Social Science - Class 10

Democratic Politics - Chapter 7

Outcomes of Democracy

Let Us Revise

How do We Assess Democracy's Outcomes?

Why is Democracy considered Better?

It promotes equality among citizens.

It recognises and enhances the dignity of the individual.

Improves the quality of decision making.

Provides a method to resolve conflicts.

Allows room to correct mistakes.

Three Aspects of Democracy

Political: Political democracy requires government by 'consent’ and political equality.

Social: This requires social equality in the country poverty line.

Economic: There should be no disparity - very rich class of a few and a majority living
under the poverty line.

Other Features of a Democracy

● Free and Fair Elections

● Multi-party System
● Adult Franchise
● Social Equality
● Sound Political System
● Freedom of Speech, Expression and Public Opinion
● A Strong Opposition

Over a hundred countries follow the democratic form of government. There are many
features of democracy common to all but there are differences in social situations,
achievements and cultures.
Example: In the USA — the world’s richest democracy, there is a wide gap between the
rich, the poor. The Blacks do not get social justice. But at the same time, the United
States of America, Sweden, Canada and Switzerland have the most stable democratic
systems in the world. They have welfare schemes for all and a hundred per cent literacy.

Let us now think about what we can expect reasonably from democracy and examine the
record of democracy.

Accountable, Responsive and Legitimate Government

In a democracy, there must be a government which is accountable to the citizens and

responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens. It should be efficient and
effective.

Democratic governments are based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation, so delays
take place.

Does that make the Democratic Government Inefficient?

Non-democratic governments do not have to bother about discussions in assemblies.

They do not worry about public opinion. They are very quick in decision making and
implementation.

Are Non-democratic Governments more Efficient?

In the first instance, it has taken time, followed all procedures and then come to a
decision.
Result: More acceptable to the people, more effective.

In the second instance, let us consider the costs involved. Quick decisions may not with
the approval of the majority of people. Result: Problems

Answer now:
Democratic government is better than non-democratic because
a.
it is a legitimate form of government.

b.
overwhelming support for the idea all over the world.
c.
it leads to a just distribution of goods and opportunities.

d.
it ensures faster economic growth.

Points in Favour of Democracies

Decision-making is based on norms and procedures.

Transparency — a citizen has the right and the means to examine a decision-making
process.

Government is accountable to the people and has a mechanism to hold a government

accountable.
It has a mechanism for citizens to take part in decision-making.

Points against Democracy as a form of Government

Transparency rights and means to examine the decision-making process are missing.

Government is not accountable.

No mechanisms to lhold it accountable.

Decision making not based on norms and procedures.

Democracies have been Successful in Holding:

Regular and free elections

Creating conditions for open public debate.

Democracies have fallen short of:

Holding elections that provide a fair chance to everyone.

Every decision is not brought forward for in a public debate.

They do not have a very good record in sharing information with citizens.
Democracies have not been free of corruption and have not been attentive to people’s
needs and expectations.

In one respect, a democratic government is certainly better than a non-democratic one. It

is a legitimate Government. It is a people’s own government. This is the main reason for
its popularity. People all over the world want to be ruled by representatives elected by
them.

Economic Growth and Development

One of the failures of democracy is that it lags behind dictatorships in economic growth.

Economic growth depends on the:

i) Size of the population of a country
ii) Global situation
iii) Co-operation from other countries
iv) Economic policies adopted by the country

Economic Outcomes of Democracy

The following points show the relationship of democracy with economic growth and
economic inequalities.

The dictatorial regime has had a slightly better record of economic growth. But when we
compare their record only in poor countries, there is virtually no difference.

There can be a very high degree of inequalities within democracies.

There is often inequality of opportunities available to the poorer sections of society.

Reduction of Inequality and Poverty

The truth is that what is needed is the removal of economic disparities. Development
without equitable distribution of wealth is not a true democracy.

Democracies are based on political equality. All citizens have equal weight in electing
representatives.

But it is not so in the economic field. The poor are becoming poorer and sometimes they
find it difficult to meet the basic needs of life like food, clothing, higher education and
health. Democratic governments have failed in this area.

In India, this is indicated by:

Percentage of population below the poverty line in India
The Human Development Index will show where India stands in the world as far as
health, education and income are concerned.

Accommodation of Social Diversity

Democracy tries to help its citizens to lead a peaceful and harmonious life by
accommodating various social divisions.
Example: Belgium and India. Democratic governments try to resolve differences, respect
differences and try mechanisms which can negotiate differences.

Democracy’s Plus Point:

The ability to handle social differences, divisions and reduce conflicts.

Non-democratic regimes can ignore or suppress internal and social differences.
Precaution is needed to see that the majority always works with the minority and does
not try to dominate it. Sri Lanka is an example. Majority rule means different people,
different groups participate in decision-making. It does not mean the rule of the majority
community— a religious, racial or linguistic group.
No one should be barred from being in a majority group on the basis of birth. Every
citizen should have a chance to be in a majority at some time.

Dignity and Freedom of the Citizens

Democracy promotes the dignity and freedom of the individual.

Every individual wants to receive respect from fellow beings.

Democracies have achieved this to a certain degree in many countries.

Dignity of Women:

Women had to fight long battles to receive their due in society.

Societies across the world have been male-dominated. It is absolutely essential that
women should get equal treatment.

Women can now wage a struggle against what is now unacceptable legally and morally.
In a non-democratic setup, women would not have a legal basis to fight for equality.

Societies across the world have been male-dominated. It is absolutely essential that
women should get equal treatment.
Of course, women still have to struggle. They are not always given their due respect even
in democracies.

Caste Inequalities:

In India, the disadvantaged and discriminated castes have gained in strength due to
democracy.

They have now the legal and moral right to fight for equal status and equal opportunities.

There are still instances of atrocities and inequalities suffered by people because of
caste, but they are not supported by law or moral code.

A democracy is always striving towards a better goal. People constantly demand more
benefits in a democracy. There are always more expectations.

People now look critically at the work of those who hold power, the rich, the powerful.
They express their dissatisfaction loudly. It shows they are no longer subjects but
citizens of a democratic country.

Quick Revision Question Answers

Page No. 99

Exercises

Q1. How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate

government?
Ans:

In a democracy, people have the right to elect their rulers and participate in decision
making that affects them all. The government thus is accountable to the citizens and
responsive to their needs and expectations.

Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation, though it results in

delays. It ensures that decision making is based on norms and procedures and allows
transparency.

Develops mechanisms for citizens to hold the government accountable.

Set up following practices and institutions: regular, free and fair elections; open public
debate on major policies and legislations; and citizens’ right to information about the
government and its functioning.
It may be reasonable to expect from democracy a government that is attentive to the
needs and demands of the people and is largely free of corruption. Though the record of
democracies is not impressive on these two counts.

Democratic government is a legitimate government. It may be slow, less efficient, not

always very responsive or clean, but is people’s own government. People wish to be
ruled by representatives elected by them.

Q2. What are the conditions under which democracies accommodate social diversities?
Ans: Democracies respect differences and evolve mechanisms to negotiate the
differences as was done in Belgium.

Democracy is best suited to accommodate social diversities but the example of Sri Lanka
reminds us that this democracy must fulfil the following two conditions:

The majority always needs to work with the minority so that governments function to
represent the general view.

Rule by the majority should not become rule by majority community in terms of religion,
or race or linguistic group.

Democracy remains democracy only as long as every citizen has a chance of being in
majority at some point of time.

Q3. Give arguments to support or oppose the following assertions:

(a) Industrialised countries can afford democracy but the poor need dictatorship to
become rich.

(b) Democracy can’t reduce inequality of incomes between different citizens.

(c) Government in poor countries should spend less on poverty reduction, health,
education and spend more on industries and infrastructure.

(d) In democracy all citizens have one vote, which means that there is an absence of any
domination and conflict.

Ans:

(a) Democracy ensures political equality and therefore the poor might have a say in the
allocation of economic resources by the government. This may allow for equal
distribution of wealth by the government thereby allowing the poor to also become rich.
(b) Democracy primarily means political equality. Every citizen has the right to vote and
stand for election. Economic inequality can only be reduced if there is an expansion of
economic opportunities for all. Reducing economic inequalities requires the creation of
more jobs especially in manufacturing and services. This in turn will require access to
health and education facilities so that they can participate and contribute to the modern
economy. Requisite of redistribution of income from the rich to the poor through
progressive taxation and targeted subsidies cannot be denied. Democracy by itself
cannot achieve these objectives although it is a significant part of the attempt to reduce
economic inequality.

(c) This option is not a wise option. Poverty reduction would allow the poor better access
to civic amenities such as health services thereby improving their standard of living. By
spending on quality education, informed and productive citizens will emerge and add to
the development of the country. A healthy and educated citizen will allow the effective
functioning of industries and infrastructure.

(d) One vote ensures only equal political opportunity to elect. Democracy is mean and it
depends upon the people to have the desired end. Democracy ensures the means of
resolution of conflict but not its absence; similarly, it ensures means of political
accommodation but not political freedom.

Q4. Identify the challenges to democracy in the following descriptions. Also, suggest
policy/institutional mechanism to deepen democracy in the given situations:

(a) Following a High Court directive a temple in Orissa that had separate entry doors for
Dalits and non-Dalits allowed entry for all from the same door.
(b) A large number of farmers are committing suicide in different states of India.
(c) Following allegation of killing of three civilians in Gandwara in a fake encounter by
Jammu and Kashmir police, an enquiry has been ordered.

Ans:

(a)

(i) The challenge relates to social diversity. There are separate doors for Dalits and Non-
Dalits to enter the temple.
(ii) To deepen democracy, there should be a law banning discrimination on account of
caste, religion or other factors. People should also be encouraged to come forward and
support abolishing this practice.
(b) This relates to economic inequalities with special reference to the poor condition of
farmers in different states of India. The government should take the following steps to
improve their condition:
(i) To give financial help or loans for the purchase of seeds, urea etc.
(ii) Irrigation and other facilities should be increased to avoid the situation of droughts.
(iii) MSP of crops should be increased.
(c)
(i) Dignity and freedom of citizens has been challenged.
(ii) There should be transparency in the working of the police departments to avoid fake
encounters. Only then there will be trust of the people in the government’s activities and
democracy will be deepened.

Q5. In the context of democracies, which of the following ideas is correct - democracies
have successfully eliminated?

Α. conflicts among people

Β. economic inequalities among people
C. differences of opinion about how marginalised sections are to be treated
D. the idea of political inequality

Ans: D. the idea of political inequality

Q6. In the context of assessing democracy which among the following is odd one out.

Democracies need to ensure:

Α. free and fair elections
Β. dignity of the individual
C. majority rule
D. equal treatment before the law

Ans: C. majority rule

Q7. Studies on political and social inequalities in democracy show that

Α. democracy and development go together
Β. inequalities exist in democracies
C. inequalities do not exist under dictatorship
D. dictatorship is better than democracy

Ans: Β. inequalities exist in democracies

Q8. Read the passage below:

Nannu is a daily wage earner. He lives in Welcome Mazdoor Colony, a slum habitation in
East Delhi. He lost his ration card and applied for a duplicate one in January 2004. He
made several rounds to the local Food and Civil Supplies office for the next three
months. But the clerks and officials would not even look at him, leave alone do his job or
bother to tell him the status of his application. Ultimately, he filed an application under
the Right to Information Act asking for the daily progress made on his application,
names of the officials, who were supposed to act on his application and what action
would be taken against these officials for their inaction.
Within a week of filing application under the Right to Information Act, he was visited by
an inspector from the Food Department, who informed him that the card had been made
and he could collect it from the office. When Nannu went to collect his card next day, he
was given a very warm treatment by the Food and Supply Officer (FSO), who is the head
of a Circle. The FSO offered him tea and requested him to withdraw his application under
the Right to Information, since his work had already been done.

What does Nannu’s example show? What impact did Nannu’s action have on officials?
Ask your parents their experiences when they approach government officials to attend to
their problems.

Ans: (a) Nannu’s example shows that ordinary people should be aware of their rights.
They should exercise their rights without any fear as has been done by Nannu.

(b) Nannu’s action has a significant effect on the officials who not only made his ration
card but also offered him a cup of tea at the office of the Food and Supply Officer. He
was given proper respect. However, the Food and Supply Officer requested him to
withdraw his application because his ration card had been prepared.

(c) The experiences of the parents are not satisfactory. Generally the govt, officials do
not bother about the people who visit them. Their problems are not solved. They are
asked to come again and again. However now there is some improvement due to Right to
Information.

Short Answer Questions

Q.1. “Democracy is a better form of government.” Support the statement with three
arguments. [2008]
OR

Why do people prefer democracy? Explain with four reasons. [2011 (T-2)]

Ans. People prefer democracy because :

(i) People are their own masters. In a democracy, every individual has a right to vote and
choose his representatives in the government. The government is of the people and the
laws are made by the people (or the representatives chosen) in the government. Laws are
made to protect the liberty and freedom of the people.

(ii) In a democracy, no particular religion, region, race or language is given special

preference. All individuals are given equal rights and freedom, and there is no
discrimination.
(iii) The government is not by force. The opposition parties are allowed to criticise the
government.

(iv) Since every individual is given equal rights, there is less danger of conflicts in
society. There are less conflicts based on caste, religion or region and less social
tensions in society. In politics, dignity of the individual is cared for.

Q.2. How does democracy lead to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens? Explain.
[2011 (T-2)]

Ans.

(i) Democracies accommodate various social divisions. For example, Belgium has
peacefully solved her ethnic problems and solved the differences.

(ii) All democracies usually develop a procedure to conduct competition, i.e. conduct
elections, power-sharing, etc. This reduces the possibility of tensions, due to social
divisions, turning violent or explosive.

(iii) Democracy teaches people to respect the differences and resolve conflicts among
different groups peacefully. In non-democratic countries, rulers either turn a blind eye to
or suppress internal differences. For example, Sri Lanka. The plus point in democratic
regime is the ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts.

(iv) A democracy is not just a rule by majority opinion. The majority always needs to
work with the minority so that the government represents the general view.

(v) A democratic government ensures that the rule by the majority does not become
autocratic in terms of religion, race or linguistic group etc. It tries that in case of every
election, different persons and groups can form a majority. It tries to see that every
citizen has a chance to be in majority at some point of time and is not barred on the basis
of birth. All these things ensured by a democratic regime lead to a peaceful and
harmonious life.

Q.3. What are the differences between democratic and non-democratic governments in
the decision making process? [2011 (T-2)]

Ans. The decision making process of the non-democratic rulers is very quick. They are
also efficient in decision making and even in the implementation of the decisions. This all
happens because non-democratic rulers do not have to bother about deliberation in
assemblies or about the public opinion.
On the other hand, democratic form of government is based on deliberation and
negotiation. This causes the process slow. They followed procedures, their decisions
may be more acceptable to the people and are more effective.

Q.4. How do political parties shape public opinion? Explain with three examples. [2011
(T-2)]

Ans. Political parties shape public opinion. They raise and highlight issues. They have
lakhs of members and activists spread all over the country. Many of the pressure groups
are the extensions of political parties among different sections of society. Political
parties sometimes also launch movements for resolving the problems faced by people.
Often opinion in the society crystallise on the lines parties take.

Q.5. ‘‘There is lack of internal democracy within the political parties.’’ Justify the
statement with three arguments. [2011 (T-2)]

Ans. There is lack of internal democracy within parties. All parties having tendency that
there is only one or few leaders should be at top to grab the power. They do not have
check on membership registers. They do not call organisational meetings neither they
conduct internal elections regularly. Not all the members of the party have information
regarding internal party matters.

The ordinary member of the party do not have the means or the connections needed to
influence the decisions. Every decision of the party is taken only by few leaders in the
name of party.

Q.6. ‘‘Most negative feature of democracy is that its examination never gets over.”
Support the statement with three arguments. [2011 (T-2)]

Ans. The working sphere of democracy –

(i) Promote equality among citizens.

(ii) Enhance the dignity of the individual.

(iii) Improve the quality of decision making.

(iv) Provide a method to resolve conflict.

Democracy is also having the fields of work are – social situations, economic
achievement and the culture of the nation. It have great responsibilities, huge working
area and the high population. So whatever work is done by democracy seems to be very
small in terms of problems. That’s why it is said that the most negative feature of
democracy is that its examination never gets over.
Q.7. What is the main outcome of democracy with reference to reduction of inequality
and poverty? Give any two arguments to support your answer. [2011 (T-2)]

Ans. Democracies are based on political equality. All individuals have equal right in
electing representatives. Parallel to the process of bringing individuals into the political
arena on an equal footing, find growing economic inequalities. A few number of rich
enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and incomes. Not only that, their share in
the total income of the country has been increasing. Those at the bottom of the society
have very little to depend upon. Their incomes have been declining and sometimes they
find it difficult to meet their basic needs of life such as food, clothing, house, education
and health.

Q.8. Why is a democratic government considered better than dictatorship ? Explain any
three reasons. [2011 (T-2)]

Ans. Democratic government is legitimate government. It may be slow, less efficient, not
always very responsive or clean but a democratic government is people’s own
government. This is not true in case of dictatorship.
In a democratic government citizens have fundamental rights and duties but in
dictatorship it is not so.
In a democratic form of government, the decision making process is slow. Because it is
follow by the procedures and its decisions are more acceptable to the people. This is not
seen in the dictatorship type of government.

Q.9. Examine any three features on the basis of which maximum number of countries
claim to practise democratic politics ? [2011 (T-2)]

Ans. When any country follows this pattern, then they are able to claim to practise
democratic politics.

(i) Elections are held at regular intervals and are fair and free.

(ii) Freedom of speech, expression and thought is another feature of democracy.

(iii) The dignity of the individual is recognised.

Q.10. ‘‘In actual life, democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing
economic inequalities.’’ Support this statement giving three arguments. [2011 (T-2)]
OR

Do democracies lead to a just distribution of goods and services. Justify your answer.
[2011 (T-2)]
Ans. Democracies are based on political equality. All citizens have equal right in electing
representatives. This is not so in the economic field. Economic equality come by the
equitable distribution of wealth, but this is not true in democracy. The poor are becoming
poorer and sometimes they find difficult even to meet the basic needs of life like food,
shelter, health and education.

Long Answer Questions

Q.1. Explain any four features that are common in all democratic set-ups of the
government. [2010]

Ans.

i) In a democracy, elections are held at regular intervals and are fair and free.

(ii) A democracy has a multi-party system and elections are held on the basis of
universal adult franchise.

(iii) Freedom of speech, expression and thought is another feature of democracy. The
media also helps in building a sound public opinion.

(iv) Democracy gives to its citizens a sound political system based on social equality.

(v) Another feature of a democracy is a strong opposition which keeps in check, the
ruling party or the government.

(vi) Besides these, we also know how in a democracy, the dignity of the individual is
recognised and one can correct one’s mistakes in a democracy and avoid conflicts.

Q.2. How are complaints treated as testimony to the success of democracy? Explain with
four facts. [2008]
OR

“The fact that people are complaining is itself a testimony to the success of democracy.”
Justify the statement with three points. [2011 (T-2)]

Ans. Expectations from democracy also function as a criteria for judging any democratic
country. People’s complaints in democracy is itself a testimony to its success as it
shows that people have developed awareness and the ability to expect and look critically
at powerholders and the high and mighty. Examples of complaint of the following type
can prove the point :

(i) Democracy sets up slow and inefficient government.

(ii) It is unsuccessful in reducing economic exploitation.

(iii) It is not free of the evil of corruption.

(iv) It is not able to end social discrimination. There are still caste-based inequalities and
atrocities, although they lack moral and legal foundations. In all these cases, complaints
are there, but so are the efforts made to attack them.

Q.1. Which factors help economic growth in the country?

Ans.
(i) Economic growth depends on the size of the population of a country. We can see that
in our country economic growth cannot cope with the problem of a bursting population
of more than a billion people.

(ii) It also depends on the global situation and cooperation from other countries. All
developing countries need help of the rich and developed nations to grow.

(iii) The policies of the government also affect economic growth of country.

Q.2. How have democracies fallen short of people’s expectations?

Ans. Democracies have failed to hold elections which give a fair chance to everyone.
They have failed in transparency, i.e. sharing information with citizens. They are also
blamed for not holding public debate. And finally, corruption is the biggest charge
against democratic governments.

Q.3. What is a must for a successful democratic government?

Ans. In a democracy, there must be a government which is accountable to the citizens,

responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens only then it can be effective and
efficient.

Q.4. What do you understand by the term ‘majority’ in a democracy?

Ans. Democracy does not rule simply by majority opinion. ‘Majority’ does not mean a
community in terms of religion, race or linguistic group. Rule by majority means that in
case of every decision, or in case of every election, different people and groups can form
a majority.

Q.5. What are the conditions under which democracies accommodate social diversities?
[2011 (T-2)]
Ans.
(i) The majority always needs to work with the minority so that governments function to
represent the general views.

(ii) It is necessary that rule by majority does not become rule by majority community in
terms of religion, race, linguistic group, etc. Different persons or groups should be
allowed to form a government as a result of an election conducted.

Q.6. Some people think that democracy produces less efficient and effective government.
Do you agree with their views? [2011 (T-2)]

Ans. It is true that some delay is bound to take place in democracy as it is based on
deliberation and negotiation. It is also true that non-democratic rulers can be very quick
and efficient in decision-making and implementation. But they may take decisions that
are not acceptable to the people but are forced on them. On the other hand, because
democratic governments follow procedures, its decisions may be more acceptable to the
people and more effective. So I do not agree with the view that democracy is a less
effective and more inefficient form of government.

Q.7. Examine with the help of three examples how the dignity and freedom of citizens are
best guaranteed in a democracy. [2011 (T-2)]

Ans.
(i) Dignity of women. Long struggles by women have created some sensitivity today that
respect to and equal treatment of women are necessary ingredients of a democratic
society.

(ii) Caste inequalities. Democracy in India have strengthened the claims of the
disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity.

(iii)Public expression of dissatisfaction. A public expression of dissatisfaction with

democracy shows the success of the democratic project : it transforms people from the
status of a ‘subject’ to that of a ‘citizen’. Public expression shows that people are aware
and have the ability to look critically at the powerholders.

Q.1. Look at the two images given below and then answer the questions.

Refer to the NCERT Text book image given on Page .No.97 : Ref: Greeting and
Enemies

(i) What are the two images depicting about democratic politics?
(ii) Take one example for each image and then write a paragraph each on the outcome of
democratic politics in both situations.

Ans.

(i)
Image 1 is of a harmonious type irrespective of differences among citizens on the basis
of their colour, or any other social differences.

Image 2 is of a divisive society where there are divisions which can lead to conflicts, and
even civil war.

(ii) The first example we can take up is of Belgium where Dutch-speaking and
Frenchspeaking people have learnt to share power and live amicably. Here perfect
equality is maintained and there is no conflict. No group is allowed to dominate in any
way, eitherm in politics or in social and cultural life.

The second example is of Sri Lanka where a civil war continued for decades. The
Sinhalese majority has made Buddhism the state religion and Sinhala the state language,
and has given no rights to the Tamil minority. Ireland suffered for many years with
religious conflict. Only an agreement in 2005 brought peace for the nation.

Q.3. Discuss some merits and demerits of democracy in the light of your study of the
chapter.

Ans. Merits :

(i) Promotes equality among citizens

(ii) Enhances the dignity of the individual
(iii) Improves the quality of decision making
(iv) Provides a method to resolve conflicts
(v) Allows room to correct mistakes

Demerits :

(i) Takes more time to follow procedures before arriving at a decision as compared to a
nondemocratic government.

(ii) Most democracies fall short of elections that provide a fair chance to everyone and in
putting every decision to public debate.

(iii) Democratic governments do not have a very good record when it comes to sharing
information with citizens.
(iv) Democracies often frustrate the needs of the people and often ignore the demands of
a majority of its population.

Short Answer Questions

Q.1. Modern democracies maintain a check and balance system. Identify the correct
option based on the horizontal power sharing arrangement.

(a) Central government, state government, and local bodies.

(b) Legislature, executive, and judiciary.
(c) Among different social groups.
(d) Among different pressure groups. [CBSE 2020]

Correct Answer is Option (b)

Horizontal power sharing: Legislature, executive, and judiciary.

Q.2. “Democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic

inequalities.” Justify the statement. [CBSE 2019, 32/2/3]

It is true. The following points justify that:

A small number of the ultra-rich enjoy a disproportionate share of wealth and income.
The wealth and means are accumulated in the hands of a few people and along with that,
their share in the total income of the country has been increasing.

Those at the bottom of society have very little to depend upon.

Sometimes, they find it difficult to meet their basic needs of life, such as food, clothing,
housing, education and health. Moreover, their incomes have been declining as well.

The deprived people are a large ratio of voters and no party will like to lose their votes
In actual life, democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic
inequalities.

Q.3. Describe any five outcomes of democracy. [CBSE Delhi 2019 32/1/32]
The first step towards evaluating the outcome of democracy is to recognize that
democracy is just a form of government. It means democracy provides an opportunity
and it is the citizens who can take advantage of it.

The most basic outcome of democracy is that it is accountable to citizens and

responsive to their needs and expectations.

Another outcome of democracy is that it is a legitimate government. It means all

decisions are taken as per the constitution only.

Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation, though it results in

delays. It ensures that decision making is based on norms and procedures and allows
transparency. Develops mechanisms for citizens to hold the government accountable.

Set up the following practices and institutions: regular, free and fair elections; open
public debate on major policies and legislations; and citizens’ right to information about
the government and its functioning.

Democracies are expected to reduce economic disparities, more than provide for
development. Democracies are based on political equality where all individuals have
equal weight in electing representatives.

Q.4. Why is there overwhelming support for democracy all over the world? Explain one
reason. [CBSE (AI) 2017]

It is because democracy is an accountable, responsive and legitimate government. The

most basic outcome of democracy should be that it produces a government that is
accountable to the citizens, and responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens.

Democracy ensures that decision making will be based on norms and procedures and a
citizen who wants to know if a decision was taken through the correct procedures can
find this out.

The actual performance of democracies shows that democracies have had greater
success in setting up regular and free elections and in setting up conditions for open
public debate.

Q.5. On the basis of which values will it be a fair expectation that democracy should
produce a harmonious social life? Explain. [CBSE (AI) 2017]

The values that are associated with democracy producing a harmonious social life are;

Equality among all human beings.

Respect for individual freedom.
Democracies accommodate various social divisions.

Democracies reduce the possibility of tensions becoming explosive or violent.

Ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts.

Q.6. How can you say that democracy is better than dictatorship?
OR
Which values make democracy better than any other form of government? Explain.
[CBSE (F) 2017]
OR
Analyse any three values that make democracy better. [CBSE Delhi 2017]

Democracy promotes equality among citizens as it is the people’s own government.

It enhances the dignity of the individual.

It also improves the quality of decision-making.

It provides methods to resolve conflicts if any.

Only democracy allows room to correct mistakes.

It is a legitimate government.
Gives equal status and respect to women and weaker sections.
It promotes transparency.

Values of social justice, equality, fraternity.

It gives importance to public opinion.

It provides rights to people.

It gives the feeling of collective belonging.

It encompasses the feeling of integrity secularism and tolerance.

It inculcates the feeling of integrity and dutifulness.

It may be slow, less efficient, not always very responsive or clean. A democratic
government is the people’s own government.
There is overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world—in countries
with democratic regimes as well as non-democratic regimes.

Q.7. “Democracy is accountable and responsive to the needs and expectations of the
citizens.” Evaluate the statement. [CBSE (Comptt) 2017]
OR
“Democratic government is known as responsive government.” Assess the statement.
[CBSE (Comptt) 2017]

Democracy is accountable and responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens

The most basic outcome of democracy is that it produces a government that is

accountable to the citizens, and responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens.

Economic growth and development -level of economic development is slow because of

delays in decision making.

Accommodation of social diversity - the majority should work with the minority.

Dignity and freedom of citizens-every individual want to receive respect from fellow
beings. Equality for women.

Q.8. How does democracy stand better than any other form of government in promoting
the dignity and freedom of the citizens? Explain with examples. [CBSE (Comptt) 2017]

Democracy stands better than any other form of government in promoting the dignity
and freedom of citizens:

Respect and Freedom: The passion for respect and freedom is the basis of democracy
which is recognized throughout the world in principle.

Dignity of women: Democracy provides dignity to women by giving them the freedom to
fight for their rights.

Right to equality: equal status and equal opportunity have a legal sanction in democracy.

Individual freedom: In a democracy, every individual has the freedom to pursue his goal.

Q.9. “Democratic government is legitimate government”? Support the statement with

arguments. [CBSE Delhi 2016]
OR
How is a "democratic government" a "legitimate government"? Explain with examples.
[CBSE Delhi 2017]
Democratic government is a legitimate government: It may be slow, less efficient, not
always very responsive or clean. But a democratic government is peoples’ own
government. That is why there is overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all
over the world. People wished to be ruled by representatives elected by them. They also
believe that democracy is suitable for their country. Democracy’s ability to generate its
own support is itself an outcome that cannot be ignored.

Democratic Government is known as legitimate government:

Democracy produces a government that follows and is accountable to the people.

It provides a mechanism for citizens to hold the government accountable and allows
citizens to take part in decision making whenever they think fit.
If you wanted to measure democracies on the basis of this expected outcome you would
look for the following practices and institutions regular free and fair election, open public
debate on major policies.

Q.10. Democracy accommodates social diversities. Support the statement with

examples. [CBSE (AI) 2016]
OR
How is social diversity accommodated in democracy? Explain with examples. [CBSE (Al)
2017]

“Democracy accommodates social diversities”.

Democracy develops a mechanism which successfully negotiates difference among the
ethnic population.

Democracies develop a procedure to conduct their competition. This reduces the

possibility of these tensions becoming explosive or violent.

No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups. But we
can certainly learn to respect these differences and can evolve a mechanism to negotiate
these differences.

The ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts is thus a definite plus
point of democratic regimes.

Democracy accommodates social diversity as it allows for equality, fair representation to

all irrespective of their caste, creed, colour, race, religion, language or place of
residence.

Democracy also ensures that the government should not be made by the majority but it
should have the representation of minorities as well.
For example: Belgium has successfully negotiated differences among the ethnic
population. This reduces the possibility of tensions.

Q.11. Explain any one difference between a pressure group and a political party. [CASE
(AI) 2017]

One difference between a pressure group and a political party is that political parties
contest elections and hold power in the government while pressure groups attempt to
influence government policies.

Q.12. Explain the meaning of transparency in democracy. [CBSE (AI) 2017]

In a democracy, decision making is based on norms and procedures. A citizen has the
right and the means to examine the process of decision making. This is known as
transparency.

Q.13. Suggest some broad guidelines that can be kept in mind while devising ways and
means for political reforms in India. [C-BST Sample Paper 2016]

Some important political reforms should be done for improving democracy in India.
These are:

A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties. Political parties
should maintain a register of its members, to hold open elections, to follow its own
Constitution, etc.

Political parties can be monitored by ordinary citizens, pressure groups, media, etc.
Pressure on political parties can be done through petitions, publicity and agitation.

The quality of democracy depends on the degree of public participation. It is difficult to

reform politics if ordinary citizens do not directly participate in politics and simply
criticize it from outside.

Thus, the participation of common people in politics is necessary for democracy.

Q.14. “Democratic governments in practice are known as accountable.” Support the

statement with arguments. [CBSE (F) 2016]

Democratic governments in practice are accountable:

It is right to expect democracy to produce a government that follows procedures and is
accountable to the people.

It is also expected that the democratic government develops mechanisms for citizens to
take part in decision making whenever they think it is fit.

The democratic government is accountable to the people. If it ignores the will of the
people, they will not elect their ruler in the next general election.

The procedures and decision-making process should be transparent for democratic

government to be accountable to the people.

Previous Year Questions

Long Answer Questions

Q.1. 'A democratic system is better than any other form of government.’ Support the
statement with examples. [CBSE 2020, CBSE Delhi 2016]

Democracy is undoubtedly better than other forms of government. We can give the
following arguments in its favour:

(i) Democracy improves the quality of decision making:

Democracy is based on consultation and discussion. A democratic decision always
involves many people, discussions, and meetings. When a number of people put their
heads together, they are able to point out possible mistakes in any decision. This takes
time, but there is a big advantage in taking time over important decisions. This reduces
the chances of rash or irresponsible decisions.

(ii) Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts:

In any society, people are bound to have differences in opinions and interests. These
differences are particularly sharp in a country like ours, which has an amazing social
diversity. People belong to different regions, speak different languages, practice different
religions, and have different castes. They look at the world differently and have different
preferences. The preferences of one group can clash with those of other groups. This
conflict can be solved peacefully in a democratic set-up. In a democracy, no one is a
permanent winner, and no one is a permanent loser. Different groups can live with one
another peacefully.

(iii) Democracy enhances the dignity of citizens:

Democracy is based on the principle of political equality, on recognizing that the poorest
and the least educated have the same status as the rich and the educated. People are not
subjects of a ruler, they are the rulers themselves.

(iv) Democracy allows us to correct our own mistakes:

Another advantage in a democracy is that if mistakes are made, they cannot be hidden
for long. There is a space for public discussion on these mistakes. And there is a room
for correction. Either the rulers have to change their decisions, or the rules can be
changed. This cannot happen in a non-democratic government.

(v) Democracy is more accountable form of government:

Democracy responds to the needs of the people. A non-democratic government may and
can respond to the people's needs, but it all depends on the wishes of the people who
rule. A democracy requires that the rulers have to attend to the needs of the people.

Q.2. How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate

government? Discuss by giving five reasons. [CBSE Sample Paper 2016 ]
OR

Describe the importance of democratic government as an accountable and legitimate

government. [CBSE Delhi 2019,32/1/1]

Government is accountable to citizens: In a democracy, people have the right to elect

their rulers and participate in decision making that affects them all. The government thus
is accountable to the citizens and responsive to their needs and expectations.
Effective Decision Making: Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and
negotiation, though it results in delays. It ensures that decision making is based on
norms and procedures and allows transparency.

Develops mechanisms for citizens to hold the government accountable.

Set up the practices and institutions: Regular, free and fair elections; open public debate
on major policies and legislations; and citizens’ right to information about the
government and its functioning.

Pays attention to the needs of citizens: It may be reasonable to expect from democracy a
government that is attentive to the needs and demands of the people and is largely free
of corruption.

Though the record of democracies is rioting impressive on these two counts.

Democratic government is a legitimate government. It may be slow, less efficient, not
always very responsive or clean, but is people’s own government. People wish to be
ruled by representatives clicked by them.

Q.3. How are democratic governments better than the other forms of governments?
Justify the statement. Delhi 2016, 2019 32/1/3, 32/2/3]

Democracy is a better form of government when compared with dictatorship or any other
alternative form of government because:

Democratic governments have formal constitute, while not in other forms of government.
They hold regular elections, while not in other forms of government.
They have political parties, unlike other forms of government.
Democracy guarantee the rights of citizens.
Democratic governments allow room to correct misses, while not in the other forms of
government.
Such government accommodates social diversities, that is not in other forms of
government.
Promotes equality among citizens.
Enhances the dignity of the individual.
Improves the quality of decision making.
Provides a method to resolve conflicts.

Q.4. Complaints are treated as a testimony to the success of democracy.” Justify the
statement. [CBSE 2017-18C]

Complaints are treated as a testimony to the success of democracy as they highlight the
awareness of people and their expectations from the system that has been put in place.

In a democracy, the scrutiny is ongoing. As democracy passes over one test, it produces
another test. As people get some benefits of democracy, they ask for more and want to
make democracy even better.

People always come up with more expectations and complaints.

A public expression of dissatisfaction with democracy shows the success of the

democratic project. It transforms people from the status of a subject into that of a citizen.

Most individuals today believe that their vote makes a difference to the way the
government is run and to their own self-interest.

Q.5. Describe any five characteristics of democracy. [CBSE (Al) 2017]

Democracy is a better form of government than any other form of government:

Democracy promotes equality among citizens: In democracies, every citizen vote has the
same value irrespective of gender, caste, religion, or race. This ensures political equality
among its citizens.

Democracy enhances the dignity of the individual: Democracy is based on the the
principle of political equality, on recognizing that the poorest and the least educated has
the same status as the rich and the educated.

Democracy improves the quality of decision making: Democracy is based on

consultation and discussion. A democratic decision always involves many persons,
discussions and meeting. When a number of people put their heads together, they are
able to point out possible mistakes in any decision. Even though this takes time but
taking time over important decisions is a must
Provides a method to resolve conflicts: Democracy provides a method to deal with
differences and conflicts as different people have different opinions and interests.
However, there are free and fair elections. In a democracy, no one is a permanent loser or
a permanent winner. Different groups can live with one another in harmony and peace.

Accountable, responsive and legitimate government: In a democracy, the Government is

always held accountable. If any of the policies, and laws are not implemented properly,
then the citizens have the right to vote them out in the next elections.

Moreover, in a democracy, citizens can approach the Judiciary, if the Government has
taken any actions which are counter productive to the well-being of citizens.

Reduction of inequality and poverty: Governments can intervene to promote equity, and
reduce inequality and poverty, through the tax and benefits system. This means
employing a progressive tax and benefits system which takes proportionately more tax
from those on higher levels of income, and redistributes welfare benefits to those on
lower incomes.

Democracy promotes transparency: Democratic government ensures that the decision-

making process is based on proper norms and procedures. Citizens have the right to
examine the process of decision making. A democratic government develops
mechanisms for the citizens to hold the government accountable and mechanism for
citizens to take part in decision making whenever they think fit.

Q.6. “A democracy must look after the interests of all, not just one section.” Support the
statement with arguments. [CBSE (F) 2017]

Democracy must look after the interest of all because:

Democracy believes in and work for equality.

It has the ability to handle social differences irrespective of religion or race or linguistic
group, etc.

It gives equal treatment to women.

It cares equally for the majority and minority.

Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged.

It tries to provide equal opportunities to minority and depressed classes.

Ordinary citizens value their democratic rights.

Democracy shows that people have developed awareness.

It has the ability to expect and look critically at power holders.

Q.7. “No party system is ideal for all countries and in all situations.” Analyse the
statement. [CBSE (All) 2017, CBSE (F) 2016]

Party system is not something any country can choose:

It evolves over a long time, depending on the nature of society.

It depends on social and regional divisions.

It depends on the history of politics and its system, of elections.

These cannot be changed very quickly.

Each country develops a party system that is conditioned by its special circumstances.

Q.8. “Democracy stands much! superior in promoting dignity and freedom of the
citizens.” Justify the statement. [CBSE Delhi 2017, CBSE (Al) 2016]

“Democracy stands much Superior in promoting dignity and freedom of the citizens”:

Every individual wants to receive respect from fellow beings.

The passion for respect and freedom are the basis of democracy.

Democracies throughout the world have recognized this. It has been achieved in various
degrees in various democracies.
Long struggles by women have got them respect and equal treatment and now accepted
as necessary ingredients of a democratic society.

In many democracies, women were deprived of their right to vote for a long time which
they have achieved new.
In India, 1/3rd of seats have been reserved for women in local bodies.

Democracy has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes
for equal status and equal opportunity.
Legal basis which works on the principle of individual freedom and dignity.

Q.9. Evidence shows that in practice, many democracies did not fulfil the expectation of
producing economic development in the country. Validate the statement with the help of
a relevant example. [CBSE Sample Paper 2016]

If we consider all democracies and all dictatorships for the fifty years between 1950 and
2000, dictatorships have a slightly higher rate of economic growth.
Economic development depends on several factors: country's population size, global
situation, cooperation from other countries, economic priorities adopted by the country,
etc.

However, the difference in the rates of economic development between less developed
countries with dictatorships and democracies is negligible. Overall, it cannot be said that
democracy is a guarantee of economic development But we can expect democracy not to
lag behind dictatorships in this respect.

When such a significant difference in the rates of ectopic growth between countries
under dictatorship and democracy, it is better to prefer democracy as it has several other
positive outcomes.

Q.10. “A public expression of dissatisfaction with democracy shows the success of the
democratic project.” Justify the statement. [CBSE (F) 2016]

“A public expression of dissatisfaction with democracy shows the success of the

democratic project”:

As democracy passes one test, it produces another test. As people get some benefits of
democracy they ask for more and want to make democracy even better.

That is why when we ask people about the way democracy functions, they will always
come up with more expectations, and many complaints.
The fact that people are complaining is itself a testimony to the success of democracy; it
shows that people have developed awareness and the ability to expect and to look
critically at power holders and the high and the mighty.

A public expression of dissatisfaction with democracy shows the success of the

democratic project; it transforms people from the states into citizens.

Most individuals today believe that their vote makes a difference to the way the
government is run and to their own self-interest.

Please read the Chapter 7 NCERT