BY AMISHA MORE

ISHITA SAHA
 WHAT IS ROOFING?
A roof is the top covering of a building, including all materials and constructions necessary to support it on the walls of the building or on
uprights, providing protection against rain, snow, sunlight, extremes of temperature, and wind. A roof is part of the building envelope.
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF ROOFING?
The basic function of any roof is to offer protection from the elements for people and their possessions. Roofs can also provide insulation,
retaining heat in the winter or cool air in the summer. Certain roofing materials – especially those of fibrous origin – offer strong
insulation.

SUBTOPICS

SHELLS VAULTS FOLDED PLATES

SPACE FRAME

DOMES FILLER SLAB COFFERED SLAB

 SHELL
• The shell structure is a thin curved membrane or a slab that is usually made from the reinforced cement concrete.
The shell Structure is used as both structure and covering membrane.
• Shell Structures are defined as structures that are capable of maintaining their shape and the support loads without
any help of the frame or the solid mass materials.

TYPES AND FORMS OF SHELL STRUCTURE

1. Folded plates.
2. Barrel vaults.
3. Short shells.
4. Domes (surfaces of revolution)
5. Folded plate domes.
6. Translational shells.
7. Warped surfaces.
8. Combinations.
THERE ARE VARIOUS APPLICATIONS OF THE SHELL STRUCTURES IN THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR WHICH ARE AS
FOLLOWS.

•Shell structures are popular which are commonly used in different areas.
•The shell structure is commonly used in seismic zones where structures undergo seismic loads.
•The reason of using the shell structures in the earthquake-prone areas is that it has high strength with respect to its self-weight.
•Shell Structures are generally used to cover the larger area of the building where the interior of the building has no columns and walls to
support the flat slabs
•Shell Structure has a very interesting and attractive look which is used to beautify the buildings.
THERE ARE VARIOUS ADVANTAGES OF SHELL STRUCTURES WHICH ARE AS FOLLOWS.

1. very high stiffness.

2. higher strength with respect to their self-weight.
3. Shell structures are used to cover a large area.
4. It is very simple in design and has more strength.
5. Steel structures are structurally continuous, and it can transfer loads in several directions.
6. Shell structures are attractive and mostly used for decorative purposes.
7. The nodes which are applied to the shell structures are carried to the ground by tensile, shear, and compressive forces.
8. The dead load in the Shell structure can be reduced by economizing the foundation and the overall support system.

THERE ARE ALSO SOME DISADVANTAGES OF SHELL STRUCTURES WHICH ARE AS FOLLOWS.

1. In the case of shell structures, it is not possible to construct a floor above them.
2. The labor cost required for the construction of Shell structures is more.
3. For the construction of the shell structures, there should be greater accuracy in the formwork required.
4. The construction of the shell structures required Skilled labor and good supervision.
 SHORT SHELL

•Short shell structures basically have a cylindrical shape which

has a large radius as compared to its length. The overall
thickness of the shell is very thin due to its properties.

•Short shells can carry the load in two different ways, the first
is carrying the load to the lower elements and the second as a
curved beam to the arches.
Basic elements of short shell

TYPES OF SHORT SHELLS

1. Pure arch short shell

2. Massive abutment short shell
3. Rigid frame short shell
4. Cantilever abutment short shell
 TRANSLATION SHELLS
•A translation shell is a dome set on four arches. The shape is
different from a spherical dome and is generated by a vertical circle
moving on another circle.

•All vertical slices have the same radius. It is easier to form than a
spherical dome.

•The stresses in a translation shell are much like a dome at the top, but
at the level of the arches, tension forces are offset by compression in
the arch. However, there are high tension forces in the corner.

COMBINATION SHELL STRUCTURE

The above shell structure are basic types. So, it is possible to construct
different and safer shell structure by combining portion of the basic shell
structure. Intersection shells, barrel shell and folded plate, barrel shell and
short shell, barrel shells and domes of revolution, and barrel shells and conoids
are all concrete shell combinations. So, numerous combinations can be formed to
reach the desired safety and capacity.
 WARPED SURFACES
Warped surfaces have a great advantage for shell
structures because they may be formed from straight
form boards even though they are surfaces of double
curvature. There are two types which are most useful
namely Conoid and hyperbolic parabolic shell.

CONOID SHELL STRUCTURE

HYPERBOLIC PARABOLIC SHELL

SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE: CASE STUDY
System spans and effective spans: the "shells" were perceived as a series of parabolas supported by precast concrete ribs. The
formwork for using in-situ concrete would have been prohibitively expensive, but, because there was no repetition in any of the roof
forms, the construction of pre-cast concrete for each individual section would possibly have been even more expensive. The design team
went through at least 12 iterations of the form of the shells trying to find an economically acceptable form (including schemes with
parabolas, circular ribs and ellipsoids) before a workable solution was completed. In mid-1961, the design team found a solution to the
problem: the shells all being created as sections from a sphere. This solution allows arches of varying length to be cast in a common
mould, and a number of arch segments of common length to be placed adjacent to one another, to form a spherical section.

CONSTRUCTION:
Finishes: actual clay, brick, and stone veneer granite or marble cladding exposed aggregate finish sand blasted finish form liner
patterns the Sydney opera house uses white glazed granite tiles. 1,056,000 tiles were used to cover the massive structure.
 CASE STUDY
INTRODUCTION:

• Baha’i Faith
• A temple in the capital city of India
• Architect Mr. Fariborz Sahba was selected by the world governing body of Baha’i faith, “
The Universal House of Justice” in the year 1974
• Flint & Neill partnership of London was the consultancy
• ECC construction group of Larsen & Toubro Ltd. were the contractors
• Design process for the structure began in the year 1976 Components of the structure: •
Main building consisting of Basement Three groups of Nine shells springing from the
podium Double layered Interior dome Nine arches Nine ponds' Walkways.

• Interior dome is 28 m in height and 34m in diameter

• Inner leaves are of 200 mm thick and of 33.6 m in height
• Outer leaves are of 135 mm from their cusps to the line of glazing, beyond which they
thicken to 250 mm and of 22.5 m in height
• Entrance leaves are of 150 mm at center to 300 mm thick at their edges and of 7.8 m in
height • Shells within the interior dome: 60mm thick Analysis & Design of Structural
components: • Spherical surfaces for the Entrance & Outer leaves
• Arch soffits have a Parabolic cone shape
• Spheres, cylinders, toroids & cones for Inner leaves
• Nine intersecting spheres form interior dome
• Final geometrically converted shapes were so complex that it took the designers over two
& a half years to complete the detailed drawings of the temple.
• In-situ Reinforced Concrete construction
CLADDING:
• Shells & arches are clad in white Greek marble panels, preformed in Italy to the surface
profiles and to patterns related to the geometry by Marmi Vicentini S.P.A Company.
• The panels are fixed by means of stainless steel brackets secured by bolts in holes drilled
after concreting and the joints were filled with molded rubber cordon & silicon sealant was
applied over it.
• Floor finishes were also of white marble
• Balustrades, stairs were precast
•Stones used for stairs were made of red sandstone.
• Complete construction of the structure was completed in the year 1986.
 FOLDED PLATES
•The folded plate is a type of shell structure that is made from a thin flat slab. These types of structures are generally
joined along their edges to construct the three-dimensional structure.

•The maximum length to which the folded plate can be constructed is up to 30 meters. The thickness of the folded plate
is only 60 mm. Folded plates are one of the best attractive structure which required very less material and construction
cost.
HISTORY -This technique originated in Germany in the 1920s and became popular in Russia and the United States
during the 1930s to construct roofs for industrial warehouses and public buildings. Modern folded plate structures are
typically made of cast in situ or precast reinforced concrete, or steel plate.

THE PRINCIPLE OF FOLDING

The structural characteristics of folding structures depend

on-
1. The pattern of the folding.
2. Their geometrical basic shape.
3. Its material.
4. The connection of the different folding planes.
5. The design of the bearings.
 STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF FOLDING

STRUCTURAL CONDITION OF FOLDING STRUCTURES. LOAD

DISTRIBUTION PROCESS :
• At first, the external forces are transferred to the shorter edge of one folding
element.
• There, the reaction as an axial force is divided between the adjacent elements.
• Then the forces transferred to the bearings.

CLASSIFICATION OF FOLDED STRUCTURES BASED ON TYPES OF FOLDED PLATES

THE MATERIAL THEY ARE MADE OF:
1. Edge supported folded plates
• Folded structures made of reinforced concrete
2. Non-prismatic folded plates / tapered folded plates
• Metal folded structures
• Folded structures of wood
3. Folded plate rigid frame

• Folded structures of glass 4. Prismatic folded plates

• Folded structures of plastic materials 5. Three segment folded plate
• Folded constructions made in combination of different 6. Faceted folded plates / folded plate frames structures
materials 7. Walls continuous with shell
 EDGE SUPPORTED FOLDED PLATES

• The usual upturned edge plate can be eliminated, and the roof structure can be made to appear very thin if the edge
plate is replaced by a series of columns.
• The slab between columns must be designed as a beam and it may be convenient to extend the main roof slab as a
Cantilever Canopy.
• The beam element that carries the load of the roof between columns will then be wider and windows under the slab
will have the same function as in the previous examples of folded plates.
• Note the vertical columns in the end walls at the crown of the gable. these take the reactions of the plates and the
horizontal ties may be eliminated. wind loads are taken by rigid frame action in the Columns and Stiffeners.

FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURE

 NON-PRISMATIC FOLDED PLATES / TAPERED FOLDED PLATES

It composites of planar thin slabs joining along their longitudinal edges to form a beam-like
structure spanning between supports.

TAPERED FOLDED PLATES:

• Folded plate structures may be built with tapered elements and only one of the many possible
combinations is shown here.

• The height of the shells at the center of the span is the critical dimension for bending strength.
therefore, the structure is not very efficient and not suitable for long spans because of the excess
height required for the large ends.

• Another weak element in this design is the transfer of shear from the small end of the triangular
plate to the large end. if a large number of units are used in each span, the transfer of loads may be
difficult.

• A folded plate may be used for walls as a thin structural element by casting each plate flat on the
floor and grouting the joints full of concrete. a wall of this type can be made much thinner than a
flat wall.
 FOLDED PLATE - RIGID FRAME:

It consists of triangular or polygonal planar thin slabs joining along their edges to form thin
plate structure.

• An arch with straight segments is sometimes called a Rigid Frame.

• It is not as efficient as the curved arch because the bending moments are greater.
• Ties across the plates are required at the knees and at the crown in order to distribute
the forces at the ends of each segment.

PRISMATIC FOLDED
PLATES
It composites of planar thin slabs
joining along their longitudinal
edges to form a beam-like
structure spanning between
supports.
 THREE SEGMENT FOLDED PLATE:

• The forces from the reactions of the sloping plates on these rigid frames will be
quire large and at an outside column they will not be balanced by thrusts from the
adjacent plates.

• The size of the frames may be reduced by using a steel tie between the tops of
the columns which can be concealed in the fenestration. The dimensions of the
plates are dependent on both the width of the barrel and on the span.

• The depth of the shell should be about 0.10 times the span and the maximum slope
of a plate should not be greater than 40 degrees.

• For example, assume for the above structure that the span is 60 feet and the bay
width is 24 feet. the depth of the shell should be about 6 feet and the horizontal
width of each plate with a three segment plate should be about 8 feet.

• 6 the slope of the plates is 6/8, which is about 37 degrees and is satisfactory. the
thickness of the plates could be about 3 ½ inches.
 FACETED FOLDED PLATES / FOLDED PLATE FRAMES STRUCTURES

It consists of triangular or polygonal planar thin slabs joining along their edges to form thin plate structure.

• The term "folded plate truss" is intended to indicate the structural action of this structure.
• There are horizontal ties across the width only at the ends of the building.
• The thrusts from the triangular crossed arches are carried lengthwise to the ends.
• The top chord of the inclined truss is formed by the ridge member.
• The bottom chords are the ties at the base of the side gables and the diagonals are formed by the sloping valleys at
the intersection of the gables and the triangular plates.
• This is truly a space structure and its structural action is as shown and, therefore, the architectural appearance is
mote subtle that the usual shell structure.
 WALLS CONTINUOUS WITH SHELL:

• In this structure the walls are of tilt-up concrete construction; concrete is cast flat on the floor and raised into
place by cranes.
• The walls are designed to be continuous with the roof plates. Tilt-up walls usually are joined by poured-in-place
columns. in this design, columns are not necessary at the junction of the individual side wall panels because the walls
are braced at the top.
• Only a simple grouted key slot is provided. The tilt-up panels can serve as their own foundation walls so only a
continuous footing pad is used with a notch to receive the tilt-up panel.
• Dock height interior floors can be constructed by filling the interior of the building up with dirt to the required
height.
• The tilt-up walls can be designed for this lateral load because they are held at the top by the shell and act as
vertical beams rather than as Cantilever Retaining.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FOLDED-PLATE STRUCTURE
ADVANTAGES:
1. Very light form of construction. To span 30 m shell thickness required is 60 mm only.
2. The use of concrete as a building material reduces both materials cost and a construction cost.
3. Longer span can be provided.
4. Flat shapes by choosing certain arched shapes.
5. Esthetically it looks good over other forms of construction.

DISADVANTAGES:
1. Shuttering is difficult.
2. Greater accuracy in formwork is required.
3. Good labor and supervision necessary.
4. Rise of roof may be a disadvantage.
 CASE STUDY
AIR FORCE ACADEMY CHAPEL, USA:

• The United States Air Force Academy Cadet Chapel, completed in 1962, is the distinguishing
feature of the Cadet Area at the United States Air force academy north of Colorado Springs .
• It was designed by Walter Netsch of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill of Chicago.
• Construction was accomplished by Robert E. McKee, Inc., of Santa Fe, New Mexico. Originally
controversial in its design, the Cadet Chapel has become a classic and highly regarded example of
modernist architecture.
• The Cadet Chapel was awarded the American Institute of Architects National Twenty-five
Year Award in 1996and, as part of the Cadet Area, was named a U.S. National Historic Landmark
in 2004.

ARCHITECTURE CONSTRUCTION:
• The most striking aspect of the Chapel is its row of seventeen spires. The original design called
for twenty- one spires, but this number was reduced due to budget issues.
• The structure is a tubular steel frame of 100 identical tetrahedrons, each 75 feet (23 m) long,
weighing five tons, and enclosed with Aluminum panels. Architect: Walter Netsch, Length: 280
ft, Height: 150 ft, Width: 84 ft, Year: 1962
• The tetrahedrons are spaced a foot apart, creating gaps in the framework that are filled with
1-inch-thick (25 mm) colored glass.
• The tetrahedrons comprising the spires are filled by triangular Aluminum panels, while the
tetrahedrons between the spires are filled with a mosaic of Colored glass in Aluminum frame.
• The Cadet Chapel itself is 150 feet (46 m) high, 280 feet (85 m) long, and 84 feet (26 m) wide.
The front façade, on the south, has a wide granite stairway with steel railings capped by
Aluminum handrails leading up one story to a landing.
• At the landing is a band of gold anodized Aluminum doors, and gold anodized aluminum sheets
apparently covering original windows.
 DOME

• In simplest terms, a dome is a • Types of dome include

self-supporting curved structure • Geodesic dome
shaped like part of a sphere.
• Folded plate dome
• A dome relies on a few essential • Dome shell
forces to support a hemispherical
roof without columns or another • Beehive dome
support system rising from the • Onion dome
floor beneath. • Oval dome
• Hemispherical dome
• Saucer dome
Geodesic
domes
GEODESIC HOME
IN NORWAY
HOW
DOME
HOUSE
WORKS
 Riser Walls — Domes 24' to 35' in diameter are designed with riser walls to
give greater height to the structures.

Struts — All Timberline Struts are made from kiln-dried 2" x 6" Select
Structural Hem Fir or Douglas Fir, which can withstand considerable
compression and tension. Every strut is beveled on its outer edge to ensure
that the plywood panels lie flat on the struts.

SteelStar Connectors —Each patented SteelStar Connector in the

Timberline Assembly System is fully engineered and fabricated with correct
axial and radial angles to assure maximum strength, durability, precision and
ease of assembly.

Studs — Studs are fabricated from #2 or better Douglas Fir or Hem Fir.
TIMBER GEODESIC DOME
They are precision cut to be installed at 16" on center throughout the
framework.
Skylights — Dome symmetry permits the placement of
skylights virtually anywhere in the structure. In addition to Plywood Panels — The triangular plywood panels are made from 1/2" 5-ply
creating an attractive natural light ambience, a skylight Structural Grade #1 plywood, pre-cut and color coded.
pattern that follows the path of the sun provides passive solar
heating, increasing your energy efficiency.
Base Plates — Precisely cut solid 4" x 6" pressure-treated beveled base plates
are mounted to the foundation (or to the top plate of a riser wall) to achieve
the correct angle to support the bottom struts of the dome structure.
 DOME SHELL STRUCTURE

•Domes are basically hemisphere in shape. The domes

are generally used as a roof structure. A dome is a
space structure that covers a circular area.

•They are membrane structures; the internal

stresses are tension and compression and are
statically determinate if the proper edge conditions
are fulfilled. Palazzetto dello Sport (Rome, 1957)
 FOLDED PLATE DOMES
•It is a type of thin concrete shell structure that consists of plane slabs and plates. various configurations of folded
plate domes are available and being constructed.

•Domes may be constructed with small angles between the plates or with large angles between plates and the structural
action may be considerably different for each type.

• folded plate dome surfaces is easier to construct since they are flat. Nonetheless, for slab spans over 16 ft, the shell
wall is thicker than a curved surface because bending must be considered.

Amagi yugashima-cho, Japan

ONION DOME
BEEHIVE TOMB

A beehive tomb, also known

as a tholos tomb, is a burial
structure characterized by
its false dome created
by corbelling, the
superposition of
successively smaller rings
of mudbricks or, more
often, stones. The
resulting structure
resembles a beehive, hence
the traditional English
name.
Inside view of dome
Exterior view of dome as an
ancient tomb
 OVAL DOME
An oval dome may be defined as a dome whos
e plan or profile (or both) has an oval form.

Oval domes found in roman and Greek

churches.
a) Colosseum (b) Medieval octagon of
the church of St. Gereon in Cologne; it
issupposed to be built on the
foundations of an oval Roman building
(2) (PDF) Oval Domes: History, Geometry and Mechanics | Santiago Huerta - Academia.edu
Oval ceiling dome made of wood Oval ceiling dome made of steel
and glass
Hemispherical dome

Example of pantheon
 Saucer
dome

A very low dome is a saucer dome.

Uses-
1.Where height is not required
2.Covering of large span areas.
 DOME STRUCTURES BASED ON MATERIALS

MONOLITHIC RCC DOMES

GFRC DOME

STEEL DOME TIMBER DOME

 The Monolithic Dome | Monolithic Dome Institute

MONOLITHIC/RCC DOME

1. 5.

Shotcrete — Shotcrete – a special spray mix o

Foundation — The Monolithic Dome concrete – is applied to the interior surface of
starts as a concrete ring foundation, the dome. The steel rebar is embedded in the
reinforced with steel rebar. concrete and when about three inches of
Vertical steel bars embedded in the shotcrete is applied, the Monolithic Dome is
finished. The blower fans are shut off after
ring later attached to the steel
the concrete is set.
reinforcing of the dome itself.
Small domes may use an integrated
floor/ring foundation. 4.
Otherwise, the floor is poured after
completion of the dome.

2.

Steel rebar — Steel reinforcing rebar is

attached to the foam using a specially
3. Polyurethane Foam — Polyurethane foam is engineered layout of hoop (horizontal) and
applied to the interior surface of the Air
vertical steel rebar. Small domes need small
Airform — An Airform – fabricated to the proper shape form. Entrance into the air-structure is
diameter bars with wide spacing. Large domes
and size – is placed on the ring base. Using blower fans, it made through a double door airlock which
require larger bars with closer spacing.
is inflated and the Airform creates the shape of the keeps the air-pressure inside at a constant
level. Approximately three inches of foam is
structure to be completed. The fans run throughout
applied. The foam is also the base for
construction of the dome. attaching the steel reinforcing rebar.
Two types of rcc domes 1.rcc dome 2. monolithic dome
This domed government building in Baghdad, formerly a part of
Saddam Hussein's regime, was hit by a 5,000 lb (2,300 kg).
bomb.[1] Apart from the hole made by the entry of the bomb,
it remained structurally sound.

Advantages
• The dome, when finished,
is earthquake, tornado and hurricane resistant
• is very energy efficient. (The spherical sections of the dome
offer minimal surface area for the volume they contain, so
there is less surface for heat transfer with the outside air.)
• By placing the insulating foam on the outside of the concrete
shell, the concrete acts as a thermal mass inside the building,
reducing interior temperature fluctuations far more than the
traditional home's insulation inside of a brick or stone veneer.
Disadvantages
• The techniques used in monolithic dome construction are very
different from normal construction methods, so only specially
trained construction crews are suited for building a dome
using the modern techniques.
• The curved surfaces inherent to monolithic dome construction
often result in oddly shaped rooms when divided up, which
can result in wasted space in narrow corners.
RCC DOMES

FIGURE SHOWS THE ROUGH PLAN OF A

The minimum thickness we take 125mm for RCC dome
RING BEAM

TWO TYPES OF STRESSES ARE INDUCED IN A

DOME
1) Meridional thrust (t) along the direction of meridian
2) Hoop stress (h) aong the latitude

The circle of each ring is called latitude.

The reactions between the rings are tangential to
the curved surface, giving rise to the compression
along the medians.
The compressive stress is called meridional thrust
or meridional compression.
 FIBERGLASS REINFORCED CONCRETE DOMES
What is GFRC (Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete)
Glass fiber reinforced concrete ( GFRC ) also called GRC or FRC is a cementitious, composite material, cast in thin shell
shapes for use in construction. Consisting of Portland cement, aggregate, water, alkali-resistant glass fibers, polymer
and additives, the GFRC mix design is custom engineered depending on the requirements of the GFRC project and the
GFRC part.
What is GFRC and what is a GFRC dome?
GFRC (glass fiber reinforced concrete) is concrete that uses glass fibers for reinforcement instead of steel. It is
typically cast in a thin section of around 1/2" to 3/4". Since the fibers cannot rust like steel, there is no need for a
protective concrete cover thickness to prevent rusting. With the thin, hollow construction of GFRC products, they can
weigh a fraction of the weight of traditional precast concrete or stone.
Advantages of GFRC (Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete) Domes
• GFRC is made of minerals and will not burn.
• GFRC is relatively light in weight compared to traditional stone or terra cotta ornaments. Its installation is quick and
relatively easy.
• GFRC domes can be cast to virtually any shape.
• GFRC domes can be made either with a cast in integral color and texture: limestone, precast concrete, acid wash, etc.
or as paint grade that is easily finished with virtually any paint.
GFRC has numerous advantages over other types of architectural concrete designs, including:
•Lighter weight – GFRC is far lighter than traditional concrete. Its lightweight has many of its own benefits, such as
reduced shipping and less pressure on the foundation.
•Higher Strength – GFRC has a very high strength to weight ratio and prevents cracking, chipping, and water damage.
•Malleable – GFRC can be shaped into even the most complex molds, opening doors for new designs that would
otherwise be out of reach.
TIMBER DOME

T-star connector
 STEEL DOMES
USES
1. For large span areas EG. Circus,
camp, etc.
2. On top of the structure.

JOINERY DETAILS AT THE END OF DOME

 VAULTS
Vault, in building construction, a structural member consisting of an arrangement of arches, usually forming a ceiling
or roof.

TYPES OF VAULTS

1. Barrel vault

2. Groin vault

3. Rib vault

4. Cloister vault

5. Fan vault

Cloister vault
 HISTORY OF VAULTS
• In ancient Egypt vaulting was used, chiefly for drains
• The Chaldeans and Assyrians used vaults for the same purpose
• Roman and Romanesque styles of vaulting started in the first century.
• Casting concrete in one solid mass, the Romans created vaults of perfect rigidity, devoid of external thrust and no
buttresses
• Roman vaults were the basis on which complex and varied forms were developed in the middle ages
• Greeks made no use of vaults.

ADVANTAGES
• Gives more volume at a lower costs than adding floor area .
• It looks good over other forms of construction .
• Dead load can be reduced by economizing foundation and supporting system.
• The curved shapes often used for concrete are naturally strong structures.
• Using RCC as a building material reduces both material cost and the construction cost.
• As concrete is relatively inexpensive and easily cast into compound curves

DISADVANTAGES
• Increased cooling or heating costs .
• Good labours and supervision necessary.
• Raise of roofs may be a disadvantage .
• Shuttering problem .
• Since concrete is porous material, concrete vaults or domes often have issues with sealing. If not treated, rain water
can seep through the roof and leak into the interior of the building.
TRADITIONAL VAULT

• vault is arch shaped structure , its usually a masonry used for ceiling and other enclosed space.
• masonry volts are usually composed of wedge-shaped pieces called voussoirs.
• which are held in place like the stones of an arch by the pressure of the neighboring piles.
• because of the combined pressure of its components an arc exerts an outward pressure at its base.

MODERN VAULTS

• 20th century found great advances in reinforced concrete design .The advent of the construction and better mathematical
understanding of hyperbolic paraboloids allowed very thin strong vaults to be constructed with previously unseen shape
• Vault- the vault is of locally- made clay fuse over the concrete slab , which provides a non- conditional layer. Water cascades also
provide interesting visual experiences
• vaulted roof form – the ventilating window at upper volume releases the accumulated hot air through pressure differences.
• The structure is closely integrated with the outdoor space.
 BARREL VAULT
•A barrel vault is a continuous arched shape that may approximate a
semi-cylinder in form, resembling the roof of a tunnel, or may be
pointed at its apex.

•It is typically formed by a series of arches or vaults placed side by

side or by a continuous shell.
 BARREL VAULTS (SHELL)
•Cylindrical Barrel Vaults are perhaps the most useful of the shell structures because they can span up to 45.72 m (150 feet) with a
minimum of material.

•They are very efficient structures because they use the arch form to reduce stresses and thicknesses in the transverse direction

TYPES OF BARREL VAULTS

1. Single barrel vault

2. Multiple barrel vault
3. Corrugated barrel vault
4. Edge member type barrel vault
5. Lazy s type barrel vault
6. Unstiffened barrel vault Edge
 BARREL VAULT SPACE FRAME STRUCTURE

The barrel vault is the most straight forward single curvature shell construction. These structures are developed as economic solutions
for the construction of industrial buildings. Barrel vault space structure allows a structural design to incorporate arching theory and the
use of steel offers great blending strength so that long clear spans and low rise barrel vaults are possible for entrance canopies and
curved glass walls. It is considered as the simplest form of a vault; effectively a series of arches placed side by side i.e. one after other.

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF BARREL VAULTS:

1. Long span barrel vaults are those vaults in which the span or width is over 60 meters
2. Short span barrel vaults are those vaults in which the span is shorter than 60 meters
ADVANTAGES OF BARREL VAULT SPACE STRUCTURES ARE:

Cost Effective: One of the greatest advantages of using space frames in Barrel Vaults is that it is comparatively cost
effective.
Eco-friendly: These space frames are 100% recyclable. Therefore it is known to be eco-friendly.
Flexible Structure Design: It is one of the most flexible and sturdy structures used for constructing commercial
buildings and residential properties.
Light Weight: Due to the uniform material load distribution spatially the Barrel Vault space structure is light-weight.
Accuracy in Installation: Another Important feature of using Space frame is that there is a high degree of accuracy in
the process of designing and installation of a space frame.
 GROIN VAULT

•A groin vault or groined vault (also sometimes known

as a double barrel vault or cross vault) is produced by
the intersection at right angles of two-barrel vaults.

•The word "groin" refers to the edge between the

intersecting vaults. Sometimes the arches of groin
vaults are pointed instead of round. In comparison with
a barrel vault, a groin vault provides good economies of
material and labor.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GROIN VAULT

• The groin vault required great skills in cutting stone to

from a neat arris.
• Difficult to construct neatly because of the geometry of
cross groins.
• In comparison with a barrel vault, a groin vault provides
good economies of material and labor.
• The construction of groin vault can be understood most
simply by visualizing two barrel vault section at right
angles merging to form a squarish unit.
 RIB VAULT
Ribbed vault is defined as the intersection of two- or three-barrel
vaults. Rib vaults is reinforced by masonry ribs.
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF RIB VAULT
• Quadripartite rib vault : When two masonry ribs dividing into 4
sections.

• Sexpartite rib vault: When three masonry ribs dividing into 6

sections.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RIB VAULT QUADRIPARTITE RIB VAULT SEXPARTITE RIB VAULT

• When the Ribbed vault are edged with an armature of piped masonry
often carved in decorative patterns.
• Some ribbed vaults even have six section in each bay.
• It is best for roofing purpose.
 CLOISTER VAULT

In architecture, a cloister vault or domical vault is a vault with four concave

surfaces (patches of cylinders) meeting at a point above the centre of the
vault.
STRUCTURE:

• It can be thought of as formed by two barrel vaults that cross at right

angles to each other: the open space within the vault is the intersection of the
space within the two barrel vaults, and the solid material that surrounds the
vault is the union of the solid material surrounding the two barrel vaults.

•In this way it differs from a groin vault, which is also formed from two barrel
vaults but in the opposite way: in a groin vault, the space is the union of the
spaces of two barrel vaults, and the solid material is the intersection.

MAPEL LEAF GARDEN

 FAN VAULT
A fan vault is a form of vault used in the Gothic style, in which the ribs are all of the same curve
and spaced equidistantly, in a manner resembling a fan. The initiation and propagation of this
design element is strongly associated with England.
 FAN VAULT
Structure : the ribs of a fan vault are of equal curvature and rotated at equal
distances around a central (vertical) axis, forming the conoid shape which gives
rise to the name. In between sequences of conoids, flat central spandrels fill
the space.
 CASE STUDY

Herbert Art Gallery and Museum

The images across of Herbert Art Gallery and Museum, Coventry

designed by Pringles Richards Sharratt is connected with a timber and
steel connection which is a partially glazed grid shell arcade formed of
glulam. The grid shell is designed to re-
its Coventry city centre context as a
civic space, by resembling the interior of the city’s cathedral roof and
extending the presence of the gallery towards this famous landmark.
The concept for the arcade was to turn the rear of the building into
the front. There by establishing a pedestrian route that connects the
arcade with the existing entrance to the building. Meanwhile the
342sqm History Centre within the redevelopment of the Herbert Art
Gallery & Museum has been
topped by a curving glulam beam and solid timber panel structure, whic
h is supported with spruce columns. The mono pitch roof curves
upwards to meet the edge of the arcade, transforming into the
diagonal grid shell. Glulam from Finn forest was used to create both
the grid shell structure and vaulted roof. It was selected for its
exceptional strength and lightweight properties. Glulamis especially
suited for use in the load bearing structures of buildings where
architectural beauty is being sought in structurally challenging designs.
SPACE FRAMES
DEFINITION
A space frame is a structural system, assembled off linear elements show arrange that the loads are transferred in a three-
dimensional manner. In some cases, the constituent elements may be two dimensional. Macroscopically coma a space frame often takes
the form of a flat or curved surface.

ADVANTAGES OF SPACE FRAME

1. they are light structurally efficient and use materials optimally
2. they are elegant and economical means of covering large column free spaces for a variety of applications including sports
structures auditoria aircraft’s hangar’s and assembly halls.
3. They carry load by three dimensional actions loads applied at a point are not merely carried by the members meeting at that joint,
but I'll disperse to be shared by many other members . It is thus possible to transfer heavy concrete loads at any joint this
characteristic is especially useful in aircraft maintenance hangars, because it permits docking system to be hung from nodes
providing unlimited flexibility.
4. Deflections are small because of high inherent stiffness . This characteristic is taken advantage of in using space frames as
backup structures for parabolic dish and dinners multi plate antennas and telescope switch demand high rigidity as well as
lightness.
5. Because space frames are put together by using precise factory-made components unskilled labour is adequate for their assembly
and erection
6. services such as lighting and air conditioning can be integrated with space frames and they can often be installed on the ground
itself, thus or be waiting the hazard of working at heights
7. space frames save construction time because they use factory produce components that can be manufactured buy fast production
techniques, transported to site and easily erected
8. they offer the architect unrestricted freedom in locating supports and planning the subdivision of the covered spaces
9. being light structure, dead loads are very much less, and they are consequent saving in columns and substrates sun
NODE CONNECTORS
MERO-Marrow is an abbreviation of mengeringhausen, the inventor of the
connector
THE TRIODETIC CONNECTOR
 Classification by the arrangement
Types of space frames of its elements
•Single layer grid: All elements are
A. 1,2 and three way grids
located on the surface to be
B. single-, double-, and triple- layered space frames approximated.
•Double layer grid: Elements are
organized in two layers parallel to
CURVATURE CLASSIFICATION each other at a certain distance
❑ SPACE PLANE COVERS apart. Each of the layers form a
❑ BARREL VAULTS lattice of triangles, squares or
hexagons in which the projection of
❑ SPHERICAL DOMES the nodes in a layer may overlap or
be displaced relative to each other.
Diagonal bars connect the nodes of
both layers in different directions in
space. In this type of meshes, the
elements are associated into three
groups: upper cordon, cordon and
cordon lower diagonal.
•Triple layer grid: Elements are
placed in three parallel layers, linked
by the diagonals. They are almost
always flat.

Single layer space frame Double layer space frame

 Exmple of space frame used in a indoor stadium
DOUBLE-LAYER FLAT SPACE FRAME
Double layer flat space frame may consist of
two way or three-way grids.
In a two-way grid members running in two
orthogonal directions intersect at a node.
In a three-way grid which are normally
equilateral , members running in three
dimensions will intersect at a node.
six configurations that are normally used for
two-way double layer space frames are shown
in the previous picture
 FILLER SLAB
The filler slab is a slab construction technology, in which filler material part of concrete in the bottom of the slab is replaced,
and as compared to reinforced cement concrete slabs it consumes less concrete and steel.

The filler slab is based on the principle that for roofs which are simply supported, the upper part of the slab is subjected to
compressive forces and the lower part of the slab experience tensile forces. Concrete is very good in withstanding compressive
forces and steel bears the load due to tensile forces.

MATERIALS FOR FILLER SLAB:

1. Tiles
2. Cellular
3. Concrete
4. Blocks CONCRETE
BRICKS TILES
5. Pots &
6. Waste Bottles

BLOCKS POTS WASTE BOTTLES

 MATERIAL SELECTION AS PER DESIGN & NEED

There are the following points to be kept in mind material selection for filler slab;

1. With concrete or steel in the RCC slab constructed the filler material should not react and in nature, it should be
inert.
2. As it will soak the hydration water from concrete so filler materials water absorption should be checked.
3. In weight filler material should be light so the dead load onto the foundations is reduced and the overall weight of
the slab reduces.
4. The cost of filler material is much lesser than the cost of the concrete it replaces so filler material should be of
low cost.
5. As not to provide an ugly ceiling pattern filler material texture should match with the desired ceiling finish
requirements.

BENEFITS OF FILLER SLAB

1. STRENGTH

2. LEAK PROOFING

3. SAVING ON COST

4. THERMAL INSULATION

5. PATTERNED CEILINGS
FILLER SLAB DETAILS
 WALL HOUSE , AUROVILLE

Anupama Kundoo- VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

Anupama used terracotta pots as fillers to increase the effective depth of concrete. while minimizing the volume of concrete and steel
in the slabs that did require to be insulated. One of her aims was to demonstrate that structural materials can also be used as finishing
materials Manav Sadhna Activity Centre Yatin Pandya Reclaimed Material « biome
HISTORY AND ANALYSIS OF
COFFERED CEILINGS.
COFFERED CEILINGS FROM FIFTEENTH TO SEVENTEENTH CENTURY: ASYNTHETIC
PROFILE
• The construction of a
ceiling that hides the
trusses of the roof, or a
coating structure on the
underside of a floor takes,
in the Renaissance period,
the ancient form of
coffers.
 A first, fundamental distinction must be
made between coffered ceilings below a
habitable space, and those that are
connected to the roof structures or
structures that, in addition to their own
weight, support only the ceiling structure
(coffers). The coffers themselves, when
seen to be of different depths, may
indicate different construction
techniques. In the presence of a simple
slab, under the beams, very closely set,
are nailed frames, and carvings, additional
boards close the joints and complete the
overall
The design.
cavity of the coffers is obtained
by
mounting planks inclined at 45° which
meet to support each other reciprocal
ly.
The coffered ceiling is a lightweight construction using
boards, anchored to the load bearing structure, which
to a greater or lesser extent can connect up to the
room to become an almost autonomous structure.
The octagonal coffered ceiling is placed in a
large hall of about 60 mq (6.6 m x 9.13 m)
on the ground floor of Palazzo Raimondi,
indicated in the plan number 1.23. It
consists of twelve imposing octagonal
coffers that adorn the room and hide the
bearing structure of the floor above.

(2) (PDF) History and analysis of coffered ceilings. The case study of
Palazzo Raimondi in Cremona | Angelo Giuseppe Landi - Academia.edu
Definition: A coffer slab is a type of
forms of a slab which has two-sided
reinforcement fixed outside the mould to
give an aesthetic shape of the mould which
appeared in the waffle slab.

• A coffered ceiling is a series of

indentations or hollows on the surface of a
ceiling.
• Coffered ceilings decoratively hide ceiling
imperfections and create the illusion of
height. Historically, the design is
considered dignified and formal.
• Simple coffered ceilings are created by
crisscrossing beams that create geometric
patterns, usually squares or rectangles.
• Caisson ceiling is another term used to
describe this type of ceiling hollow.
 Where this system can be used ?
• Can be used as both ceiling and floor slab.
• Used in the areas where a smaller number of
columns are provided, i.e., it is basically used in the
areas which has huge spans.
• Used for specialized projects that involve clean
rooms, spaces requiring seclusion from low
frequency vibration or those needing low floor
deflections.
• The concrete grid slab is often used for industrial
and commercial buildings while wood and metal
waffle slabs are used in many other construction
sites.

Grid/ Waffle Slabs (slideshare.net)

Features of the Grid Slab

• They are used on flat sites.

• No beam excavation is required.
• No controlled or rolled fill is used.
• Cardboard slab panel/void formers are used.
• Slab panels are on 1 metre grids (approximately).
• Trench mesh or individual bars can be used.
• Slab thickness is 85 - 100 mm.
• Internal beams are 110 – 200 mm wide.
• There is minimal concrete volume.
• No beam down drag from clay (above ground slab) occurs.
• Shrinkage of slab is lower than stiffened rafts and footing slabs.
• They use 30% less concrete than a stiffened raft.
• They use 20% less steel than a stiffened raft.
Purpose of Coffer Slab: Materials in coffer slab:
➢ It is almost ideally cast-off in roof and The material required for coffer slab are:
floor slab. ▪ Primary Member-ISMB 125
➢ This kind of slab is frequently used in a ▪ Secondary Member- DOKA beam
commercial and industrial estate. ▪ At beam and the outer surface of column 25mm thk
➢ This sort of formwork is used in a various plywood dumpy bottom.
structure such as parking area, IT ▪ Platform with 18mm thk old ply.
Steeple, airdrome, factory district, ▪ FRP (Fibre-reinforced plastic) mould.
dwelling ▪ Reinforcement
➢ places etc. ▪ Casting
➢ It further conveys a greater amount of ▪ Curing
load imposed by the slab. ▪ Deshuttering by using Air Compressor.
Case study on effective and elegant view of coffer slab (ijariit.com)
MERITS AND DEMERITS

Merits: Demerits:
• It is basically used in those areas where • For this slab casting, the special order has to be
intermediate span or a smaller number of given for preparing of moulds as per drawing of
column is provided. coffer slab and this will
• It is used as a lens light to impart sunlight in • give the extra costing for the floor slab for the
the floor slab design purpose.
• It is a combustion resistant. • After casting and curing of coffer slab, removing
• It has magnificent oscillation control. of moulds is difficult and it can be used after the
• It has sturdy finishes and toughness. whole process has been
• done.
Site Photos:

Reinforcements details Removing moulds with the help of an air compressor

OBSERVATION
• Usually, the 50 repetitions have been done for the coffer slab but on the site, there are 6 repetitions.
• The appearance of coffer slab is great.
• Unless and until the staging of coffer slab, laying of reinforcement in beam and the slab we can’t cast
the slab.
• It will give the strength of slab in 15 days cycle.
• After giving strength to the slab, then only we can deshuttering the slab but after casting of coffer
slab within 2 days the
• moulds have been removed by the help of air compressor because it will stick the slab and it will not
remove easily.
Thank you