li4J

LINES AND ANGLES

INTRODUCTION
11·1 VI we have learnt about lines, line. segments ' rays and angles. We have also learn t
.
. ('lass ' of angles and
.n ute obtuse and reflex angles. In this chapter, we shall learn about pair
,i)(lllt ac '.
, . properties.
:heir
PAIRS OF ANGLES ' •
11.2 .
we often come across pairs of angles which have been given specifi c names . In
. ~cornetry ,
10
.~ cti·on we shall learn about such pair of angles
. ·
1 5se
·n1 '
DJACENT ANGLES Two angles in a plane are called
:djacent angles, if
iii they have a common vertex,
B C
·iii they have a common ann, and
iii/ their other arms lie on the opposite sides of the
common arm.
InFig. I, .610C and LBOC have the common vertex 0 .
.\lso, they have a common arm OC and their other arms
OA and OB lie on the opposite sides of the common arm 0 A
OC. Therefore, L'.AOC and L.BOC are adjacent angles. Adjacent angle

~ote that L!\.OC and L.AOB are not adjace nt angles,

Fig . 1
liecause their other arms OB and OC are not on the
opposite side of the common arm OA.
LINEAR PAIR Two adjacent angles are said tu form a
li near pair of' angles, if their non-common arms are two
Q ppusite rays.

on
ln ~'ig. 2, OA and are two opposite rays and L.AOC and
LliOC are the adjacent angles. Therefore, L.!iOC and
11lOC 1·c··m 1· ·
, · a mear pair.
If you measure / AOC and L.BOC with the help of the B 0 A
1
rotractor, you will find the sum of their measures equal
1
Linear pair
10 1
80°.
Fig . 2
'/'h
us, th e sum of the angles in a linear pair is 180°.
VERTICA .
tom LLY OPPOSITE ANGLES Two angles formed by two intersecting lines hauinu 11 0
. lly opposi.te angl es.
nion ar mare called vertica
In ~,.
observe that wi t h
lne i~t 3, two lines AA and CD are intersecting at a point 0. L.We L.3 form a pair ol
1
~rtica~~section _of these lines, four angles have been formed. Angles l and
and L.4 form anothe r pair of vertica lly oppo~ i tc
' ng/es. Yoppos ite angles; while angles L.2
1
14 2 Mathematics , -,
. '. 2:.·~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -~ Ssv
A ~
Clearly, Angle's L. l and L.2 form a linear pair. 2 {)
.t: 1 + 1~2 :: 180'' ⇒ L.1 "- 180° ·- L.2 ...(i)
Also, .'.'.'. 2 ,rnd /.'.'.'. :3 form a linear pair.

L'.2 + L.:i = 180° ⇒ L.3 =180° - L.2 ... (ii) C

B
r'rom (i) and (ii ), we get L. l = L.3 Vertically opposite an
· Qles
Similarly, w e can prove that L.2 = L.4. Fig. 3

C B

D A

Fig. 4 Fig. 5

Thus, if two lines intersect then vertically opposite angles are always equal.
1n Fig. 4, L.l and L.2 are not vertically opposite angles, because their ar ms do not form two
pairs of opposite rays.
ANGLES AT A POINT Angles formed by a number of rays having a common initial point a~
called angles al a point.
ln Fig. 5, rays OJ\ , OB , OC, OD having a common initial point 0 , form L.1, L.2, L.3, L".4 at the
point 0 .
If you find the meas ures of these angles, you will find that
L'. 1 + L.2 + L 3 + L.4 = 360°.
Th us, the sum of the measures of all the angles at a point is 4 right angles or 360°.
COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES If the sum of the measures of two angles is 90°, then the angles art
called complementary angles and each is called a complement of the other.
Angles of meas ures 35° and 55° are complementary angles. The angle of 35° is the
complement of t he angle of 55° and the angle of 55° is the complement of the angle of 35°.
The complement of an angle of measure 30° is the angle of 60°. And, the complement ofthr
angle of measure 60° is the angle of 30°.
Ohserualions:
( i) If two angl es arc complement of each other, then each is an acute angle. But anY~"~
acute angles need not be complementary. For example, angles of measure 30° and aO
are not complement of each other.
(ii ) Two obtuse angles cannot be complement of each other.
(i ii) Two right angles cannot be complement of each other.
SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES Two an_gles are said to be supplementary angles if the sumo/their
measures is ]80°, and each of them is called a supplement of the other.
r :s
1l
on
55
and 125° are sup ple me nta ry angles.
f o
·
the angl e Of50° an d , the sup ple me nt of an angle of 50° 1s
14.3

1es 1ement of an ang le of 130° is

O
~g
~ [130°. .
(PestJ~ 0
esog
~ ations: each other.
»serV acute angles can not be sup ple me nt of
1 O
1i) ~o right angles are alw ays sup
ple me nta ry.
iii) f obtuse angles can not be sup
ple me nt of each other.
les need not
the ang les of a line ar pai r are sup plementary. But sup ple me nta ry ang
1iiil rwto 1 . F' 6, LA BC + LD EF = 120° + 60° = 180 °. So, the y are
· F
_1oet tba.}inear pair. or exa mp e, m ig.
II
ang les but the y do not form a line ar pai r as the y are not adj ace nt angles.
/o(lll enta ry
:uPPJeJJl

B A E D

Fig. 6

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
le which is complement of itself.
Example 1 Find the me asu re of an ang giv en
0
n, the me asu re of its com ple me nt is
Solution Let the me asu re of the angle bex • The
0
to be x •

angle and its complement is 90°.

Since the sum of the measures of an
=>
0
2x 0 =90 ° => X =45 °
0
X + X
0
=90 °
.
Hence, the me asu re of the angle is 45°
al to its supplement.
Example 2 Find the ang le which is equ
n,
Let the me asu re of the angle be x The
0
•
Solution [Given]
0

Measure of its sup ple me nt= x

But ,
sup ple me nt= 180°
Measure of an ang le+ Measure of its
X + x = 180°
0 0

⇒ 2x = 180°
0

⇒ X
0
= 90°
le is 90°.
Hence, the me asu re of the req uire d ang
Exarnp1e3 Two sup ple me nta ry angles differ by 34 °. Fin d the angles.
0
Solution le is (x + 34)
Let one angle be x Then, the oth er ang
0 •
•

ry angles.
Now, x and (x + 34) are sup ple me nta
0 0

X + (x + 34) = 180
==> 2x+ 34 = 180
⇒ 2x= 180 -34
==> 2x = 146 => X = 73
73° and 73° + 34° = 107°.
Hence, the me asu res of two angles are
14.4 Mathematies ~
Orel
%
Example4 An angle is equal to fin.! times it!- complement. Determine its measure. '
Solution Let the measure of the giYen angle be x degrees . Then , its complement is 19o
1t i:,, gi\'en that ,.

Angle= 5 x Complement of the angle.

X = 5(90 -X )
=> X = 450-5x
=> Gx =450 ⇒ x = 75
Hence, the measure oft.he given angle is 75°.

Example 5 In Fig. 7, OA and OB are opposite rays:

(i) lfx = 75 , what is the value of y? (ii) Ify = 110, what is the va]u
eofz
Solution Since LAOC and L.BOC form a linear pair.
LAOC + LBOC = 180°
=> X + y = 180 ° .. .(i)
(i) If x = 75°, then from (i), we have
75° + y = 180° ==> y = 105°.
(ii) If y = 110° then from (i), we have A 0 B
X + 110° = 180° => X =180° - 110° = 70°. Fig. 7

Example 6 In Fig. 8, LA.QC and L.BOC form a linear pair. Determine the value of x.
Solution Since LA.QC and L.BOC form a linear pair.
LAOC + LBOC = 180°
⇒ 4x + 2x = 180
==> 6x= 180

180 A 0 B
⇒ x=-=30
6 Fig. 8

Example 7 In Fig. 9, if ray OC stands on line AB such that L..AOC = L.COB. then showth:tt
L.AOC = 90°.

Solution Since ray OC stands on line AB.

C
L.AOC + L.COB = 180° [Linear pair] ... (i)
But, L.AOC = L.COB [Given]
L.AOC + L.AOC = 180°
A 0 B
2 L.AOC = 180° ⇒ L.AOC = 90°.
Fig.9
Example8 In Fig. 10, lines l 1 and l 2 intersect at 0 , forming angles as shown in the figure-ir
a = 35, find the values of b, c and d.
 14.5

Fig. 10

Since lines l 1 and l 2 i~ters ect at 0.

otution L a= Le [Verti cally oppos ite angles !
[·: La = 3 5°1
::-.-} Le = 35 °
Clearl y, L a+ L b= 180°
==> 35° +Lb= 180° [·: La and Lb are angle s of a linear pair]
==> L b = 180° - 35°
==> L b = 145°
Since L b and L d are vertic ally oppos ite angles .
L d = L b ⇒ L d = 145°
j·: L b = 145°1
Hence , b = 145, c = 35 and d = 145
) ample 9 In Fig. 11, determ ine the value of y.
,olution Since L COD and LEOF are vertic ally oppos ite angles .
L COD= LEOF
⇒ L.COD = 5y [·: LEOF = 5y (Given)]
0 0

Now, OA and OB are oppos ite rays.

B
LAOD + LDOC + L COB = 180°
2y + 5y + 5y = 180°
0 0 0
=> E
=> 12y 0
= 180°
180
⇒ y = - = 15 Fig. 11
12
Hence, y = 15.
Example 10 In Fig. 12, two straig ht lines PQ and RS inters
ect e ach other at O . If
L.POT = 75°, find the values of a , band c.
Solution Since OR and OS are in the same line.
LROP + L POT + L TOS = 180°
4b 0 + 75° + b = 180°
0
⇒
⇒ 5b + 75° = 180°
0

⇒ 5b = 105°
0

⇒ b = 21 °
Since PQ and RS inters ect at 0. There fore,
L QOS = LPOR [Verti cally oppos ite angles ]
⇒ a=4b Fig. 12
 Mathematics fo
14 6
------------------- ----...:~
> (I = 84 °
== ,1 X 21'' I·: b'- <I~
. Tht'rcforc,
Now, OH and OS arc in the snme Ime. ·
/...UOq + /. (lOS = 180° !Linear
Pair
-> 2c + n = 180°
->2c+84° = 180°
7
-=> 2c = 96°
.::.) (' = 48°
Hence, a = 84° , b = 21 ° and c = 48°.

EXERCISE 14.1
1. Write down each pair of adjacent angles shown in Fig. 13 .

C
D B

0 A
Fig.13

~ In Fig. 14, name all the pairs of adjacent angles.

E B B D C
(I)
(II)

Fig.14

3. In Fig. 15, write down: (i) each linear pair (ii) each pair of vertically opposite angles.

Fig.15
Fig.16
r- .Ang/es
. ;d5 8~ - -- - - -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~~
!fr ·'h·eA aannagllee:s 1 and 2 fgiven in Fig. 16 adjacent angles?·
Jj' / 1

14.7

AreI
1 " the complement o each of the following angles:
fi nd ('') 72°
~ (i) 35° II (iii) 45° (iv) 85''
. dthe supplement of each of the following angles:
. fin (") 120 0
~ (i) 70° II (iii) 135° (iv) 90°
·ty the complemen tary and supplemen t •
, ident1 . .. ary pairs of angles from the following pairs:
1200 (iii) 63°,27 ° (iv) 100°, 80"
(i) 25°, 65° (II) ,60°
ntwo angles be supplementary, if both of them be
:, C~i) obtuse? (ii) right? (iii) acute?
j N ame the four pairs of supplementary angles shown in Fig. 17.

D E
A

C B
C

Fig. 17 Fig. 18

10. In Fig.18, A, B, Care collinear points and L.DBA = L.EBA .

(i) Name two linear pairs (ii) Name two pairs of supplementary angles.
11. If two supplementary angles have equal measure, what is the measure of each angle?
12. If the complement of an angle is 28°, then find the supplement of the angle.
13. In Fig. 19, name each linear pair and each pair of vertically opposite angles:
14. In Fig. 20, OE is the bisector of L.800. If L.1 = 70°, find the magnitudes of L.2, L.3 and L.4.

IS Fig. 19 Fig. 20

· One of the angles forming a linear pair is a right angle. What can you say about its other
I6
angle?.
· of angle Is
· One 0f the angles forming a linear pair is an obtuse angle. What kind · the other?
1?
· Oneof the angles forming a linear pair is an acute angle. What kind of angle is the other?
_14_._8_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ Mathematics t
____________ _;.:.:.:::.:..::~:•.
18. Can two acute angles form a line
ar pair?
19. If the supplement of an angle is 65°
; then find its complement.
20. Find the value of x in each of the
following figures .

x• 2x0

A 0 p 0 R
C
(i) (ii)

p A

35°

L 0 M

(iii) (iv)

a
2x0

(v)
(vi)

Fig. 21
21 . In Fig. 22, it being given that L'.1 =
65°, find all other angles.

A 0 B
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
 d Angles 14 9
~n~ - -- - - - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - - - -- ~·
In Fig. 23, OA and OB are opposite rays:
22i t ;: 25° , what is th e value of Y ? (ii) If y = 35° , what is the value of x ?
1
(1) • Fig. 24, write all pairs of adjacent angles and all the linear pairs
z3. 1n .

(x+ 10)0

A 0 B A 0 B
Fig.24 Fig.25

24 . inFig.25, find Lx. Further find LBOC,

LCODand LAOD.
formed when two lines intersect in a point?
25. How many pairs of adjacent angles are
you name in Fig. 26?
26. How many pairs of adjacent angles, in all, can

C
D

B
C A

D
E 0 A

Fig. 26 Fig.27

27. In Fig. 27, determine the value of x.

28. In Fig. 28, AOC is a line, find x .

A B
Q

Fig. 28 Fig. 29
29- In Fig. 29, POS is a line, find x .
3o. In Fig. 30, lines z and z intersect at O, forming a,;\QIP,~ r-:s shown in the figure. If x = 45°, find the
1 2
valu9s of y , z and u.
_:'
14 .:_:-~10::___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
___________ Mathematics fi
_ _ __
~1
. ; . ; . : ~-' i

Fig. 31 .
Fig. 30
31. In Fig. 31 , three coplanar lines inte . t O forming angles as shown ·in the fig
rsect at a pom , Ure.
Find the values of x, y, z and u.
32. In Fig. 32, find the values of x,y and
z.

Fig. 32

ANSWERS
1. L.AOB, L BOC ; LAOC, L COD; L.BOC, L.CO
D; L.AOB, L.BOD
2. (i) L. DAC, L. CAB; LACB, L. FCB; LAB
C, L.ABE
(ii) L ADB, LADC; L.BAD, L.DAC
3, (i) L.1, L.2; L.2, L.4 ; L.3, L.4 ; L.1 I L.3;
L.5, L.6; L.5, L.7; L.7, L'.8; L'.6, L'.8
(ii) L.1 L.4 ; L.2, L.3; L.5, L.8; L.6, L.7
I

4. No 5. (i) 55° (ii) 18° . (iii) 45° (iv) 5°

6. (i) 110° (ii) 60° (iii) 45° (iv) 90°
7. Complementary
Supplementary
(i), (iii)
(ii), (iv)
8. (i) No (ii) Yes (iii) No
9. L.AOC, L COB ; L.COB, L.BOD; LBO
D, L DOA ; L DOA , LAOC
10. (i) L ABE, L EBC ; LABO, L.DB
C(ii) LABE, LEBC;L.ABD, LDBC
11. 90° 12. 152°
13. Linear pairs: L.1,
L.2; L.2, L3; L.3, L.4; L.4, L.1; L.5, L.6
; L.6, L.7 ; L.7, L'.8 ;
L.8, L.5 ; L.9, L.10 ; L.10, L.11; L.11, L.12; L.12
, L'.9
Pairs of vertically opposite angles:
L.1, L.3 ; L.2, L.4; L.5, L.7; L'.6, L.8° ; L'.9,
14. 40°, 140°, 40° 15. 90° 16. Acu L'. ; L'.1 o, L'.12
te 17. Obtuse 11
1a. No
20. (i) 120° (ii) 36° (iii) 85° (iv) 63° 19 _ Ooesnotexisl
21 . L.2= 115 °, L.3= 65° ,L.4 =11 5° (v) 0 (vi) o
45 35
22. (i) 50° (i i) 35°
23 . Adjacent angles: L.AOD, L.COD; LBO
C, LCOD;LAOD, L.BOD; L.AOC LBO C
Linear Pairs: LAOD, L.BOD ; LAOC,
L BOC '

}
rl ~
andAn:i!-g_le_s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

l' . _50° LBOC= 70°, L.COD = 50°, LAOO : 600

I
_ _ _ _ ~,~~11

I z4. .. ; 2s. 1 21. 30° 28 _ 55 0 29. 20°

z5. (i) y:::135°,Z=45°, U=135°
ifJ· .r:::: 400, y = 500, Z= 900, U= 400 32. X = 1550,y = 25", z~ 1550
31.
PARALLEL LINES
14,3
AALLEL LINES Two lines l and m in the same plane
pA said to be parallel lines if they do not intersect when
I oreroduced inde, ini·telY in· eit· her direction and we write
+',' m

Parallel lines
;ll mwhich is read as 'l is parallel tom'.
Fig.33
Clearly, when l II m, we have m 11 l .
0 A
pARALLE~ RAYS Tw_o rays are parallel if the corres-
1
ponding luies de~ermined by them are parallel. In other P
a
words, two rays in the same plane are parallel if they do ------------
not intersect each other even if extended indefinitely Parallel rays
beyond their initial points. Fig. 34

In Fig. 34, ray OA 11 ray PQ.

A B
PARALLEL SEGMENTS Two segments are parallel if the
corresponding lines determined by them are parallel. c D
--------
In other words, two segments which are in the same Parallel segments
plane and do not intersect each other even if extended
Fig. 35
indefinitely in both directions are said to be parallel.

In Fig. 35, segment AB II segment CD. A B

, One segment and one ray are parallel if the

0 p
corresponding lines determined by them are parallel.
Fig. 36
In Fig. 36 segmentAB II ray OP.
The opposite edges of this paper, opposite edges of a black board, the oppo8ite edges of a ruler,
railway lines etc. are all examples of parallel line segments.
Remark It should be noted that if two lines in a plane are not parallel, then they intersect.
Thus, two lines in a plane are either parallel or intersecting. However, two ra.ys or two
segments or one ray and one segment may neither be parallel nor intersecting. For example, in
Fig. 37 (i) rays AB and CD are non-intersecting non-parallel rays, in Fig. 37 (ii), segments PQ
and RS are non-parallel non intersecting segments and in Fig. 37 (iii), segment XY and ray Ul/
are non-intersecting non-parallel.

A B p a X y

D R V
(i) (ii) (iii)

Fig.37
 _ at_ic_s fore,
he_m
_a_t_
14_._1_2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ M
-
~
14.3.1 TRANS VERSA L$

/\ line intersectin!! two or more given lines in a plane al differen t Poin, 18 1

.
TRANS VERSA L$
' -~
called a transversal tv the given lines.
In Fig. 38 (i)-(vi), line l is the transversal to the given lines.

(iii)
(i) (ii)

(v) (vi)
(iv)

Fig.38

Line m is not a transve rsal to the given lines shown in Fig. 39 (i) and (ii), because·it does
not
interse ct the lines at differen t points. In fact, it intersec ts two lines at the same point.

(I) (Ii)
Fig. 39

It follows from the above definition that the point of intersection of the transve rsal and oneo
f
line.
the given lines cannot be the point of intersection of the transve rsal and any other given
Also, the given lines may or may not be parallel.

14.3.2 ANGLES MADE BY A TRANSVERSAL WITH TWO LINES

lines.
In this section , we shall learn about the angles made by a transve rsal with two given
.
Some of these angles can be paired togethe r by virtue of the positions they occupy.
115
Let l and m be two lines and n be a transve rsal interse cting them at p and Q respectively
shown in Fig. 40.
 j/J ' ."-·
'

VdAngJes _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

_21i4-~13

r--
4

5
m

Fig. 40

lines l, m and n make eight angles, four at P and the remainin g four at Q . We label
'lea rly ' h k f .
heii11 to 8 fort e sa e O convemence and classify them in the following groups:
:xrERIOR ANGLES The angles whose arms do not include the line segment PQ are called
rterior angles.
~Fig. 41, angles 1, 2, 7 and 8 are exterior angles.
NTERIOR ANGLES The angles whose arms include line segment PQ are called interior angles.

Fig. 41 Fig. 42

InFig. 42, angles 3, 4, 5 and 6 are interior angles.

:0RRESPONDING ANGLES A pair of angles in which one arm of both the angles is on the
,ameside of the transvers al and their other arms are directed in the same sense is called a pair
ifcorresponding angles.
InFig. 43, Ll, L'.5 ; L'.2 , L6; L3, L7 and L4, LB are four pairs of corresponding angles.

I I
7
I

Fig. 43
14.14 Mathematics ti ~
We can also say t hat two angles on the so me side of a transversal • : • ~
correspond mg a n~lc1-1 if both lie eit her above th e two Jines or below t he two hnes. a.~l;
ALTE~~A~E INTERIOR ANGLES A pair of anples in w~ich one arm of each of the angle
'!pposi t, sides vf the tra.nsversal and whose other arms include segm en t PQ as shown, in,p ~,)>
is en/led a p air of alternate in terior angles. 18·1;

1n Fig. 44, L3 a nd L'. 5, L'. 4 and L 6 form pairs of alternate interior angles.

Fig. 44 Fig. 45
ALTERNATE EXTERIOR ANGLES A pair of angles in which one arm of each of the angles is on
opposite sides of the transversal and whose other arms are directed in opposite direction andd!J
not include segment PQ is called a pair of alternate exterior angles.
In Fig. 45, L 2 and L B, L l and L7 form pairs of alternate exterior angles .

14.4 ANGLES MADE BY A TRANSVERSAL TO TWO PARALLEL LINES

In the previous section, we have learnt that when two lines are cut by a transversal, several
pairs of angles are formed. These pairs of angles have special properties if the lines are
parallel. So, we study them only for parallel lines and perform the following experiments to
know their properties.
Experiment 1 Let us draw two parallel lines l and m. Also, draw a transversal intersecting
lines l and m at the points P and Q respectively. Clearly, eight angles are formed by these
lines. Let us label them 1 to 8. Measure all these angles with the help of a protractor.

Fig.46
Fig. 47
~dAngJes 14.15

~
·Jl find that:
ate interi or and exter ior
yot'. w~ 3 : : L.5, L4 = L 6, L 2 = LB and LI= L7. That is, pairs of altern
(1) angles arc equal .
spond ing angle s are
··) Ll:::: L.5, L4 = LB, L2 = L6 and L3 = L7. That is, pairs of corre
(11 I
equa .
s on the same side
.•·) L4 + L5 = 180° and L3 + L6 = 180°. That is, the sum of interi or angle
111
( of the transv ersal is 180°.
n repeat this exper imen t by drawi ng anoth er pair of paral
lel lines and a trans versa l to
~tVe~: will obtain the same result s.
I•
of angle s formed by a
the above exper iment , we observe the following prope rties
from versa! to two para 11 e11·mes:
trans
.
property 1 Pairs of alternate (interior or exterior) angles are equal
property 2 Pairs of corresponding angles are equal.
side of the tran_sversal is
property 3 The sum of the interior (or exterior) angles on the same
same side of the
180°. In other words, the interior (or exterior) angles on the
transv ersal are supplementary.
£Jgeriment 2 Let us draw two non-parallel lines p and
q. Also, draw a trans versa l r
angle s are formed. Let us
intersecting lines p and q at P and Q respectively. Clearly, eight
ctor.
label them 1 to 8. Meas ure all these angles with the help of a protra
You will find that:
(i) L'.3 f. L5, L4 f. L6, L21= LB and Ll 1= L7. That is, none
of the pairs of altern ate angle s are
equal.
(ii) Ll f. L5, L4 f. LB, L2-t L6 and L3 1= L7. That is, none
of the pairs of the corre spond ing
angles are equal.
(iii) L'.3 + L'.61= 180° and L4 + L5 -t 180°. That is, the sum
of the interi or angle s on the same
side of the trans versa l is not equal to 180°.
true for paral lel lines hold
Thus, we observe that none of the above three properties which are
fornon-parallel lines. Moreover, we conclude the following:
tions holds :
Ifatransversal cuts two lines such that any one of the following condi
Pairs of alternate angles are equal.
(i)
(ii) Pairs of corresponding angles are equal.
(iii) The sum of the interior angles on the same side of the
transversal is 180°.

Then, the two lines are parallel.

in solving problems.
The following examples will illust rate the use of the above prope rties
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1 In J:i,ig. 48, line l ll1ine m, n is transv ersal and Ll = 40°. Find all the other angles
marked in the figure.
Solution
Since Ll and L5 are corresponding angles. Therefore,
L5 = Ll ⇒ L5 = 40° [': Ll = 40° (given) J

L] and L2 form a linear pair.

 14.16 Mathematics for Cl
- - - -- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - ----....: ass 1;,,
L 2 + L l = 180°
L 2 =180° - L l =180° - 4 0° = 140°
Again, L 5 and L 3 arc alternate interior
ang·lcs. Therefore,

L 3 =L s ⇒ L 3 =40° f·.- L 5 = 40° I

Since L 3 and L4 form a linear pair.
L 3 + L4 = 180° 5

=> L4 = 180° - L3 = 180° - 40° = 140°

Since L6 and L4 are alternate interior angles. 7

L 6=L4
But, L4 = 140° Fig.48
L6 = 140°
Also, L3 and L7 are corresponding angles. Therefore,
L7=L3
[·: L3 = 40°j
=> L7 = 40°
Since L7 and LB form a linear pair
L7+L8=l80 °
=> L8 = 180° - L7 = 180°- 40° = 140° [·: L7 = 40°I

Hence, we have the following measuremen ts:

Ll = 40° L2 = 140° L3 = 40° L4 = 140°, L5 = 40°, L6 = 140°, L7 = 40° and
' ' '
LB= 140°
Example 2 In Fig. 49, m II n and Ll = 65°. Find L5 and LB.
Solution We have,
Ll=L3 [Vertically opposite angles]
and,L3= LB [Corresponding angles] m

Ll=LB
=> LB= 65° [·: Ll = 65° (given)]
Now, L5 +LB= 180° [Linear pair] n
8
=> L5 + 65° = 180°
=> L5 = 180° - 65° = 115°
Fig.49
Thus, L5 = 115° and LB= 65°
Example 3 In Fig. 50, m II n and angles 1 and 2 are in the ratio 3 : 2. Determine all the angles
from 1 to 8.
Solution It is given that Ll : L2 = 3 : 2.
0
So, let Ll = 3x and L2 = 2x
0

But, L1 and L2 form a linear pair.

Ll + L2 = 180°
⇒ 3x 0 + 2x 0 = 180°
⇒ 5x 0 = 180°
 14.17

111

Fig.S O

180
x = - - =36 °
5
L l = 3x = (3 x 36) = 108°
0 0

and, L 2 = 2x = (2 x 36) = 72°

0 0

[Ver tical ly oppo site angl es]

Now , L l = L3 and L2 = L4
L 4 = 72° and L3 = 108°
[Cor resp ondi ng angl es]
Now ,L6 = L l and L4 = L7
[·.· L2 = 72°]
=> L 6 = 72° and L7 = 108°
[Ver tical ly oppo site angl es ]
Aga in, L 5 = L 7 and L B= L6
L 5 = 108° and L B= 72°
L5 = 108° , L6 = 72°, L7 = 108°
Hen ce, L l = 108° , L2 = 72°, L3 = 108° , L4 = 72°,
and LB= 72°.
Example 4 In Fig. 51, l , m and n are para llel
lines inte rsec ted by a tran sver salp atX, Y and
Z resp ectiv ely. Find Ll, L2 and L3. Give reas ons.
the tran sver sal p at X a nd Z
Solution Sinc e para llel lines l and n are inter sect ed by
resp ectiv ely. Ther efor e,
[Cor resp ondi ng a~gl es ]
L2= L 4
L2 = 180° - 50° [·: L4 + 50° = 180° (Lin ear pair )]

=> L 2 = 130° p
Sinc e L 2 and L 3 are vert icall y oppo site angl es.
L3= L2
⇒ L3= 130° [·: L2 = 130° ]
Sinc e para llel lines m and n are
inter sect ed by the tran sver sal p at Y and m

Z resp ectiv ely. Ther efor e,

Ll = L3 [Alt erna te inte rior angl es]
n
⇒ Ll = 130° [·: L3 = 130° ]
Thu s, L l = L2 = L 3 = 130° Fig. 51
 14.18 Mathematics~

Example 5 In Fig. 52, AB II CD. Determine La .

~s v,

Solution Through O draw a line l parallel to both AB aocl ~D.

Clearly, L a= L l + L 2 ... (i) - - - - - - - . -~ - - D

Now, L l = 55° [Alternate Ls]

and, L 2 = 38° [Alternate Ls]
La = 55° + 38° [Using (i)]
⇒ La= 93°
38°
Thus, La = 93°. A Fig.52 B
Example6 In Fig. 53, AB II CD. Determine x.
Solution Through 0, draw a line l parallel to both AB and CD. Then,
Ll = 45° and, L2 = 30° [Alternate Ls] A B

LBOC = Ll + L2
-------,-----,----
45°

⇒ LBOC = 45° + 30° = 75°

Clearly, x = reflex LBOC ---- -- ...
x= 360-LBOC
⇒ X =360° - 75° =285°
Hence, x = 285°. D C
Fig. 53
Example 7 In Fig. 54, if L 2 = 120° and L'.5 = 60°, show that m II n.
Solution We have,
L2 = 120° and L'.5 = 60°
But, L2 = L 4 [Vertically opposite angles]
L4 = 120°
⇒ L 4 + LS = 120° + 60°
⇒ L4 + .L.5 = 180°

n
7

Fig. 54

⇒ L 4 and .LS are supplementary angles.

⇒ Consecutive interior angles are supplementary.
⇒ ml/n.
 14 . i 9
_, 11fl~ -· -- ----- -

_iy 0
In Fig. 5G , if ... ;J = Gl nnd / '7 = 118°. 18 m il n?
188
r~ftlP We htwe. L:3 = <n " and / 7 = 11 8°
~~tt011 Since L3 and L 4 fo rm a li110ar pair.
, L3+ L 4 = 180° m ' J ,
J ', _J
::;:) L61 °+ L4 == 180° 4

0
:::::> L4 = 180° - 6l ~L4 = 119°
Now , L4 and L 7 are a pair of correspondi ng
angles such that L4 = 119° and L7 = 118°
i.e., L4 t L 7.
So, ,n is not parallel to n.
Fig. 55
In Fig. 56, give reasons why l 1111 2 . Is m 111 m2 ?
••
.x
sniPle 9
Since lines 11 and 12 are intersected by a transversal m 2 such that t he sum of hvo
~iution
consecutive interior angles is 180° i.e. they are supplementary. Therefore. L1 ll Lz
From Fig. 56, we observe that the lines m1 and m2 are intersected by transve.rsal
[
2
such that the alternate interior angles are equal. Therefore, m 1 II m 2.
A B

E F

150°

130°

C D

Fig . 56 Fig. 57

xample 10 In Fig. 57, show that AB II EF.

olution We have,
LBCD = LBCE + LECD
⇒ LBCD = 36° + 30° = 66°
LABC= LBCD
Thus, lines AB and CD are intersected by the line BC such that LABC =
LBCD i.e., the alternate angles are equal. Therefore, AB II CD ... (i)
Now, LECD + L CEF = 30° + 150° = 180°
This shows that the sum of the interior angles on the same side of the
transversal CE is 180° i.e. they are supplementary.
EFIICD ... (ii)
From (i) and (ii), we have AB 11 CD and CD II EF
ABIIEF
Hence, ABIIEF
 _ Mathematics 10 ,
14 20
~~---------------- ----- - - ----=:.:.:.:::~
EXERCISE 14.2
1. In Fig. 58. linen is a transversal to lines/ and m. Identify the following:
(i) Alternate and corresponding angles in Fig . 5 8 (i) . d'ng
I
to angles Lt
(ii) Angles alternate to L d and L g and angles correspon anct <h ·
Fig. 58 (ii). F d n le alt Ir,
(iii) Angle alternate to L PQR, angle corresponding to LAO an a g ernate to .{.PQr:-
. 58 ("')
FIQ. c 1r1
Ill. I'
(iv) Pairs of interior and exterior angles on the same side of th e transversa in Fig. 58 (ii).
l

A m
n
A
m
C H D B
F

(ii) (iii)
(i)

Fig. 58
2. In Fig. 59, AB and CD are parallel lines intersected by a transversal PQ at L and 1.1
respectively. If LCMO= 60°, find all other angles in the figure.

p
A L B
A L B
C D
.c 35° D

Fig. 59 Fig. 60
3. In Fig. 60, AB and CD are parallel lines intersected by a transversal PO at L and M
respectively. If L LMD = 35° find L ALM and L PLA.
4. The line n is transversal to line I and min Fig. 61 . Identify the angle alternate to L13, angle
corresponding to L 15, and angle alternate to L 15.

Fig. 61
 ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __:!.1~4E.21
san.:,.d_A....:ng"-le_s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
~
1 Fig 62, line /
II m and n is a t
5- n e~ponding angles and It ransversal. are If L1 = 40°, find all the angles and check that all
corr a ernate angles equal.

m m

Fig. 62 Fig. 63

tively. If L1 = 75°, find all

6. In Fig. 63, line 1 11 m and a transversal n cuts them at p and Q respec
other angles.
L and M respectively. If
?. In Fig. 64, AB II CD and a transversal PO cuts them at
L.OMD = 100°, find all other angles.

zo
l

A B

C D

Fig. 65
Fig. 64

8. In Fig. 65, / II m and p II q. Find the values of x,y, z, t.

9. In Fig. 66, line/ II m, L1 = 120° and L2 = 100°, find out L3 and L4.

85°
m

Fig. 67
Fig. 66

10. In Fig. 67, line/ II m. Find the values of a, b, c, d. Give reasons.

 14.2 2 Mathematics fo
rc,a
~ I
11 - In Fig. 68, AB II CD and L1 . 3. 2 Determine all angles from 1 to
and L2 are in the ratio · · 8
·

A. B
4

m
6
C
D

8
n

Fig. 68
Fig. 69
12. I~ Fig.69, /, m and n are parallel line
s intersected by transversal Pat X, Y and
Find L1 , L2 and L3. Z respective\
y_
13. In Fig. 70, if/ II m II n and L1 = 60°,
find L2.

p B A

m E F
4
2 130' /
,,
C D
Fig. 70
Fig. 71
14. In Fig. 71 , if AB II CO and CD II EF,
find LACE.
15. In Fig. 72, if / II m, n II p and L1 = 85°
, find L2.

fl
JJ

Ill

Fig. 72
Fig. 73
16_ In Fig. 73, a transversal n cuts two lines I and m. If L 1 = 70° and L7 = 0
ao , is/ II m?
tiv
• ndAn'~g__'./~es::...-_ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _1_4._23
·1esa
ll' c 4 a transversal n cuts two lines / and m such that L2 = 65° and L B= 65°. Are the lines
1n r19• 7 I

11- parallel?
B A

C D
.'
I J

Fig . 74 Fig. 75
I
_In Fig. 75, show that AB II EF.
18
19. In Fig. 76,
AB II CO. Find the val~es of x, y, z.
I\,
-( .D
\ ,
p

- / a

B 50°

R S

Fig . 76 Fig . 77

20. In Fig. 77, find out LPXR, if PO II RS.

21. In Fig. 78, we have
(i) LMLY = 2LLMQ, find LLMO. (ii) LXLM = (2.x - 1O)° and LLMQ = x + 30°, find x.
0 0
(iii) LXLM= LPML, find LALY (iv) LALY= (2.x-15) , LLMO= (x + 40) , findx

D A E

X y

p M a 40°

B C

Fig . 78 Fig. 79

22. In F'1
9-79, DE II BC. Find the values of x andy.
14 .24 Ma the ma tics i
- - - -- - - - - - -
- - - - - -_ ;_:~ ore, I
~
2 3 . In F ig . 80 . line AC II line OE " F' d o ut the ang les x an d y if L E 11 I
and / AB O == 32 · in :::: 122 1)

.
A

A B C
E.

B C
D
Fig. BO Fig. 81
24. In Fig . 81, sid e BC of
~A BC has bee n pro duc ed to
L BA C =55 °, find L AC E, L EG O O and CE II BA . If L ABC ::: 65
and L AGO.
25 . In Fig . 82, line CA 1- AB II
line CR and line PR II line BO. Fin
d b , Ly and L z .

n
D

Fig .82
Fig .83
26. In Fig . 83, PO II RS . Fin d
the val ue of x.
27. In Fig .-84 , AB II CO and AE
II CF; L FC G= 90° and L BA C= 120° . Fin
d the val ues of x,y and z.

Fig. 84
 and Angles 14.25
~
Fig. 85, AB II CD and AC II BO. F',n d the values of
z8. 111 x,y,z.
D
C
r-- r-- --- -- LD

A (i) 8 B
A (ii)

Fig. 85
state which lines are parallel and why?
29 _In Fig. 86,

B C

E F

Fig. 87
Fig. 86
l. If LABC= 75°, find LDEF.
30. In Fig. 87, the corresponding arms of LABCand LDEFare paralle

ANSWERS

1. (i) Alternate angles: LBGH and LCHG ; LAGHand L.DHG

and LDHF ;
Corresponding angles: LEGB and LGHD ; LEGAand L.GHC; L.BGH
LAGH and LCHF .
(ii) Le, L.b, Le, La (iii) LORA, LBRA, L.BRA
Lh.
(iv) Interior angles: Ld, Lf; La, Le; Exterior angles: Le, L.g ;L.b,
= 60°, LCML = 120°, LALP = 120°
2· L OMD= 120°, LPLB = 60°, LALM = 60°, L.MLB= 120°, L.DML
3·
5·
LALM=35°, LPLA = 145° 4. L7, L.7,L.5
L.2 = 140°, L.3 = 40°, L4 = 140°, L.5 = 40°, L.6 = 140°, L.7 = 40°,
L.8 = 140° j
L.2 = 105°; L3 = 75°, L4 = 105°, LS= 75°, L6 ~ 105°, L.7 = 75°
6· and L.8 = 105°
LCM0 =80°
I
= 100°, LALM =80°, LBLM = 100°,L.LMD=B0°, L.LMC= 100°,

I
7· LPLB: 80°, L.PLA

1~· X=80° ,y=80 °, z=80° , t=80° 9. L3=80 °,L4= 40°

° b=110 ° c-85° d=85°
11 · a:110 I I - I
= 108°, L.8 = 72° 1i/
' 11 =108°, L.2 = 72°, L3 = 108°, L4 = 72°, L.5 = 108°, L6 = 72°, L.7
12 11 13. 120° 14. 20° 15. 95°
1· =120°,L.2=1200 L3=12 0° 0,y=12 s0,z=12 5° 20. 120°
6
21 · ~ 11. ves19. x=ss
(iv) 55° 22. X = 40°,y = 55°
:I
23: (I) 60° (ii) 40° (iii) 90°
24. LACE =55°,L .ECD= 65°,LA CD=1 20°
25 X:::90°,y:148°
26. 750 27. x=60o ,y=30 o,z=1 50o
. .t:::900,Y=70o,Z=110o
 ~~- - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - -- - - - -M
!'.126 _a_th_e_m_a_uc..::..sforc
~ :
(") 400 y = 350
28. (i) x =115 °,y= 65°,z =115 ° 11
x= '· O J5o
I

I
29. ACII DE, because alternate angles are equal 3 ·

OBJECTIVETVPEOUESTIONS
Mark the correct alternative in each of the following: I rnent
ary angle is goo· The measure of
1. The sum of an angle and one third of its supp e
lhe
angle is 0 ( d) 45°
(a) 135° (b) 120° 60
(c) eofe acha ngle is
2. If angles of a linear pair are equal, then the measu~
(d) go 0
(a) 30° (b) 45° 60
. (~) measure of the larger angle is
3. Two complemntary angles are in the ratio 2 · 3-Th:
(d) 48°
(a) 60° (b) 54° (c) 66 .
4. An angle is thrice its supplement. The measure of t~e angle
is (d) 0
(a) 120° (b) 105° 150
(c) 135 .
·
5. In Fig. 88 PR •IS a straig
. .
ht line and L. POS : L. SOR = 7 ·. 5 · The measure of L SQR 1s
10
(a) 60° (b) 62-r (c) 67 (d) 75°
2
s

p Q R

Fig. 88
6. The sum of an angle and half of its complementary angle
is 75°. The measure of the angle is
(a) 40° (b) 50° (c) 60° (d) 80°
7. L A is an obtuse angle. The measure of L A and twice
its supplementary differ by 30°. Then,
L A can be
(a) 150° (b) 110° (c) 140° (d) 120°
8. An angle is double of its supplement. The measure of the
angle is
(a) 60° (b) 120° (c) 40°
9. The measure of an angle which is its own complement is (d) 80°
·(a) 30° (b) 60° (c) 90° (d) 45°
10. Two supplementary angles are in the ratio 3: 2. The small
er angle measures
(a) 108° (b) 81° (c) 72° (d) 68°
11. In Fig. 89, the value of xis
(a) 75 (b) 65 (c) 45
C
(d) 55

440

I
A 0
B I
Fig. 89
I
J_
 and Angles 14.2 7
~ . .
f ig. 90, AOB 1s a stra ight line and th
In
1i, (a) 16 (b) 26 e ray OCs tand s on it. The value of xis
(c) 36 (d) 46
C

(2x + 15)0
(3x + 35) 0
A 0 B
Fig. 90

13_ In Fig. 91, AOB

is a strai ght line and 4x= Sy. The value of xis
(a) 100 ( b) 105 ( c) 11 Q (d) 115

x•

0 B
A
Fig. 91

that L AOC = (3x + 10) 0

L COD = 50° and
14. In Fig. 92, AOB is a strai ght line such
,

LBOD = (x - 8) The valu e of xis

0
•

(c) 42 (d) 52
(a) 32 (b) 36

C D

0
0 (x - 8)
(3x +10)

0 B
A
Fig. 92

15· In Fig. 93, if AOC is a stra ight line, then x= (d) 38°
(c) 142°
(a) 42° (b) 52°

C
0
A
Fig . 93
11 ,4~.2~8~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ __ M
- he_m_a_tic...::...:sfore
_ a_ t_ ,
16 - In Fig . 94, if LAOC ~
is a straight line , then the value of
xis
(a) 15 (b) 18 (d) 16
(c) 20

B
D

2X 0 3X0

A 0 C
Fig . 94
17. In Fig. 95, if AB , CD and EFare
straight lines, then x=
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 20 (d) 30

C
F

2x 0 3x 0
A
B

4X 0

E
D

. Fig. 95
18. In Fig. 96, if AB, CD and EFare
straight lines, then x+ y+ z=
(a) 180 (b) 203 (c) 213 (d) 134

Fig. 96
9 In Fig . 97 , if AB is parallel to CD
, then the value of '; BPE is
1 . (a) 1060 (b) 750 (c) 74 (d ) 84°
 ~
s__________
- AA /1',:Lgl;....
9

---- ---- ----

14.29
-~-
E

A
(3x + 34)" B

(SX - 14) 0
C
F D

Fig. 97
2(). In Fig. 98, if AB is parallel to CO and EFis a transversal, then x=
(a) 19 (b) 29 (c) 39 (d) 49

A
(?x - 12) 0
B

(3x + 2) 0

C D

Fig. 98

21. In Fig. 99, AB II co and EFis a transversal intersecting AB and CO at P and Q respectively .
The measure of LDPO is
(a) 100° (b) 80° (c) 110° (d) 70°

F /

~ x)°
Q B
A

(5x) 0
__-+-_ _ __I L . t - - - - - - -- - i- -
p D
C

Fig. 99
 Mathematics io
'Cta
14.30
~
. tersecting AB and CD at P and Q respe .
22. In Fig. 100, AB II CD and EFis a transversal in
ct1ve11
The measure of L. DOP is ( ) (d) 105
(a) 65 (b) 25 115
c

E
0
(Sx-10)

p B
A

0
(3x -10)

C Q D

Fig. 100
23. In Fig. 101 , AB II co and EF is a transversal. The value of Y - x is
(a) 30 (b) 35 (c) 95 (d) 25

A B

C D

Fig. 101

24. In Fig. 102, AB II CO II EF, LABG = 110°, LGCD = 100° and LBGC = x .Theva:
lueof xis
0

(a) 35 (b) 50 (c) 30 (ct) 40

C D
100°
A B
110°

E G
F

Fig. 102
 dAngleS
~
1nfig, 103, PO II RS and L: P~B = 60• and L:ACS • 100". Then, L: BAC .
I
14.31

P· (a) 40° (b) ao (c) 80° (d) 50°

p
Q

A B C s
Fig. 103

inFig.104, AB II CD, LOAB = 150° and L OCO = 120". Then, L.AOC =

~- (a) 80° (b) 90° (c) 70" (d) 100°
A B
L
150't

0
f 'bO
Ql~ b

C I D
Fig. 104

'll. In Fig. 105, if AOB and COD are straight lines. Then, x + Y =
(a) 120 (b) 140 (c) 100 (d) 160
A

(7x - 20) 0
0

C D

Fjg. 105

28. In Fig. 106, the value of xis

(c) 21 (d) 24
(a) 22 (b) 20

(Bx-41)°

Fig. 106
 Mathematics ~

29. \n Fig. 107 if AOS and COD are straight

'
lines, then 11 o Y == 29
~ sv,1

(a) X = 29, y = 100 (b) X == '

(C) X = 29_ y (d) x == 39, Y == 110

= 110

Fig. 107
30. In Fig. 108, if AB II CD then the valu
e of xis
{a) 87 (b) 93 (c) (d) 141
147
E
54°
A XO

D
273°

Fig. 108
31. In Fig.109, if AB II CD thenthevalue
ofxis
{a) 34 (b) 124 (c) 24 (d) 158
--A -- -- -- -- -~XOB

Fig.109
32. In Fig. 110, if AB II CD. The value of
xis
(a) 122 (b) 238 (c) 58 (d) 119
 ~
ndAng~Je:..s- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -~~
14.33

37°
C F D

Fig. 110

S3. In Fig. 111 , if AB II CD then X=

(a) 154 (b) 139 (c) 144 (d) 164

A B

~ - -- ~
\

C I .
.,.· ,
I
• I

t \
Fig. 111 .t
-
34. In Fig. 112, if AB 11 CD, then x= '... .
(a) 32 (b) 42 (c) 52 (d) 31

D
249°

Fig. 112
35. In Fi
19• 113 if AC II
DF and AB II CE, then-
(a) (b) x = 223, y = 145
X ::::: 145, y = 223
(C) X ::::: 135, y = 233 (d) X = 233, y = 135
 ffl HiiM ~

~ '.._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _~
___M_a_t_he_m_a_t,_
·cs-.:.:forcl
14.34
~ ~s v
~ 11
1

(2x + 12) 0
Fig. 113

ANSWSERS
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (b)
8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (a)
15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (a) 21. (b)
22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (a)
29. (c) 30. (c) 31 . (a) 32. (d) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (a)

THINGS TO REMEMBER
1. A line which intersects two or more given lines at distinct points
is called a transversal to the given
lines.
2. Lines in a plane are parallel if they do not intersect when produc
ed indefinitely in either direction.
3. The distance between two intersecting lines is zero.
4. The distance between two parallel lines is the same everywhere
and is equal to the perpendicular
distance between them.
5. If two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal then
(i) pairs of alternate (interior or exterior) angles are equal.
(ii) pairs of corresponding angles are equal.
(iii) interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementa
ry.
6. ff two non-parallel lines are intersected by transversal then none
of (i), (ii) and (iii) hold true in 5.
7. If two lines are intersected by a transversal, then they are paralle
l if any one of the following is true:
(i) The angles of a pair of corresponding angles are equal.
(ii) The angles of a pair of alternate interior angles are equal.
(iii) The angles of a pair of interior angles on the same side of the transv
ersal are supplementary.