Page 75

PROBLEMS Section 2.3

Figure P2.12

In Problem 1.114 what is the acceleration of the vertically upward, the ball passes the level of the observer
rock just after release? 1.5 sec after leaving the bat, and it passes this level again
on its away down 4 sec after leaving the bat. Disregarding
2.12 A cannonball is fired as shown in Figure P 2 . 1 2 .
air friction, find the maximum height reached by the
Neglecting air resistance, find the angle a that will result
in the cannonball landing in the box. baseball and determine the ball's initial velocity as it
leaves the bat (which is 3 ft above the ground at impact).
2.13 A baseball slugger connects with a pitch 4 ft above
the ground. The ball heads toward the 10-ft-high center- 2.15 A soccer ball (Figure P2.15) is kicked toward the
field fence, 455 ft away. The ball leaves the bat with a goal from 60 ft. It strikes the top of the goal at the highest
velocity of 125 f t / s e c and a slope of 3 vertical to 4 hori- point of its trajectory. Find the velocity and angle at
zontal. Neglecting air resistance, determine whether the which the ball was kicked, and determine the time of
ball hits the fence (if it does, how high above the ground?) traveL..
or whether it is a home run (if it is, by how much does it 2.16 The motorcycle in Figure P2.16 is to be driven by a
clear the fence?). stunt man. Find the minimum takeoff velocity at A for
2,14 From a high vantage point in Yankee Stadium, a which the motorcycle can clear the gap, and determine
baseball fan observes a high-flying foul ball. Traveling the corresponding angle 6 for which the landing will be
tangent to the road at B and hence smooth.

Figure P2.15

Figure P2.16
Page 76

Figure P2.17

2.17 A baseball pitcher releases a 90-mph fastball 5 ft off

the ground (Figure P2.17). If in the absence of gravity the
ball would arrive at home plate 4 ft off the ground, find
the drop in the actual path caused by gravity. Neglect air
resistance.
2.18 In the preceding problem, find the radius of curva-
ture of the path of the baseball's center at the instant it
arrives at the plate.
2.19 In the preceding problem, the batter hits a pop-up
that leaves the bat at a 4 5 ° angle with the ground. The
shortstop loses the ball in the sun and it lands on second
base, ft from home plate. What was the velocity of
the baseball when it left the bat?
2.20 The pilot of an airplane flying at 300 km / h r wishes
to release a package of mail at the right position so that it
hits spot A. (See Figure P2.20.) What angle 9 should his Figure P2.21
line of sight to the target make at the instant of release?
2.21 A darts player releases a dart at the position indi-
cated in Figure P.2.21 with the initial velocity vector mak- 2.22 In the preceding problem, suppose the initial speed
ing a 10° angle with the horizontal. What must the dart's of the dart is 20 f t / s e c . What must the angle a be if a
initial speed be if it scores a bull's-eye? bull's-eye is scored?

Figure P2.20
 Page 77

Figure P2.23

2.23 Find the angle , firing velocity v and time t of

u f

intercept so that the ballistic missile shown in Fig-

ure P2.23 will intercept the bomber when x = d. The
bomber, at x = D when the missile is launched, travels
horizontally at constant speed v and altitude H. What
0

has been neglected in your solution?

2.24 The garden hose shown in Figure P2.24 expels
water at 13 m / s from a height of 1 m. Determine the
maximum height H and horizontal distance D reached by
the water.
Figure P2.26
* 2.25 In the preceding problem, use calculus to find the
angle that will give maximum range D to the water.
* 2.26 Find the range R for a projectile fired onto the in-
2.28 A child drops a rock into a well and hears it splash
clined plane shown in Figure P2.26. Determine the maxi-
into the water at the bottom exactly 2 sec later. (See Fig-
mum value of R for a given muzzle velocity u. (Angle
ure P2.28.) If she is at a location where the speed of sound
a = constant.)
is v = 1100 ft / s e c , determine the depth of the well with
s

2.27 If a baseball player can throw a ball 90 m on the fly and without considering v . Compare the two results.
s

on earth, how far can he throw it on the moon where the

gravitational acceleration is about one-sixth that on
earth? Neglect the height of the player and the air resist-
ance on earth.

Figure P2.24 Figure P2.28

Page 7 8

2.29 At liftoff the space shuttle is powered upward by 2.36 The 200-lb block is at rest on the floor ( = 0.2)
two solid rocket boosters of 12.9 X 1 0 N each and by the
6
before the 50-lb force is applied as shown in Figure P2.36.
three Orbiter main liquid-rocket engines with thrusts What is the acceleration of the block immediately after
of 1.67 X 1 0 N each. At liftoff, the total weight of the
6
application of the force? Assume the block is wide enough
shuttle (orbiter, tanks, payload, boosters) is about that it cannot tip over.
19.8 X 1 0 N. Determine the acceleration experienced by
6

the crew members at liftoff. (This differs from the initial

acceleration on earlier manned flights; demonstrate this
by comparing with the Apollo moon rocket, which
weighed 6.26 X 1 0 lb at liftoff and was powered by five
6

engines each with a thrust of 1.5 X 1 0 lb.) Neglect the

6
Figure P2.36
change in mass between ignition and liftoff.

2.30 What is the apparent weight, as perceived through

2.37 Repeat Problem 2.36 with
pressure on the feet, of a 200-lb passenger in an elevator
accelerating at the rate of 10 f t / s e c upward (a) or down-
2

ward (b)?
2.31 When a man stands on a scale at one of the poles of
the earth, the scale indicates weight W. Assuming the
earth to be spherical (4000-mile radius) and assuming the
earth to be an inertial frame, what will the scale read
when the man stands on it at the equator?

2.32 Assuming the earth's orbit around the sun to be

Figure P2.38
circular and supposing that a frame containing the earth's
center and poles and the center of the sun is inertial,
repeat Problem 2.31. Neglect the earth's tilt.
2.39 The two blocks in Figure P2.39 are at rest before the
2.33 In an emergency the driver of an automobile ap- 100-Newton force is applied. If friction between and the
plies the brakes and locks all four wheels. Find the time floor is negligible and if = 0 . 4 between and find the
and distance required to bring the car to rest in terms of magnitude and direction of the subsequent friction force
the coefficient of sliding friction the initial speed v, and exerted on by
the gravitational acceleration g.
2.34 A box is placed in the rear of a pickup truck. Find
the maximum acceleration of the truck for which the
block does not slide on the truck bed. The coefficient of
friction between the box and truck bed is .
2.35 The truck in Figure P2.35 is traveling at 45 mph.
Find the minimum stopping distance such that the Figure P2.39
250-Ib crate will not slide. Assume the crate cannot tip
over.
2.40 Find the largest force P for which in Figure P2.40
will not slide on

Figure P2.40

2.41 Work the preceding problem if P is applied to

Figure P2.35 instead of
 Page 79

2.42 The blocks in Figure P2.42 are in contact as they

slide down the inclined plane. The masses of the blocks
are kg and kg, and the friction coeffi-
cients between the blocks and the plane are 0.5 for and
0.1 for Determine the force between the blocks and find
their common acceleration.

Figure P2.47

Figure P2.42
Figure P2.48

2.43 In the preceding problem, let be the coefficient of

friction between and the plane. Using the two motion 2.48 In Figure P2.48 the masses of ire 1 0 , 6 0 ,
equations of the blocks, find the range of values of for and 50 kg, respectively. The coefficient of friction be-
which the blocks will separate when released from rest. tween and the plane is , and the pulleys have
2.44 If all surfaces are smooth for the setup of blocks and negligible mass and friction. Find the tensions in each
planes in Figure P2.44, find the force P that will give block cord, and the acceleration of B, upon release from rest.
an acceleration of 4 f t / s e c up the incline.
2
2.49 If the system in Figure P2.49 is released from rest,
how long does it take the 5-lb block to drop 2 ft? Neglect
friction in the light pulley and assume the cord connecting
the blocks to be inextensible.
2.50 The coefficient of friction is the same be-
tween as it is between and the plane. (See Fig-
Figure P2.44 ure P2.50.) Find the tension in the cord at the instant the
system is released from rest. Neglect friction in the light
pulley.
2.45 Work the preceding problem if the planes are still
smooth but the friction coefficient between and is

2.46 Work the preceding problem if the coefficient of

friction is 0.3 for all contacting surfaces.
* 2.47 Generalizing Example 2.8, let the blocks, friction
coefficients, and angle of the plane be as shown in Fig-
ure P2.47. Show that: Figure P2.49
a. If tan motion will occur, and if so:
b. If the blocks move together
c. If , then slides on . In this case, the
lower block does not move if

d. If tan , then the lower block will not

move. In this case, the upper block slides on it
if and only if tan Figure P2.50
 Page 80

2.51 The system in Figure P2.51 is released from rest. 2.57 In Figure P2.57 the masses of blocks are
50, 20, and 30 kg, respectively. Find the accelerations of
a. How far does block A move in 2 sec?
each if the table is removed. Which block will hit the floor
b. How would the solution be changed if the coef- first? How long will it take?
ficient of friction between the floor and A were

Light pulley

Smooth

Block A: 10 kg
Block B: 20 kg
Pulleys: massless

Figure P2.57
Figure P2.51

2.58 Body in Figure P2.58 weighs 223 N and body

weighs 133 N. Neglect the weight of the rigid member
2.52 A child notices that sometimes the ball m does not
connecting and The coefficient of friction is 0.3 be-
slide down the inclined surface of toy when she pushes
tween all surfaces. Determine the accelerations of and
it along the floor. (See Figure P2.52.) What is the mini-
just after the cord is cut.
mum acceleration of to prevent this motion? As-
sume all surfaces are smooth.

Solid
sphere m

Figure P2.52

Figure P2.58
2.53 In the preceding problem, suppose the acceleration
of is 2a . What is the normal force between the vertical
min

surface of and the ball? The ball's weight is 0.06 lb.

2.54 Let the mass of in Problem 1.57 be 20 kg. What
then must be the mass of to produce the prescribed
motion? Neglect the masses of the pulleys.
• 2 . 5 5 Find the tension in the cord in Problem 1.61 at the
Figure P2.59
onset of the motion if the mass of is 10 kg.
2.56 For the cam-follower system of Problem 1.65 find
the force that must be applied to the cam to produce the 2.59 A particle P moves along a curved surface S as
motion. Let the masses of cam and follower be m and m
1 2
shown in Figure P 2.5 9. Show that P will remain in contact
and neglect friction. with S provided that, at all times,
 Page 81

2.60 Find the condition for retention of contact if P and is the radius of the circle on which the ball
moves along the outside of a surface defined by the same moves, find the conical speed in terms of and the ac-
curve as in the preceding problem. (See Figure P2.60.) celeration of gravity.
2.63 For an object at rest on the earth's surface, we can
write mg = (GMm) / R , so that the unwieldly constant
2

GM may be replaced by gR , which for the earth is ap-

2

proximately 32.2[3960(5280)] ft / sec . Use this, plus the

2 3 2

result of Example 2.5, to solve for the distance above the

earth of a satellite in a circular, 90-minute orbit. (Let the
satellite replace the planet, and the earth replace the star,
in the example.)
Figure P2.60
2.64 Communications satellites are placed in geo-
synchronous orbit, an orbit in which the satellites are
2.61 A ball of mass m on a string is swung at constant always located in the same position in the sky (Fig-
speed v in a horizontal circle of radius R by a child. (See
0 ure P2.64).
Figure P2.61.)
a. Give an argument why this orbit must lie in the
a. What holds up the ball? equatorial plane. Why must it be circular?
b. What is the tension in the string? b. If the satellites are to remain in orbit without
c. If the child increases the speed of the ball, what expending energy, find the important ratio of
provides the force in the forward direction the orbit radius r to the earth's radius t . Hint:
3 e

needed to produce the ? Explain. Use Newton's law of universal gravitation

together with the law of motion in the radial

direction, and note that if the satellite were sit-
ting on the earth's surface, the force would be

Figure P2.61 so that the product Gm may be rewritten as gr ,

e
2
e

as in Problem 2.63. Use r = 3960 mi. t

Figure P2.64
Figure P2.62

2.62 There is a speed, called the conical speed, at which 2.65 Using the result of the preceding problem, show
a ball on a string, in the absence of all friction, moves that a minimum of three satellites in geosynchronous
on a specific horizontal circle (with the string sweeping orbit are required for continuous communications cover-
out a conical surface) with no radial or vertical component age over the whole earth except for small regions near the
of velocity (Figure P2.62). If is the length of the string poles.
Page 8 2

remain against the wall at the same level. Use the equa-
tion to explain the phenomenon.
Noting that each person is "in equilibrium vertically,"
solve for the minimum to prevent people from slip-
ping if R = 2 m and the expected friction coefficient be-
tween the rough wall and the clothing is

2.68 In preparation for Problem 2.69, for the ellipse

shown in Figure P2.68, the equation is

Show that the radius of curvature p of the ellipse, as a

function of x, is

Coefficient of friction
Hint: Recall from calculus that if y = y(x), then

Figure P2.66

2.66 In terms of the parameters and g defined in

Figure P2.66, find the rninimum speed for which the mo-
torcycle will not slip down the inside wall of the cylinder.
2.67 In the "spindle top" ride in an amusement park,
people stand against a cylindrical wall and the cylinder
is then spun up to a certain angular velocity . (See
Figure P2.67.) The floor is then lowered, but the people

Figure P2.68

2.69 In a certain amusement park, the tallest loop in a

somersaulting ride (Figure P2.69) is 100 ft high and
shaped approximately like an ellipse with a width of
95 ft. The ride advertises "five times the earth's pull at
over 50 mph." Use the result of the preceding exercise to
compute the radius of curvature at the bottom of the
loop. Assuming that the normal force resultant is
5 mg, determine whether or not the maximum speed is
over 50 mph. Treat the cars as a single particle.

2.70 If bar shown in Figure P2.70 were raised slowly,

block would start to slide at the angle
which was seen in statics to be one way of determining
the friction coefficient Suppose now that the bar is
suddenly rotated, starting from the position at
constant angular velocity For and
= O.lg, compute the angle at which slips downward
Figure P2.67 on and compare the result with t a n - 1
 Page 83

Figure P2.72

Figure P2.69

Figure P2.73
Figure P2.70

2.71 In the preceding problem, let remain at 0.5 but 2.74 A bead slides down a smooth circular hoop that, at
consider increasing the parameter . At what value a certain instant, has r a d / s e c and rad/sec
2

of this parameter will slide outward on ? At what in the direction shown in Figure P2.74. The angular speed
angle will this occur? of line OP at this time is r a d / s e c and
Find the value of and the force exerted on the bead
2.72 A horizontal wheel is rotating about its fixed axis
by the hoop at the given instant, if the mass of the bead
at a rate of 10 rad/sec, and this angular speed is increas-
is 0.1 kg and the radius of the hoop is 20 cm. Hint: Use
ing at the given time at r a d / s e c . (See Figure 2.72.)
2

spherical coordinates.
At this same instant, a bead is sliding inward relative to
the spoke on which it moves at 5 ft/sec; this speed is
slowing down at this time at 2 f t / s e c . If the bead weighs
2

0.02 lb and is 1 ft from the center in the given configura-

tion, find the external force exerted on the bead. Is it
possible that this force can be exerted solely by the spoke
and not in part by other external sources?

2.73 A ball bearing is moving radially outward in a

slotted horizontal disk that is rotating about the vertical Hoop
z axis. At the instant shown in Figure P2.73, the ball bear-
ing is 3 in. from the center of the disk. It is traveling
P (mass = 1 kg]
radially outward at a velocity of 4 in. / sec relative to the
disk. If r a d / s e c and is constant, find and the force
exerted on the ball by the disk at this instant. Assume no
friction and take the weight of the ball to be 0.05 lb. Figure P2.74
 Page 84

• The four light rods are pinned at the origin and at 2.78 A wintertime fisherman of mass 70 kg is in trou-
each mass in such a way that as these seven bodies are ble—he is being reeled in by Jaws on a lake of frozen ice.
spun up about the vertical, the masses m move outward At the instant shown in Figure P2.78, the man has a ve-
and the mass M slides smoothly up along the vertical rod locity component, perpendicular to the radius r, of
Oy. There is a relationship between g, m, and M = 0.3 m / s at an instant when r = R, = 5 m. If Jaws pulls
such that at the particular spin-speed i , the bodies be- in the line with a force of 100 N, find the value of
have as one rigid body (meaning remains constant). when the radius is R = 1 m. Hint:
2

Find the relationship. Hint: Use separate free-body dia-

grams of m and M, and write equations of motion for
each. The unknowns are F (force in each top rod) and F
T B

(force in each bottom rod), and . There will be three

useful equations. See Figure P2.75.

Figure P2.75

0
Figure P2.78

Figure P2.76 2.79 In the preceding problem, show that the differen-
tial equation of the man's radial motion is
to integrate this, and if
2.76 A particle P of mass m moves on a smooth, hori- when r = 5 m, show that the radial component
zontal table and is attached to a light, inextensible cord of the man's velocity when r = 1 m is 3.04 m / s .
that is being pulled downward by a force F(t) as shown in 2.80 Particle P of mass m travels in a circle of radius a on
Figure P2.76. Show that the differential equations of mo- the smooth table shown in Figure P2.80. Particle P is
tion of P are connected by an inextensible string to the stationary par-
ticle of mass M. Find the period of one revolution of P.
• 2.81 A weight of 100 lb hangs freely from a light rope
(Figure P2.81). It is pulled up by a force that is 150 lb at
Then show that Equation (2) implies that t = 0 but diminishes uniformly in magnitude at 1 lb per
2.77 In the preceding problem, let the particle be at foot pulled up. Find the time required to pull the weight
r = r„ at t = 0, and let the part of the cord beneath the up to the platform from rest, and determine its velocity
table be descending at constant speed v . If the transverse upon reaching the top.
c

component of velocity of P is find the • 2.82 Rework Problem 2.81, but this time assume that the
tension in the cord as a function of time t. force increases by 1 lb per foot pulled up.
 Page 85

Figure P2.8D
Figure P2.83

PLATFORM

Figure P 2 . 8 4

2.85 Using the result of the preceding problem and ex-

pressing v as dx/dt, solve for x(f) if x = 0 when f = 0.
2.86 The identical plastic scottie dogs shown in Fig-
ure P2.86 are glued onto magnets and attract each other
with a force F = K / (2x:) , where K is a constant related
2

to the strength of the magnets. Find the speeds at

which the dogs collide if the magnets are initially sepa-
rated by the distance S.
Figure P2.81 Initially

2.83 The acceleration of gravity varies with distance z Start from

rest
above the earth's surface as

where g is the acceleration of gravity on the surface and R

is the earth's radius. Find the minimum firing velocity i>j
Smooth plane
that a projectile must have in order to escape the earth if
Figure P2.86
fired straight up (Figure P2.83). Hint: Not to return to
earth requires the condition that as z gets large for
the minimum possible v . t
2.87 A ball is dropped from the top of a tall building. The
2.84 The mass m shown in Figure P2.84 is given an ini- motion is resisted by the air, which exerts a drag force
tial velocity of v in the x direction. It moves in a medium
0 given by Dv ; D is a constant and v is the speed of the ball.
2

that resists its motion with force proportional to its veloc- Find the terminal speed (the limiting speed of fall) if there
ity, with proportionality constant K. By solving for v(x), is no limit on the drop height. What is the drop height for
determine how far the mass travels before stopping. Then which the ball will strike the ground at 95 percent of the
solve in a different manner for v(t) if v = v„ when f = 0. terminal speed?
 Page 86

in 12 sec after exiting a stationary blimp. Assuming

velocity-squared air resistance, solve the differential
equation of motion

and determine the constant k.

• 2.91 In the preceding problem, suppose the parachutist

opens his chute at a height of 1000 ft. If the value of k then
becomes 0.63 lb / ( f t / s e c ) , find the velocity at which the
2

parachutist strikes the ground, if ft/sec.

2.92 The drag car of mass m shown in Figure P2.92,
traveling at speed v , is to be initially slowed primarily by
0

the deployment of a parachute. The parachute exerts a

Figure P2.88 force F proportional to the square of the velocity of the
d

car, Neglecting friction and the inertia of the

wheels, determine the distance traveled by the car before
its velocity is 40 percent of v . If the car and driver weigh
0

1000 lb and C = 0.182 l b - s e c / f t , find the distance in

2 2

feet.

Figure P2.92

2.93 In the preceding problem, suppose the drag car's

Figure P2.90
speed at parachute release is 237 mph. Find the time it
takes to reach 40 percent speed.
• 2.88 Over a certain range of velocities, the effect of air
* A 50-lb shell is fired from the cannon shown in
resistance on a projectile is proportional to the square of
Figure P2.94. The pressure of the expanding gases is in-
the object's speed. If the object can be regarded as a parti-
versely proportional to the volume behind the shell. Ini-
cle, the drag force is expressible as , in which
tially this pressure is 10 tons per square inch; just before
p is the density of the air, A is the projected area of the
exit, it is one-tenth this value. Find the exit velocity of the
object onto a plane normal to the velocity vector, and C
shell.
D

is a coefficient that depends on the object's shape. If

pAC = 0.0004 l b - s e c / f t for the 76-lb cannonball of
D
2 2

Figure P2.88, find the maximum height it reaches.

Compare your result with the answer neglecting air
resistance.

• 2 . 8 9 In the preceding problem, find the velocity of the

cannonball just before it hits the ground; again compare
with the case of no air resistance.
• 2.90 A 160-lb parachutist in the "free-fall spread-stable
position" (Figure P2.90) reaches a velocity of 174 f t / s e c Figure P2.94
 Page 87

2.95 The block of mass m shown in Figure P2.95 is

brought slowly down to the point of contact with the end
of the spring, and then (at t = 0) the block is released.
Write the differential equation governing the subsequent
motion, clearly defining your choice of displacement pa- 2.98 Continue the preceding exercise and show that the
rameter. What are the initial conditions? Find the maxi- particle's position is given by the equations
mum force induced in the spring and the first time at
which it occurs.

SVinw further that both x and y approach asymptotes as

(The limiting value of is known as the terminal
velocity of P, after which the weight is balanced by the
viscous resistance so that the acceleration goes to zero.)
* 2.99 A particle moves on the inside of a fixed, smooth
FIGURE P2.95 vertical hoop of radius a. It is projected from the lowest
point A with velocity Show that it will leave the
hoop at a height 3a/2 above A and meet the hoop again
2.96 Show that for a particle P moving in a viscous me- at A.
dium in which the air resistance is proportional to velocity
* 2.100 The two particles in Figure P2.100 are at rest on a
(Figure P2.96), the differential equations of motion are
smooth horizontal table and connected by an inextensible
string that passes through a small, smooth ring fixed
to the table. The lighter particle (mass m) is then pro-
jected at right angles to the string with velocity v . 0

Prove that the other particle will strike the ring with
velocity Hint: Use polar coordinates
and note that is constant for each particle.

Figure P2.96

Figure P2.100
2.97 In the preceding problem, show by integration that
the components of velocity of P are given by

2.4 Work and Kinetic Energy for Particles

In E x a m p l e 2 . 4 w e w e r e a b l e to get useful i n f o r m a t i o n from a n e n e r g y
integral o f t h e governing differential equation. T h e s a m e result m a y b e
o b t a i n e d in general b y a n integration o f

F o r m i n g t h e dot product o f e a c h side with t h e velocity v c of the mass

center, w e h a v e