the
internal surfaces are like mirrors with a silver coating. How does this configuration combat
heat loss from all three transfer methods and keep the bottle's contents your coffee hot?

Thermos flasks have vacuum between inner and outer bottles. Since there is no medium,
conduction and convection do not occur. As the internal surfaces are reflective, they reflect the
radiation due to heat. In this way, heat loss is stopped.

8. A piece of wood lying in the Sun absorbs more heat than a piece of shiny metal. Yet the metal
feels hotter than the wood when you pick it up. Explain
 A piece of wood absorbs more heat from sunlight than a shiny metal piece. But wood is a bad
conductor of heat and it does not transfer heat to out hands. On the other hand, when we touch
the metal piece, it conducts heat more quickly to our hands and it feels hotter than the wood.

9. Some pot handles remain cool during cooking while others become unpleasantly hot. What
determines which handles remain cool and which become hot?

Pot handles made of materials that are good insulators of heat, such as wood do not transfer
heat well, so they do not conduct the heat from the pot to the handle.
On the other hand, pot handles made of materials that are good conductors of heat, such as
metal or certain types of plastics, transfer heat well, so they conduct the heat from the pot to
the handle.

10. When sunlight warms the land beside a cool body of water, a breeze begins to blow from the
water toward the land. Explain.

Land heats up more quickly than the water and the hot air over land rises up. The cold air above
the water body moves towards land to fill that space.