INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

According to Shrikant, J. Honade (2013), Body mass index (BMI) is a value

derived from the mass (weight) and height of a person. Body mass index is also

the measure of body composition. The BMI is defined as the body mass divided by

the square of the body height, and is universally expressed in units of kg/m2,

resulting from mass in kilograms and height in metres.

The BMI may be determined using a table or chart which displays BMI as a

function of mass and height using contour lines or colours for different BMI

categories, and which may use other units of measurement (converted to metric

units for the calculation).

The BMI is a convenient rule of thumb used to broadly categorize a person

as underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese based on tissue mass (muscle,

fat, and bone) and height. That categorization is the subject of some debate about

where on the BMI scale the dividing lines between categories should be placed.

Commonly accepted BMI ranges are underweight (under 18.5 kg/m2), normal

weight (18.5 to 25), overweight (25 to 30), and obese (over 30).

BMIs under 20.0 and over 25.0 have been associated with higher all-causes

mortality, with the risk increasing with distance from the 20.0–25.0 range.

1
The BMI is generally used as a means of correlation between groups related by

general mass and can serve as a vague means of estimating adiposity. The duality

of the BMI is that, while it is easy to use as a general calculation, it is limited as to

how accurate and pertinent the data obtained from it can be. Generally, the index is

suitable for recognizing trends within sedentary or overweight individuals because

there is a smaller margin of error. The BMI has been used by the WHO as the

standard for recording obesity statistics since the early 1980s Keys et al (2002).

This general correlation is particularly useful for consensus data regarding obesity

or various other conditions because it can be used to build a semi-accurate

representation from which a solution can be stipulated, or the RDA for a group can

be calculated. Similarly, this is becoming more and more pertinent to the growth of

children, due to the fact that the majority of children are sedentary. Cross-sectional

studies indicated that sedentary people can decrease BMI by becoming more

physically active. Smaller effects are seen in prospective cohort studies which lend

to support active mobility as a means to prevent a further increase in BMI. This

study prevents an automated BMI calculator system as a more effective means of

determining BMI of a person.

2
1.2 Statement of Problem

The present system of calculating BMI has a lot of problems which are mentioned

below

 Inaccuracy

 Long time of carrying out calculation

 The system is strenuous and cumbersome

1.3 Aims and Objectives of the study

The aim of this study is to design a computerized system for calculating BMI with

the objectives:

 To provide better services to the public and users.

 To design an application program that can be used by medical firms to

calculate and keep record of their patient BMI

 To provide application program that can be used to generate error free

reports and accurate information.

 To give users an easy and effective means of calculating and keeping track

of their BMI

 To help build a more healthy society

3
1.4 Significance of the Study

The entire relevant stakeholder in the health sector will find this study very useful

as it will give them an opportunity to understand automated BMI calculator

system. The work will serve as a reference material for future researchers.

The study will help management to keep track of their patience BMI in order to

ensure proper monitoring

1.5 Scope of the Study

This study is strived at finding out how effective an automated system for

calculating BMI will improve the health of the population.

However, the research project is limited to BMI calculation.

1.6 Definition of Terms

BMI is a person's weight in kilograms (kg) divided by his or her height in meters
squared. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) now defines normal weight,
overweight, and obesity according to BMI rather than the traditional height/weight
charts

Calculator-something used for making mathematical calculations, in particular a

Health-the state of being free from illness or injury

Automation-the use or introduction of automatic equipment in a manufacturing or

4
Computer: - An electronic device that can accept information/data inform of

input, process the data/information in order to produce output and has the ability to

the information for future use.

Software: - This is a logically written program that hardware uses to perform its

operation.

System: - Is the collection of hardware, software, data information, procedures and

people.

5
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Body mass index (BMI) is a value derived from the mass (weight) and height of a

person. Adolphe Quetelet, a Belgian astronomer, mathematician, statistician, and

sociologist, devised the basis of the BMI between 1830 and 1850 as he developed

what he called "social physics". The modern term "body mass index" (BMI) for the

ratio of human body weight to squared height was coined in a paper published in

the July 1972 edition of the Journal of Chronic Diseases by Ancel Keys and others.

In this paper, Keys argued that what he termed the BMI was "...if not fully

satisfactory, at least as good as any other relative weight index as an indicator of

relative obesity".

The interest in an index that =measures body fat came with observed increasing

obesity in prosperous Western societies. Keys explicitly judged BMI as appropriate

for population studies and inappropriate for individual evaluation. Nevertheless,

due to its simplicity, it has come to be widely used for preliminary

diagnoses. Additional metrics, such as waist circumference, can be more useful.

The BMI is universally expressed in kg/m2, resulting from mass in kilograms and

height in metres. If pounds and inches are used, a conversion factor of

6
703 (kg/m2)/(lb/in2) must be applied. When the term BMI is used informally, the

units are usually omitted.

BMI provides a simple numeric measure of a person's thickness or thinness,

allowing health professionals to discuss weight problems more objectively with

their patients. BMI was designed to be used as a simple means of classifying

average sedentary (physically inactive) populations, with an average body

composition. For such individuals, the value recommendations as of 2014 are as

follows: a BMI from 18.5 up to 25 kg/m2 may indicate optimal weight, a BMI

lower than 18.5 suggests the person is underweight, a number from 25 up to 30

may indicate the person is overweight, and a number from 30 upwards suggests the

person is obese. Lean male athletes often have a high muscle-to-fat ratio and

therefore a BMI that is misleadingly high relative to their body-fat percentage.

2.2 Scalability of BMI

BMI is proportional to the mass and inversely proportional to the square of the

height. So, if all body dimensions double, and mass scales naturally with the cube

of the height, then BMI doubles instead of remaining the same. This results in

taller people having a reported BMI that is uncharacteristically high, compared to

their actual body fat levels. In comparison, the Ponderal index is based on the

natural scaling of mass with the third power of the height.

7
However, many taller people are not just "scaled up" short people but tend to have

narrower frames in proportion to their height. Carl Lavie has written that, "The

B.M.I. tables are excellent for identifying obesity and body fat in large

populations, but they are far less reliable for determining fatness in individuals."

2.3 Categories
A common use of the BMI is to assess how far an individual's body weight departs

from what is normal or desirable for a person's height. The weight excess or

deficiency may, in part, be accounted for by body fat (adipose tissue) although

other factors such as muscularity also affect BMI significantly.

The WHO (World Health Organisation) regards a BMI of less than 18.5 as

underweight and may indicate malnutrition, an eating disorder, or other health

problems, while a BMI equal to or greater than 25 is considered overweight and

above 30 is considered obese. These ranges of BMI values are valid only as

statistical categories.

2.3 Applications OF The body Mass Index (BMI)

general mass and can serve as a vague means of estimating adiposity. The duality

of the BMI is that, while it is easy to use as a general calculation, it is limited as to

how accurate and pertinent the data obtained from it can be. Generally, the index is

8
suitable for recognizing trends within sedentary or overweight individuals because

there is a smaller margin of error. The BMI has been used by the WHO as the

standard for recording obesity statistics since the early 1980s.

This general correlation is particularly useful for consensus data regarding obesity

or various other conditions because it can be used to build a semi-accurate

representation from which a solution can be stipulated, or the RDA for a group can

be calculated. Similarly, this is becoming more and more pertinent to the growth of

children, due to the fact that the majority of children are sedentary. [32] Cross-

sectional studies indicated that sedentary people can decrease BMI by becoming

more physically active. Smaller effects are seen in prospective cohort studies

which lend to support active mobility as a means to prevent a further increase in

BMI.[33]

2. Clinical practice

BMI categories are generally regarded as a satisfactory tool for measuring whether

sedentary individuals are underweight, overweight, or obese with various

exceptions, such as: athletes, children, the elderly, and the infirm. Also, the growth

of a child is documented against a BMI-measured growth chart. Obesity trends can

then be calculated from the difference between the child's BMI and the BMI on the

chart. In the United States, BMI is also used as a measure of underweight, owing to

9
advocacy on behalf of those with eating disorders, such as anorexia

nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

3. Legislation

In France, Italy, and Spain, legislation has been introduced banning the usage of

fashion show models having a BMI below 18. In Israel, a BMI below 18.5 is

banned. This is done to fight anorexia among models and people interested in

fashion.

4. Relationship to health
A study published by Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) in

2005 showed that overweight people had a death rate similar to normal weight

people as defined by BMI, while underweight and obese people had a higher death

rate.

A study published by The Lancet in 2009 involving 900,000 adults showed

that overweight and underweight people both had a mortality rate higher

than normal weight people as defined by BMI. The optimal BMI was found to be

in the range of 22.5–25.

High BMI is associated with type 2 diabetes only in persons with high

serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase.

10
In an analysis of 40 studies involving 250,000 people, patients with coronary artery

disease with normal BMIs were at higher risk of death from cardiovascular disease

than people who’s BMIs put them in the overweight range (BMI 25–29.9).

One study found that BMI had a good general correlation with body fat percentage,

and noted that obesity has overtaken smoking as the world's number one cause of

death. But it also notes that in the study 50% of men and 62% of women were

obese according to body fat defined obesity, while only 21% of men and 31% of

women were obese according to BMI, meaning that BMI was found to

underestimate the number of obese subjects.

A 2010 study that followed 11,000 subjects for up to eight years concluded that

BMI is not a good measure for the risk of heart attack, stroke or death. A better

measure was found to be the waist-to-height ratio.[41] A 2011 study that followed

60,000 participants for up to 13 years found that waist–hip ratio was a better

predictor of ischaemic heart disease mortality.

2.4 The Importance of Knowing Ones’ BMI

It’s a good way to gauge whether your weight is in healthy proportion to your

height. In fact, knowing your BMI can help you determine any health risks you

may face if it’s outside of the healthy range.

Being overweight can lead to a range of chronic conditions including:

11
  Type 2 Diabetes

 High blood pressure

 Heart or blood vessel problems

 Cardiovascular disease

 Musculoskeletal problems

Being underweight can result in other health issues like:

 Risk of malnutrition

 Osteoporosis

 Anaemia

2.5 How to manually calculate your BMI

Simply divide your weight in kilograms by your height in metres squared.

For example, if you weigh 70kg and you are 185cm tall your BMI calculation will

look like this:

2.6 Importance of body mass index calculation in children health

As children grow and their bodies change, it's not always easy for parents to tell if

a child falls within a healthy weight range. Body mass index, or BMI, is a way of

12
describing height and weight in one number that can help tell if

someone's weight is healthy.

The CDC and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend BMI screenings

for all kids ages 2 and older. Here's what you need to know about checking on your

child's BMI and what to do once you know it.

2.7 What Is BMI for Kids?

BMI estimates how much body fat you have. It's based on height and weight. But

for kids, height and weight alone aren't as accurate as they are for adults. Why?

Because kids' body fat percentages change as they grow. Their BMIs vary based on

their age and gender.

That's why when healthcare professionals talk about a child's BMI, you won't

usually hear a plain number, like 25, but rather a percentile, like 75th. They show

how a child's BMI compares to other children of the same age and gender. To

calculate the BMI percentile -- which is also called "BMI for age" --

a healthcare provider or an online tool like WebMD’s FIT Kids BMI Calculator

takes a kid's BMI (along with age and gender) and looks it up on a pediatric growth

curve. This gives the child's BMI percentile.

BMI percentiles are grouped into weight categories:

 Underweight: below the 5th percentile

 Overweight: 85th percentile to the 95th percentile

 Obese: 95th percentile or higher

For example, a 6-year-old boy with a 75th percentile BMI has a higher BMI than

75 out of 100 6-year-old boys. That’s in a healthy weight range.

2.8 Talking With Your Pediatrician About BMI

Many parents assume that if their child had a high BMI, their pediatrician would

tell them. But that's not always the case. Sometimes doctors may not bring up

weight issues with parents. So if you're interested in your child's BMI percentile,

it's best to ask directly.

Some school districts have started to measure all children's BMIs in school. The

school then sends home a report card to alert parents to any weight issues.

Although some parents don't like the idea of schools sending reports of their child's

BMI, experts say that the point is not to embarrass anyone. It's to let parents know

about a health problem with serious consequences.

Studies from the U.K. show that children's BMI report cards can work. One study

found that after getting the report, about 50% of the parents with overweight

children made some healthy changes to their lifestyle.

14
2.9 How Accurate is BMI for Kids?

Experts generally consider BMI for kids to be a good measure of body fat, at least

among heavier children. But in some cases it might be misleading. Athletic kids, in

particular, may fall into the overweight category when they are actually muscular.

Your child's BMI is important, but it is only a piece of the picture. If a BMI percentile

indicates that your child is not within the healthy range, she needs a complete weight

and lifestyle evaluation with a pediatrician.

2.10 Tips for a BMI Percentile in the Healthy Range

Experts recommend that kids of all ages and all weight categories follow these healthy

guidelines to keep weight in check. It's easy to remember them as 5-2-1-0 every day.

 5: Everyone in your family needs five servings of vegetables and fruits. Keep

serving them even if kids don't eat them. If they see a food over and over,

they’re more likely to try it eventually. Give a fruit or vegetable with every

snack or meal.

 2: Limit TV-watching to no more than 2 hours a day. Family members who use

other "screens" -- video games or computers, for instance -- get less TV time.

And kick the TV out of all bedrooms.

 1: Get 1 hour of physical activity. Add up the minutes each family member is

moving -- it should be 60 minutes or more for each person. Start small and

15
 keep adding if necessary. The goal is to have all those minutes be at least

moderate activity, sweating after about 10 minutes.

 0: That's how many sugar-sweetened beverages you should have a day. Juice

drinks such as lemonade and fruit punch, sodas, tea, and coffee can all have

added sugar. Stick to water and reduced-fat milk instead.

16
 CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.1 Introduction

System Analysis is a vital aspect of project development because it gives the

researcher opportunities to understudy the existing system in order to eliminate

problems or constraints militating against the smooth functions of the existing

systems. With this in hand, the design of the new system will be efficient and

effective as applied in this project.

The process of developing the BIM Calculator is not really an easy job as it

requires much effort in the skills of critical and logical reason, problems solving,

research and experience.

It is is an application System that allow individuals to calculate their BIM, to

avoid problem of obesity that is why it is very important to make sure that the

development process is right and always meets the requirement.

3.2 Functional Requirements

The functional requirement of the project is defined under modules.

17
It allow users to login into their portal to view or calculate their BIM. Users are

also give the privilege of viewing their BMI statistics over a period of time.

Medical personnel and firms could also use this system to keep a track on their

patients’ medical condition.

3.3 Information Gathering

In any system analysis, information must be gathered, and this one cannot be an

exception information was gathered through the following methods:

i. Questionnaire

ii. Manual study of a procedure

iii. Interview

iv. Reading of textbooks and published articles and journals, and also

searching the internet. For this particular work.

3.4 The Proposed System

The proposed system is a BMI calculator, which can be used to take users’ body

mass index and monitor users’ BIM over a period of time.

The proposed system is much more accurate than the manual system. The system

provides a reliable indicator of body fatness which in turn is used to screen for

18
weight categories that may lead to health problems. The conventional way of

computing BMI is time consuming and most often results in inaccuracies

3.5 Justification of the Proposed System

This proposed system is capable of calculating and recording users’ BIM

accurately. This will prevent health challenges for users.

The system gives history of users’ BIM over a period of time. This could serve

medical personnel and firms in determining a patient’s health condition and

medical history

3.6 Feasibility Study

Feasibility study is a test of the system according to its workability, impact of the

organization, ability to meet user needs and effective use of the resources. We can

test our system by different type of the feasibilities. There are 5 types of the

feasibilities which are discussed here. These are as follows:

A. Technical Feasibility

A study of resources availability that may affect the ability to achieve an

acceptable system, this evaluation determines whether the technology needed for

the proposed system is available or not. This system can be made in any language

that support good user interface and easy database handling.

19
Technical needs may include:

1. Front-End Selection: Front-End means a language that is used for user interface

designing and coding. Front-End should have the following qualities:

i. It must have an attractive graphical user interface (GUI) that assist users

that doesn’t have IT background or knowledge before.

ii. According to the organisation requirements and culture

iii. Must provide excellent reporting features with good printing support

iv. Platform independent

v. Easy to upgrade, deploy and maintain

2. Back-End Selection: Back-End means a language that is used for the database

management i.e. where all information are kept and interact to the Front-End.

To have an efficient Back-End it should have the following qualities

i. Multiple user support

ii. Provide inherent feature for security

iii. Stored procedures

iv. Popularity

v. Operating System compatible

vi. Easy to install

vii. Efficient data handling

viii. Easy to implement with Front-End

20
According to the above stated features we selected Microsoft Access Database as

Back-End for developing our application. We will use Database specifically

because it has more feature than others, it is easy to use and maintain database

efficiently. It is also easy to implement with other programming language.

Economic Feasibility

Development of this application is highly economically feasible. The only thing

to be done is making an environment with an effective supervision.

It is cost effective in the sense that has eliminated the paper work completely. The

system is also time effective because the calculations are automated.

In this we consider the following costs:

i. The cost to conduct a full system investigation

ii. The cost of hardware and software for class of application being considered

iii. The benefit in the form of the reduced cost. Our system has a lot of features

at a minimum cost so it is feasible to implement and it will be very much

beneficial to the sellers in the reduced cost.

B. Operational Feasibility

21
The system working is quite easy to use and learn due to its simple but attractive

interface. User requires no special training for operating the system. Technical

performance include issues such as determining whether the system can provide

the right information, and whether the system can be organized so that it always

delivers this information at the right place and on time using intranet services.

Acceptance revolves around the current system and its personnel.

In this feasibility we consider following points:

i. What changes will be brought with the system

ii. What new skills will be required?

C. Schedule Feasibility:

Time evaluation is most important consideration in development of the project. So

the project is concerned should be completed with fixed in scheduled time as far as

the organization is concerned. New system is not so much big so it is easy to make

in few days.

D. Behavioural Feasibility:

People are inherently resisted to change and a computer means “change is the only

certainty”. An estimate should be made of how strong a reaction the user in going

to have towards development of new system. Thus special efforts can be made to

educate and enlightened the users.

22
3.4 Software Process Model

To solve an actual problems in an industry, software developer or a team of

developers must integrate with a development strategy that include the process,

methods and tools layer and generic phases. This strategy is often referred to a

process model or a software developing paradigm.

This project follows the waterfall model. This is the most common life cycle

models, also referred to as a linear-sequential life cycle model. It is very simple to

understand and use. In a waterfall model, each phase must be completed before the

next phase can begin. At the end of each phase, there is always a review to

ascertain if the project is in the right direction and whether or not to carry on or

abandon the project. Unlike the general model, phases do not overlap in a waterfall

model.

The steps of waterfall model are:

 Requirement Definition

 System and Software Design

 Implementation

 Integration and System Entrance examination

 Operation and Maintenance

23
WATERFALL LIFE CYCLE

REQUIREMENT

DESIGN

IMPLEMENTATION
AND UNIT TESTING

INTEGRATION AND
SYSTEM TESTING

OPERATION

Figure (3.1): steps for waterfall model

 REQUIREMENT: In this phase (first phase), members of the

development team meet with the client (customer) and members of the client

organisation. Here, the development team aims at determining exactly what

the client’s needs are.

 DESIGN: This phase consists of two steps: architectural and detailed

designs. During the architectural design step, the product is broken down

into modules. During the detailed design, each module in turn is designed.

The function each module is to carry out what is determined, and what

algorithm and data structures are to be used.

24
 IMPLEMENTATION AND UNIT TESTING: At this stage, each module

in turn is coded in the particular programming language specified in the

contract. The coded modules are then tested. While this is being done, if any

design or specification error is detected, the feedback loops are followed and

the fault corrected.

 INTEGRATION AND SYSTEM TESTING: At this stage, the different

modules are brought together (linked) to form a complete system (product).

The source code together with all documentations is now tested. When the

developers are convinced that the software satisfies its specification

document and that all the documentation is correct and complete, the

software product is handed over to the client for acceptance testing.

 OPERATION: Once the client sign off the product, the product is then

installed on the client’s computers and it goes into operation mode.

25
 CHAPTER FOUR

IMPLEMENTATION

4.0 Choice of Programming Language

The Visual Basic language used in designing the program for the system, borders

the best in terms of its availability, easy to understand server side construct,

flexibility and machine independence. The program can run both on web server

where internet information server is installed and offline.

4.1.1 Review of Programming Language Used (Visual Basic 6.0)

Visual Basic is a third-generation event-driven programming

language from Microsoft for its Component Object Model (COM) programming

model first released in 1991 and declared legacy during 2008. Microsoft intended

Visual Basic to be relatively easy to learn and use. Visual Basic was derived

from BASIC and enables the rapid application development (RAD) of graphical

user interface (GUI) applications, access to databases using Data Access

Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and creation

of ActiveX controls and objects.

A programmer can create an application using the components provided by the

Visual Basic program itself. The final release was version 6 in 1998 (now known

simply as Visual Basic). On April 8, 2008, Microsoft stopped supporting Visual

Visual Basic 6.0 applications on Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008 including

R2, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012, Windows

10, Windows Server 2016, and Windows Server 2019 through its "It Just Works"

program. In 2014, some software developers still preferred Visual Basic 6.0 over

its successor, Visual Basic .NET. In 2016, Visual Basic 6.0 won the technical

impact award at The 19th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards. A dialect of Visual

Basic, Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), is used as a macro or scripting

language within several Microsoft applications, including Microsoft Office.

27
4.2 Use – Case Model Diagram
BIM CALCULATOR SYSTEM

LOGIN

ADD NEW ENTRY

BMI CHECK

VIEW REPORT

USER PRINT/CONVERT
TO PDF
USER (MEDICAL
SIGNOUT PERSONNEL)

Figure 4.1: Function of each actor

28
4.3 The Data Flow Diagram

4.3.1 DFD level 0

Figure 4.3.1 –Data Flow Diagram Level 0

4.3.2 DFD level 1:

Figure 4.3.2 – Data Flow Diagram Level 1

4.3.3Users (Medical Firms and personnel)

29
 Figure 4.3.3 – Data Flow Diagram Level 2

4.4 Database Design

In this section, the basic structure of the tables composing the database for the

project are shown along with information about primary and foreign keys.In the

Relational Database model, each of the entities will be transformed into a table.

The tables are shown below along with the attributes.

4.4.1 USERS LOGIN TABLE

S/ NAME TYPE DESCRIPTION

NO

1 user_id Int(11) Primary key of identification

2 Username Varchar(100) Variable data type

3 Password Varchar(100) Variable data type

30
4 Firstname Varchar(100) Variable data type

5 Lastname Varchar(100) Variable data type

Table 4.1: Login table

4.4.3 USER BIM REPORT TABLE

S/ NAME TYPE DESCRIPTION

NO

1 user_log_id Int(11) Primary key for identification

2. Firstname Varchar(20) Variable data type

3 Lastname Varchar(20) Variable data type

4 Date Varchar(20) Variable data type

5 BIM Varchar(100) Variable data type

8 Status Varchar(20) Variable data type

Table 4.3: users BIM record table

4.5 Hardware Requirement

The system functions well with a good computer compatible with a hard disk drive

of 20GB. This is needed to save the program so that it can be made available any

31
time. It requires a visual display unit (VDU) of high resolution and graphic ability

for good display of all outputs.

A functional floppy drive is needed to be used as backup or disk in case the

programs served on hard Fisk is eventually destroyed by a virus. An uninterrupted

power supply (UPS) is needed to sustain power failure for sometimes whenever

PHCN puts of power supply.

4.6 Software Requirement

The software requires the following minimum hardware for its development

and running;

 512MB RAM

 14’ super video graphic adapter monitor (SVGA)

 Required Drivers for Hardware Components

 Window 7, window 8 or 8.1

 Visual Basic Version 6.0.

The integration of every part of this BIM calculator System was then tested to

ensure that the prototype works properly, according to the requirement and basic

concept of the system.

32
The testing was done by a verified person especially the target user in the first

places as to get a verified result. When errors were identified, the correction was

made in any of the phase where necessary. Beside the programming structure, the

interface of the system was also taken into account within the testing phase. This

is to make sure that the system can be easily used and understood by the user.

4.8 Maintenance

From time to time, the prototype will be maintained and followed up to make sure

that it is working properly and the most important thing is that the system will

always be reliable, considering the current situation of the system domain.

There may be some part of the system which may have to be updated from time to

time depending on the changes that may happen especially from the board of

director. Changes may also occur that would require a reformulation of system

specification. Therefore, it is important that an effective maintenance program be

established for the system.

When the package is up and running there is need to ensure that the system will

always run at an optimum and is virtually error free: in the event of breakdown,

there must be some procedure by which recovery can be made with minimal

stress.

33
There are three major types of maintenance; preventive, adaptive and corrective

maintenance, preventive maintenance involves the steps which are applied from

time to time to ensure that there is no breakdown of the system, for instance,

making backup of data in the system. Adaptive maintenance is the continuous

improvement in the code and design of the program to heighten its optimality and

durability. Corrective maintenance involves the troubleshooting of problems

whenever they arise. All maintenance procedures to be found within the

documentation that comes with the package, the purpose of this being to ensure

error free running of the program.

34
4.9 Program Documentation

After the proposed system is designed it is necessary to make some form of

documentation, which will guide the user through the processes of installation,

running and troubleshooting of the software package.

Documentation is imperative in any successful software design project,

considering the fact that most users of the developed software packages are not

computer gurus themselves it is very important that the literature accompanying

such a product is clear, concise, with a straight forward language that is

understandable to the average individual.

The accompanying documentation contains details on the computer requirements

for installation of the package, both hardware and software. It also inform on the

steps by which the package is to be installed as well as the instruction on it is to be

run, its user environment, input and output process, explanation and help

mechanism. The documentation also includes a manual for troubleshooting in

case a problem arises with the use of the package.

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It is advisable to include an appendix containing the codes for the program, so that

in the absence of the original system development (programmer) the software can

be understood and managed by any other computer user.

4.9.1 Input and Output Data Formats

Data and storage is considered to be the heart of any information system. The

computer cannot accept data in human readable form, such as speech or a hand

written document. It is necessary therefore to present data to the computer in a way

which provides easy conversion into its own electronic pulse-based forms. This is

achieved by supplying data using input devices such as a keyboard, which converts

it into machine sensible form and also produces output through monitor and printer

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Input Form

User ID ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Name --------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sex ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Age----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Status -------------------------------------------------------------------------
Height ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mass (weight) ---------------------------------------------------------------

Output Form

User ID ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Name --------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sex ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Age----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Status -------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Height ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mass (weight) ---------------------------------------------------------------

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BMI----------------------------------------------------------------------------

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 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary

The Body Mass Index Calculator System is developed using Visual Basic 6.0

meets the objectives of the system which it has been developed. The system has

reached a steady state where all bugs have been eliminated. The system is operated

at a high level of efficiency and all the teachers and user associated with the system

understands its advantage. The system solves the problem. It was intended to solve

as requirement specification.

5.2 Conclusion

A significant potential benefit of the use of this new implemented system over

traditional method is an accuracy in calculating BMI. With traditional method,

errors are easily prone. Automated BMI Calculator System makes errors

impossible. Medical organisation gains because of the system’s better and faster

means of determining patient BMI.

5.3 Recommendation

The project has a very vast scope in future. The project can be implemented on

intranet in future. Project can be updated in near future as and when requirement

for the same arises, as it is very flexible in terms of expansion. With the proposed

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software of database Space Manager ready and fully functional the client is now

able to manage and hence run the entire work in a much better, accurate and error

free manner.

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