Study® SOLVED ASSIGNMEN Badshah Assignment Solution Guide Seeschiaecos (2022-2023) MASTER’S DEGREE IN ENGLISH (MEG-14) Contemporary Indian Literature in English Translation ASSIGNMENT Course Code: MEG-14 Assignment Code: MEG-14/TMA/2022-23 Max. Marks: 100 Attempt any five of the following. All question carry equal marks. ‘What do you understand by ‘Idea of India’ as a ‘Nation’? 20 2. Account for the rich scope of comparative studies in studying Indian Literature. 20 3. What are the thematic preoccupations of the writer in Samskara? Discuss. 20 4. Discuss the theme of communalism and its treatment in the novel ‘Tamas’. 20 5. Discuss the various symbols and motif§ used in the play “Tughtaq’. 20 6. Write a critical note on contemporary Indian poetry from the Northeast with special reference to the poems prescribed. 20 7. Write a critical note on Dalit Literature. Advertisement To get IGNOU Based Chapterwise Reference Books Including Many Solved Sample Question Papers for Various Courses Like BA. B.Com B.AHons. M.A. M.Com MBA. B.C.A. M.CA. M.RD. M.S.W. M.T.M. B.Sc. BTS BIMC CTE DNHE B.lis etc. Visit www.neerajbooks.coSOLVED ASSIGNMENT Assignment Solution Guide (2022-2023) MLE.G.-14 Contemporary Indian Literature in English Translation Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/ Authors forthe help and guidance of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions given the Assignments. We do not claim 100% accuracy of these sample answers as these are based on the knowledge and capability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers may be seen as the Guide/Help for the reference to prepare the answers of the Questions given in the assignment. As these solutions and answers are prepared by the Private Teacher/Tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied. Any Omission or Errors highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers! Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer and for up-to-date and exact information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university Section —1 Q. 1. What do you understand by ‘Idea of India’ as a ‘Nation’? ‘Ans. Considering the idea of India as a nation will make it clear to us the reason behind the fact that we do not have a credible history of Indian literature and also will allow us to think for the reason for the need of one. This idea will also give us an ‘opportunity £6 look for the basis of suchhistory, which lics in the past, inthe epics, in the folks; and popular literature; specifically the Bhakti movements: This will open’a wide spectrum of Indian literature for us and will help usto-look at itasanamalgamation of different waves coming from various different regions joining together to form a wonderful whole. In order to avoid the trap of looking at India as an existent oply afler the idea of nation-state Suefaced after the historical event of 1947, itis important for us to consider the idea of India as a sub-continent, Which went through various historical experiences including that of the colonization, succeeded by independenee and partition; But one should take any suggestion from the above statement that We should not consider the way our nation was “imagined” into being. We are very well aware of the fact that governments of independent India have always talked about the need and requirement of national integration, a need ‘which would not have surfaced if we as the citizen of India would have looked at ourselves as the part of same “national” community rather than some regional communities. It must be noted that during the Indian struggle of independence, various politicians tried to come up with the concept of “Bharat Mata’, which actually was an attempt to remind people that they belong, to the same motherland. Though, this was not an easy task in a nation which was divided by various languages, races, religions, castes, and other regional factors, but they took recourse to the undeniable truth of underlying cultural unity in the country. In his book ‘Discovery of India’, Jawaharlal Nehru talks about the essential unity of Indian in spite of the various essential differences. And its this unity which helped in the formation of such a nation, which otherwise does not need any basis for the division. In his book, Nehru points out various differences based on race and talks about Tamil and Pathans. He says, “there is no mistaking the impress of India on the Pathans and this is obvious on the Tamil”. It must be noted that Nehru is talking about the India which was undivided then. He further says that the majority of Indians fall between these two extremes, they too “have retained their peculiar characteristics for hundreds of yeats...and yet have been throughout these ages distinctively indian, with Advertisement To get IGNOU Based Chapterwise Reference Books Including Many Solved Sample Question Papers for Various Courses Like B.A. B.Com B.AHons. M.A. M.Com M.B.A. BCA. M.C.A. MRD. MS.W. M.T.M. B.Sc. BTS BIMC CTE DNHE B.Lis etc. Visit : www.neerajbooks.comStudy® SOLVED ASSIGNMENT Badshah Assignment Solution Guide sates (2022-2023) Srww.studybadshah.com the same national heritage and the same set of moral and mental qualities. It is quite clear that this heritage was cultural and was apparent as a way of life and also in “a philosophical atitude of life”. To Nehru, India is as “a culture and a civilization which gave shape to all things”. A culture which is under the influence of foreign idea always attempted to synthesize the traditional and. ‘upcoming ideas. Nehru further goes on to say that for Indians, India is simply home. An Indian would feel more like home in India, then outside India. Now this statement immediately reminds us of a statement of one of the most famous Indian poet Nissim Ezekiel. Ezekiel, while commenting on V.S. Naipaul, in his essay “Naipaul’s India and Mine” wrote, “In other countries Tam a foreigner: In India [ am an Indian,” ‘There was a time when the idea of division of India between the urban India and rural Bharat was a critical commonplace. At times this division formed its ground over elitist English speaking India, which obviously was a minority, and the majority Indian. Tanguage speaking Bharat. The danger of easy categorization becomes quite obvious in the second formulation. The problem lies in the fact that those who speak Indian languages also constitutes the population of cities, ic. urban India, and some of these people who both speak and earn their living by speaking Indian languages constitute the elite both in the sense of political ‘occupaney and cultural richness. Usually, as the common perception prevails, India is represented to foreign audience in, while various Indian languages cater only to fellow Indians. And pethaps, ths is why Meenakshi Mukherjee and Nissim Ezekiel named their anthology of translation into English from various Indian languages “Another India”. Other suggestions for the ttle of anthology could have been “Other India’s”, or simply “writing India”. The reason that these suggestions forthe ttle of anthology could have worked better is that they do not attempt fo flaten out the diversity of literature which constitutes Indian writing, ‘The main idea behind the reading of translated Indian literature is to know the diversity of linguistic tradition and culture which constitute the nation. But here an important question comes to the fore — Aren't we already aware of these traditions and cultures because they belong to one nation? One thing that we should keep in mind while proceeding in our journey of Indian literature isthe slogan, which was made famous during the Nehruvian era which said, “Unity in Diversity”. This slogan makes us aware ofthe fact tha inspite of various common linguistic and religious cultures, there exist a wonderful diversity and therefore, it would not be unjustified to say that India is a pluralistic nation, {Q. 2. Account for the rich scope of comparative studies in studying Indian Literature. ‘Ans. India is country with various languages and their respective cultures. And the multiingual characteristic ofthe nation provides an immense possibility of the comparative study of the literature with the country itself. This makes the setting of comparative studies in Indian literature very natural, Many of the different Indian languages share a common, to some extent, cultural and historical background. But the languages are completely different in spite of few Toan words that might be witnessed. All these facts-give the-idea of comparative studies-of Indian literature.a very wide scopes Introduction, After the Constitution of the free Indian accorded recognition to the major Indian languages of the country, the immense possibilities of comparative studies in Indian Titerature-Was realized, In (otal there are almost Oventy two independent languages inthe country. Every year the best work of literature in all the Indian languages; including English, isawarded by the central body of letter called Sahitya Akademi. In many ofthe literacy seminars, there have discussion over the oneness of Indian literature. Many books and articles have been written about the subject over the period of time. There are various methodologies which have been referred for the study of this respectively new area of literature. These methodologies are based on some of the important assumption which must be considered forthe proper understanding, According, tothe first assumption Indian literature is an offspring and an intimate expression of a composite socio-cultural unit, The conviction which underlies can be better understood in the words of Krishna Kripalini Kripalini says, that “Like the Indian civilization of which it is more or less a faithful expression, Indian literature is a composite growth reflecting the impact of diverse ages, races, religions, and influences and maintain simultaneously, sometimes in harmony, sometimes disharmony, different levels of cultural consciousness and intellectual development.” ‘The second assumption is best explained in words of Dr. Radhakrishnan. He says, “Indian literature is one, though written in ‘many languages”. There is no doubt that a long list of writings can be prepared to substantiate ths line. Methodology Based on the Proximity of Two or Three Indian Language Literatures This approach towards the comparative study of Indian literature uses a multisliterary methodology. This point can be explained by quoting an illustration given by Amiya Dev. He in his How to do Comparative Indian Literature writes that itis Advertisement To get IGNOU Based Chapterwise Reference Books Including Many Solved Sample Question Papers for Various Courses Like BA. B.Com B.AHons. M.A. M.Com MBA. B.C.A. M.CA. M.RD. M.S.W. M.T.M. B.Sc. BTS BIMC CTE DNHE BLLis etc. Visi www.neerajbooks.comSOLVED ASSIGNMENT Assignment Solution Guide (2022-2023) impossible to approach all the 22 Indian languages at the same time for it would sound “cuphoristic or perhaps utopian. He suggests forming.a viable methodology depending upon the proximity of two or three languages, Some of the cluster can be made of two or three languages like followings: Bengeli-Hindi —Bengali-Hindi-Oriya Bengali-Assamese Bengali-Hindi-Assamese Bengali-Oriya _‘Bengali-Oriya-Assamese Punjabi-Hindi —Punjabi-Hindi-Urdu ‘Tamil-Malayalam — Tamil-Malayalam-Kennada Amiya Dev further explains that it is also possible to think of proximities of communities which belong to the distinct languages in certain areas in order to form such clusters. For exemple, in Celeutta one can form clusters like Bengali-Marathi, Bengali-Gujarati, Bengali-Punjabi and Bengali-Tamil, Similarly, itis possible to make clusters like runjabicUrdu, Hindi« Bengali-Oriya, and Hindi-Bengali-Assamese in Delhi Influence or Impact Studies ‘One ofthe interesting things which come under the comparative studies of literature isthe approach which is involved study of the influence of one author on another and reception study of one literary movement op another literature. The fist thing is does is to help usin the identification ofthe creative relationship which exists between the two forms of literature, for example, between Indian English literature and literatures of Indian regional languages. Various aspects ean be adopted for the study of this corpus of literature, Some of them are influence, impact and reception alongwith theme and similarities and differences and as apart of two historical traditions. The thee classes under which the comparative study fall nto one another are: (a) The study of influence which involve the impact and influence of tradition onthe individual author. (6). The study of ease in which comes the comparison of two or more authors and their literary works. (0). The study of theme, which covers the Indian English writing in comparison with the fiction written in Indian regional languages in context of shared or common cultural and historical experiences Some of the examples of such studies are: The anti-colonial hero of Sword and Sickle, written by Mulk Raj Anand and Premachand’s Godan the encounter of East and West cultures in the fictions of R.K. Narayan and Nanak Singh; the theme of Partition in Train to Pakistan; Bhisham Sabni’s Tamas. ‘Q. 3. What are the thematie preoccupations of the writer in Samskara? Discuss. ‘Ans. Some Preliminary Considerations We have already gone through the narrative ofie novel. We have aso'séen the novels an allegory. Now at this point it must not be too difficult for us to guess the major and most obvious theme of the novel. ‘The most obvious theme of the novel seems to be:the quest of the right moral choice. Pranesacharya, an ascetic Brahmin ‘when confronted with the problem caused by the death of Naranappa isriot able to solve it and end up having sexual union with the mistress of Naranappa, who also happen to be a prostitute, This incident turns him upside down. Everything changes and his life becomes a journey forthe quest of new identity ‘The problem of identity is not only important in the novel but alSo in various other text of modein world. So what is this identity? Ts the identity is given by the easte and the community in which a person lives in? Or itis something a person needs carve him/herself? As after as the novel is concerned, the identity given t0 the protagonist by the community proves to be unsatisfactory and there comes a need to forge a new identity ‘The issue of identity must be addressed subjectively, as an objective explanation would not be sufficient. Man lives in society, but not all the time, inthe sense that there are times when people are alone. And this i the time when the identity given to the person by the society does not make any sense, and there is @ need to take a subjective approach toward identity of one's Quest for Identity-Journey towards a New Birth Itis now clear that one ofthe most prominent themes of the novel is the ques for identity, an identity which is more than what has been given to by the society and the community. And, of course, the person in quest is Pranesacharya. Edward Albee, in his famous play The Zoo Story says, “Sometimes one has to g0 a long way to come back a short way”. This statement is very true forthe novel Smaskara, In the novel we have the story of a leamed Brahmin, who after having a sexual Advertisement To get IGNOU Based Chapterwise Reference Books Including Many Solved Sample Question Papers for Various Courses Like B.A. B.Com B.AHons. M.A. M.Com M.B.A. BCA. M.C.A. MRD. MS.W. M.T.M. B.Sc. BTS BIMC CTE DNHE B.Lis etc. Visit : www.neerajbooks.comStudy® SOLVED ASSIGNMENT Badshah Assignment Solution Guide ates (2022-2023) Srww.studybadshah.com union with a prostitute suddenly becomes aware ofthe reality that exists around him and realizes that till now he has been leaving ina shel. After the death of his wife, he feels that he is fre and is ready to for where bis footsteps would take him. And here, becomes journey which eventally becomes the course ofthe nove Inthis journey Pranesacharya experience so many things, to which he was alien before. He leams his lesson of humility. He is being joined by'a halecaste young man, Putta, who becomes his companion. Putta offers him bidi, which he refuses, but later accepis Some eatables offered io him by Putta. He goes ta prostitute, and manages to escape only after promising to visits later. He drinks coffee and watches two roosters fighting. Then he goes onto temple for meal, silting between poor Brahmins. At least three of the experiences ie, visiting to prostitute, rooster fight and meal atthe temple ae frightening, considering the point that ‘what kindof person Pranesacharya is, All these experience help him to continue the selfsanalysis, which began after his sexual union with Chandri. He tries to find the answer of different questions like—why did he leave Durvasapura? Why did he not want to mect his fellow Brahmins? Was it because he was scared of being caught? To what extent he was responsible for making love to Chand? At first he thinks that he was not responsible and it was God's wil. But later he acknowledges the full responsibility of making love to Chandsi ‘During the course of his sel-analysis, he chinks that he can come out of ths dilemma only after taking a decision. He will have to decide, act. Parlier he thought that he will follow his fotsteps but now he decides to act ‘Another thing whieh is worth noting that Pranesacharya does not have any sense of guilt or shame for what he did, but still he is constantly haunted by the fear of being caught. Afterstrugeling alot with sense of fear he decides to go back to Durvasapura and make confession to his fellow Brahmin and responsibly cremate the body of Naranappa. During the course of novel we see various changes happening in the character of Pranesacharya, but at lat he decides to come home, from where it all started. This is where we his sense of responsibility. He has learned that his individual ation can affect his fellow individuals. There is no doula that he is autonomous and fee, he knows that he can do anything he wishes but he also know that he is responsible for his fellow Brahmins and that is why he decides to go back home, Asceticism and Broticism Samskarai a novel in which the concept of asceticism has becn over emphasized in the village of aprahara and is opposed to the concept of eroticism. The concept of eroticism does not only include sexual pleasure but also the engagement of an individual on worldly affairs. Regarding this concept the following points must be kept in mind: (a) The presentation of asceticism and eroticism in the novel sin opposition. And thatthe quest of protagonist is beyond the duality of asceticism and eroticism. (6) Inthe characters of Pranesacharya and Narahappa, the duality 6faséet terms (6) The cunning of point ofthe noyel is marked by the episode in which Pranesacharya makes love to Chandi. All of a sudden he becomes avate of the pleasure of flesh and of other senses. He'knows ‘what he has been missing all these ‘years and he wants a share in all good things that world has to offer. (@ Thenarrator ofthe novel takes us in to the psychological deepaess of PinesacharYa's mind and we Team that endeavors to deal With the real world around him which has been show to him by Puta. (¢) Finally we see Pranesacharya being, evolved into a complete autonomous being who accepts his responsibility towards other beings. Here, we a glimpse of Sartrean ideas that wth freedom comes the responsibility. He wants to go beyond the duality of asceticism and eroticism so that he will not be inthe dilemma of making a choice between the two. @ The earlier confrontation of Naranappa and Pranesacharya does not hold its meaning till the end. Because the Pranesacharya ofthe part two and part three ofthe novel is more like Naranappa himself and Pranesacharya is very well aware ofthis fat. Brahmanism and Anti-Brahmanism (a) Another important theme of the novel is the confliet between Brahmanism and ant-Brahmanism. (6) The author ofthe novel is also @ Brahmin, (6) Theauthor has presented Brahmins inthe novel in avery savage way. They re greedy and superstitious. They indulge inlot of sins and stil talks high of themselves. They ee hypocrites, The only exception o this Pranesacharya, Naranappa ism and eroticism has been presented in extreme Advertisement To get IGNOU Based Chapterwise Reference Books Including Many Solved Sample Question Papers for Various Courses Like BA. B.Com B.AHons. M.A. M.Com MBA. B.C.A. M.CA. M.RD. M.S.W. M.T.M. B.Sc. BTS BIMC CTE DNHE BLLis etc. Visi www.neerajbooks.comSOLVED ASSIGNMENT Assignment Solution Guide (2022-2023) know about the various sins the Brahmins indulges in, He actively participates in all those things which have been kept saered by the Brahmins. In a way he is aware of the reality (a) The kind of life Brahmins live in the novel has been circumscribed by the taboos and fear of pollution. (e) The entire agrahara comes to a halt ater their leader is notable to solve the problem of cremation of heretic Brahmin, @ Some of the questions which are central to this theme of the novel are: Is the novel a complete rejection of Brabminsim? While portraying brahminism, writer isa critical outsider or an insider? Does Naranappa suggest an alternative to the system? What are the other ways in the writer is criticizing Brahminsm? (@ Anantha Murthy's different responses to the view of Brahminism and other related issues’ Feeling towards the Brahmin Orthodoxy: “Now [had a strong kind of feeling towers Brahmin Orthodoxy. But | also had a fear of losing myself, getting myself tom away, from my community. Nobody can get out of the hold of community easily...1 ‘wasn't ant-brahmin, Nor was L able to say that everything is fine. ("Tradition and Creativity’, in Liferature and Culture: 118-119) Different Responses to Samskara: “In my village everyone thought that Samskara was totally realistic.novel and they identified every character with a living person in agrahara. And when I went back to my village the woman next door said, O° ‘Anantha, you have ereated Chandri perfectly.’ Each and every character was real. And the novel was novel considered against some people in the village. Now you come to Shimoga, the district headquarters, and see how thenovel is read there. There it was seen the novel against the Madhava Brahmins. It became a little abstract, Not against some character but against one set of characters, They said it was antieMadhava, In Bangalore it was anti-brahmin. It beeame more abstract. When Naipaul read it, he found it anti-Hindu. Again more abstract." (‘Tradition and Creativity", 121-122) ‘On Tradition:To me tradition. docs not mean something of the past...tradition is a kind of continuity of memory which makes you human, which makes it possible for you to interact within a certain context. Ithas to be living tradition. For let us not, forget that whatever tradition we could have had has been lost to us through 2 certain amnesia because of our terrible attraction to the modern world systom. (“Tradition and Creativity’ 125) Tradition and Change ‘This theme of the novel is yet another way to see the theme of brahminsim and anti-brahminism but ina broader sense. Like so many othernovels of post-independent India, Samskara also captures the struggle between the tradition and change. In this novel Murthy criticizes the orthodoxy of a set of Madhava Brahmins, The idea presented in the novel is that the Brahmin society has lost its power to question itself and to adopt in the changing circumstances. This means that this society is not able to renew itself and therefore, needs someone to give ita revitalizing touch, someone who lives on.the periphery.of the brahminical world, In the novel this touch is given by Chandri to Pranesacharya, the best Brahmin in agrahara, Sexual union of Chandri with Pranesacharyais a new source of life for himy The allegorical representation of sexual union becomes very central and important to the novel. Another thing which is Suggested in the novel isthe need ofehange in the eoneeption of people towards the caste system, ‘The new world which Chandri opens for Pranesacharyd is being continued by Putta; whomake the acharyalaware of all the pleasures available in the world for him. The novel does not end with something concrete but still gives hope. The changed Pranesacharya is tll away from his confession, No one can say how his new relationship with agrahara is going to be. One can only hope that the change will be there. And as a changed man Pranesacharya will bring the change which is required, as he is not only a changed man but also a respectable insider. Naranappa is gone therefore, only thing that we can rely upon isthe changed personality of Pranesacharya, ‘The novel gives an important message thatthe change can only be brought upon by the help of a critical insider. Q. 4, Discuss the theme of communalism and its treatment in the novel “Tamas’. ‘Ans. We have already looked at the communalism as the major theme of the novel. Let us now look at some of the ways in ‘which the author has tried to deal with it (a) There is no doubt that the novel’ treatment of communalism is Janus-faced, It talks about a small town of west Punjab caught in the communal tension, and wams us regarding the dangers posed by communal complexity in the county like India Advertisement To get IGNOU Based Chapterwise Reference Books Including Many Solved Sample Question Papers for Various Courses Like B.A. B.Com B.AHons. M.A. M.Com M.B.A. BCA. M.C.A. MRD. MS.W. M.T.M. B.Sc. BTS BIMC CTE DNHE B.Lis etc. Visit : www.neerajbooks.comStudy® SOLVED ASSIGNMENT Badshah Assignment Solution Guide of On Sly Elering (2022-2023) Srww.studybadshah.com (b) The author believes that for centuries different communities have lived together with harmony and peace, He expresses ‘this belief in following lines “Every activity in the business of life appeared to be movingas rhythmically as art of symphony. When Ibrahim the peddler selling scents and oils with the bag on his back full of bottes big and small and another bag hanging from his shoulder, went from. lane to lane shouting about his wares, it appeared as though his movements too were in keeping with that rhythm. ..So were the movements of the women with their earthen pitchers going to water taps, tongas plying on the road, children going to school Every activity gave the impression of having combined to create the inner harmony to which the heart of the town throbbed. It was fo the same rhythm that people were bor, grew up and became old, that generation came and went, This rhythm or symphony was the creation of centuries of communal living, of te inhabitants having come together in harmony. One would think that every activity was like a chord in a musical instrument and ifeven one string snapped the instrument would produce only jarring notes (Chapter 8, 115) This is one of the key statements which depict the author belief of peaceful communal living. It should’ be noted that the author's use of metaphor of symphony for peaceful communal living is shattered and replaced by communal violence. (6) While engaged in depiction of a town which is torn apart by the communal violence, the author is not able to explore the reason behind this cacophony. Though he gives us few hints. He hints that one reason is the old prejudice against the religions and. ‘out-dated traditions and warns us that if we keep cherishing these traditions we will but choose the path of destruction, He also pleads us for a better rational thinking. Let us look atthe examples for such expression: (The Sikhs assembled together in the Syedpur Gurudwara had come together forthe reason of greater safety. But, instead of realistic and negotiating with sensible elements among Muslims of the village, they thought of them as Turks of old against whom Guru Govind Singh had fought two centuries ago. Through congregational singing they worked themselves into a frenzy and were prepared to sacrifice their lives for the sake of path. Ironically, while they could go centuries back and link themselves with Khalsa who had fought against the Turks, they were completely oblivious of the presence of the English just 25 miles away and their mechanizations. A good example of the killing in frenzy is furnished by Baldev ‘Singh who alarmed atthe imminent attack by Muslims comes tothe conclusion that his old mother musthave killed and rushes out to avenge her ‘murder’ and comes back after killing old blacksmith Karim Baksh. (i) Another example can be cited from the couplet that Vanprasthji cite in the novel. Much blighted has this land been by ‘The sins of the Muslims, even the Divine has refused us this grace ‘And the earth is bounty, ‘Vanparsthjiis an example of those religious frenzy people who believes that Muslifis are mlechhas and ‘mlechhas are unclean people, they don't even wash their hands after colle, eat from one another plate, they have no regular hour of going to toile...’ Suck ah ite belief Becomes more dangerous when itis amalgamated with the selF- glorifying belief tha the techniques of making a bomb or an acro plane are inscribed in Vedas. The danger is apparent as it can corrupt young mind like Ranvir and Inder. Let us look at the following paragraph which shows us the concept of warrior as someone who kills mlechhas inherent in people religious frenzy Hindu. “All the four ‘warriors’ were itching for action. Time had come to enter the battlefield and show one’s feat of valour. Standing on the balcony they felt the same way as the Rajputs of yore did, who, taking cover behind the rocks and dunes waited for the mleachha hordes to enter Haldi Ghati before they pounced upon them.” Sahni treats Muslim communalism with equal sever criticism, but surprisingly we see that Ramzan after converting Iqbal Singh into Muslim has some humanity left in him as he is not able to kill Haram Singh, but there is no wace of humanity left in people like Vanprathji and Master Dev Datt. (@) The author has also given some light on the role played by the British rulers in communal tension. In this regards the remark made by Richard to Liza is important, He says, “the ruler have their eyes only on the differences that divide their subject, not on what unites them.” Advertisement To get IGNOU Based Chapterwise Reference Books Including Many Solved Sample Question Papers for Various Courses Like BA. B.Com B.AHons. M.A. M.Com MBA. B.C.A. M.CA. M.RD. M.S.W. M.T.M. B.Sc. BTS BIMC CTE DNHE BLLis etc. Visi www.neerajbooks.comSOLVED ASSIGNMENT Assignment Solution Guide (2022-2023) Comments ‘The author ofthe nove! has done an excellent job by portraying the suffering of lower class by making Nathu the conscience of the novel. Dev Datt righly says to Statistic Babu — “Add another column to your tabulations indicating the number of poor people killed as against well-to-do people”. Q. 5, Discuss the various symbols and motifs used in the play ‘Tughlaq’. ‘Ans. There are some symbols used by Kamad, which are not literary but theatrical like disguise, resemblance and Tughlag’s sleeplessness, Disguise is one of the most effective symbols of hypocrisy, We see Tughlag sleeping at the end ofthe play, when he is completely exhausted. ‘But the most important symbol is the game of chess. In the second scene of the play we see Tughlag playing the game of chess thinking of defeating his friend. The entire play is actually an imitation of the game of chess. Tughlag lke the king of the chess wants to move to the centre for his safety by shfling his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad, Azizzresemble a pawn who also moves towards the centre and finally checkmate the King as the King cannot be killed but only check-mated, Chess ‘The play compares the political life with chess, Inthe second scene of the play we see that Tughlag is playing chess alone and has solved the greatest chess problem. And soon he is going to solve the problem posed by Ain-ul-Mulk with the help of ‘Najib. We sce that Both Tughlag and Najib together make a brilliant move in which not only Sheikh is killed but also Ain-ul-Mulk becomes their friend, Another move that we see is in he checkmating of he conspirators, ‘But there is no doubt that his decline is started, And at last he is being checkmated by Aziz, a pawn, which is quite ironical Earlier both Aziz and Tughlag started ina different path, with their paths touching each other only tangentially but now they have come together and we can anticipate the moves they will make. The victims of course will be people. This time people will be check-mated, Prayer "Another major motif ofthe playis prayer. According to Ananthamurthy, Kamad’s treatment of prayer inthe play is unhistorical. It is considered sacrilegious to kill someone while he/she is praying, So when Ratansingh says that they will kill Sultan while he is offering prayers, old Sheikh objects to this. But his objection is not considered and is over-ruled, Sultan later comes to know about it and punishes the conspirators, But the irony lies inthe fact that he himself was guilty for killing his father and brother while they were offering prayers. In the sixth scene we see that he bans all prayers. But after five years when he see that everything is falling apart he seeks his help in the shed of religion and invites Ghiyas-ud-din to-come and purify the land. ‘The concepl.of prayer has. now. changed and has become mere.emply public gesture, Ironically, we.see that Tughlag is offering the people prayers, when they actually are in need of food, In one scene swe get fo see the personal need for prayer, when Tughlag feels the néGessity of praying But at the same time admits his hardness of heart and inability to pray. ‘Towards the end ofthe play we sce that prayers have started but Sultan goes on to sleep. The servant realizing that sleeping of Sultan will violate the prayers, lets him sleep. This reestablishes the humanity of the Tughlag. Disguise and Resemblance as Dramatic Devices ‘Kamnad has used both disguise and resemblance as powerful device in his play. It is because of Sheikh’s resemblance that both Sultan and Najib plan to kill wo birds with one stone. They are able to kill Sheikh and buy peace with Ain-ul-Mulk, The use of resemblance is used for an isolated scene but the device of disguise is quite central to the play. We see Aziz in disguise twice. First he disguises as Brahmin, Pandit Vishnu Prasad and then as a descendent of Abbasid Khalifa, Ghiyas-ud-din, who has really been killed by Aziz. Aziz actually is dhobi from Shiknar who wants to enrich himself first then wants to seek position and power. During the early part of the play no one is able (o recognize him. He hoodwinks the whole people. But when Aazam, his old friend, looks at him very closely he identifies him. At this time his only aim is money and not power, Later on the play when he comes in the disguise of Ghiyas-ud-din again everyone fails to recognize him except a Hindu woman. But he is properly revealed by Tughlag himself. Even after Aziz’s exposer, Tughlag has no choice but to let him go, as he realizes a resemblance between Aziz and himself. He says (o Barani that “I have a companion to share my madness now", Advertisement To get IGNOU Based Chapterwise Reference Books Including Many Solved Sample Question Papers for Various Courses Like B.A. B.Com B.AHons. M.A. M.Com M.B.A. BCA. M.C.A. MRD. MS.W. M.T.M. B.Sc. BTS BIMC CTE DNHE B.Lis etc. Visit : www.neerajbooks.comStudy® SOLVED ASSIGNMENT Badshah Assignment Solution Guide sates (2022-2023) Srww.studybadshah.com Theatrical ma “This pay of Kamad swesses the fact abou theatre tat theatre is actualy an illusion fleeting shadowy ison and dream like experience, The play marks parallel between life and theater or life is theatre like or vice versa, People often misunderstood theatre for reality. A good playwright, even while being realist, can make people aware of the demarcation between theatre and lie, Kamad's use of theatrical devices wives an amazing effect othe play Which can be compared withthe achievement of John Osbome in Luther. Performance Karmad has also given many references in his play to acting, theatre and performance, The protagonist of the play i Tughlag behaves and acts like an actor, We sce tha is public appearance and private life i ike that ofan actor Inthe very opening scene ofthe play we see him using clichés to explain his desires His appearance among te public more like a steet theatre where the public ish audience. The guard say, “Alright, all right. Go home! What are you waiting for? The show's over!” inthe second scene of the play the stepmother also looks at Sultan as an actor, When She questions about his slecplessness he gives a long theatrical monologue. Tughlag often changes his dress to ply different characters, He's true ruler in font of Sheikh. Eleven inthe sixth seene he displays all the emotions which is required by @ skilful actor. And Fike one he Keeps changing his role, Th the fourth scene he tives an actor's touch when he says, "That's no way to weleome, Shiahb, Come = They embrace.” His action of kneeling infront of Amirs is alo theatrieal and the way they ac taken aback is als0 theatrical Itshould be kept in mind that at his time in the play Sultan is aware ofthe conspiracy of Amirs, he knows that they have come to kill him, but he sills playing his role. Inthe eighth scene we se that he goes on to search his audience and sends for Baran and tak to him, ‘Another important image which has been used by Kamed to highlight the relationship between lie and theatre is role= playing, And disguise is used asa symbol of role-playing. Atthe end ofthe play Tghlag realizes an actor inthe character of Aziz, and that is the similarity he perceives in him. And the result is that he forgives him and makes him an officer of the state. The entire play presents the divided selfofTiglag, Annatha Murthy says “The whole play is structured on these opposites the ideal an the real; the divine aspiration and the deft intrigue. Tughlag is what he isin spite of his elf, Knowledge and an intense desire for divine grace, he is aware ofthe irony ofhis life when ‘Azi, te only character inthe play who has skilfully usd all te schemes of Tughlag for his own designs, kills Ghiyas-ud- din and comes in his guise as holy messenger of peace to purifythe land and revive the banned prayer” (uroduction of TughlaqeThree Plays;-144-45) ‘The play shows that Tughlag is at war wit himself. Hei visionary apd a pest but not ale, Its Baran who can se the visionary behind the mask of Tughlag, He speaks trough the use of symbols, His language is poetic because hehes a poet's vision at heart ‘Aziz also has his moments of epiphany, He realizes thal the human lifes “bodies eate-up by comuption”, He and Tughlag both suffer from identity crisis, Advertisement To get IGNOU Basea Chapterwise Reference Books Including Many Solved Sample Question Papers for Various Courses Like BA. B.Com B.AHons. M.A. M.Com MBA. B.C.A. M.CA. M.RD. M.S.W. M.T.M. B.Sc. BTS BIMC CTE DNHE BLLis etc. Visi www.neerajbooks.com