Course Code: 20ME0315 R20
UNIT –II
One Dimensional Steady State Heat Conduction, Extended Surfaces &Transient Heat Conduction
1 The inner surface of a plane brick wall is at 60 ◦C and the outer surface is at 35 ◦C. Calculate the rate
of heat transfer per m2 of surface area of the wall, which is 220 mm thick. Take thermal conductivity
of the brick is 0.51 W/ m ◦C.
2 a) Derive an expression for heat conduction through a composite wall
Course Code: 20ME0315 R20
b) A reactor’s wall, 320 mm thick, is made up of an inner layer of fire brick (k = 0.84W/m 0C) covered
with a layer of insulation (k = 0.16 W/m 0C). The reactor operates at a temperature of 1325 0C and
the ambient temperature is 25 0C. Determine the thickness of fire brick and insulation which gives
minimum heat loss.
Course Code: 20ME0315 R20
3 An exterior wall of a house may be approximated by a 0.1 m layer of common brick (K=0.7 w/m ◦C)
followed by a 0.04 m layer of gypsum plaster (K=0.48 w/m ◦C).What thickness of loosely packed
rock wool insulation (K=0.065 w/m ◦C) should be added to reduce the heat loss trough the wall by 80
percent.
4 a) Obtain the expression of heat conduction through hollow cylinder
Course Code: 20ME0315 R20
b) A spherical shaped vessel of 1.4 m diameter is 90 mm thick. Find the rate of heat leakage, if the
temperature difference between the inner and outer surface is 220 0C. Thermal conductivity of the
material of the sphere is 0.083 W/m 0C.
5 a) Derive the expression for the overall heat transfer coefficient for a composite wall.
Course Code: 20ME0315 R20
b) A cold storage room has walls made up of 220 mm of brick on outside 90 mm of plastic foam and
finally 16 mm of wood on the inside. The outside and inside air temperatures are 25 0C and -3 0C
respectively. If the inside and outside and heat transfer coefficients are 30 and 11 W/m2 0C
Course Code: 20ME0315 R20
respectively the thermal conductivity of brick, plastic foam and wood are 0.99, 0.02 and 0.17 W/m
0
C respectively. Then determine
i. The rate of heat removal by the refrigeration, if the total wall area is 85 m2
ii. The temperature of the inside surface of the brick
6 a) Derive an expression for heat conduction through a plane wall
Course Code: 20ME0315 R20
b) Calculate the critical radius of insulation for asbestos (k = 0.172 W/m K) surrounding a pipe and
Course Code: 20ME0315 R20
exposed to room air at 300 K with h = 2.8 W/m K. Calculate the heat loss from a 475 K, 60 mm
diameter pipe when covered with the critical radius of insulation and without insulation.
7 a) What is lumped system analysis? Derive the expression for it
Course Code: 20ME0315 R20
b) A 50 cm x 50 cm copper slab 6.25 mm thick has a uniform temperature of 300 0C. Its temperature
is suddenly lowered to 36 0C. Calculate the time required for the plate to reach the temperature of
108 . Take ρ = 9000 kg/m3, c = 0.38 kJ/kg 0C, k = 370 W/m 0C and h = 90 W/m2 0C
Course Code: 20ME0315 R20
8 a) Write short note on transient heat conduction
During any period in which temperatures changes in time at any place within an object, the mode of
thermal energy flow is termed transient conduction. Another term is "non-steady-state" conduction,
referring to time-dependence of temperature fields in an object. Non-steady-state situations appear
after an imposed change in temperature at a boundary of an object. They may also occur with
temperature changes inside an object, as a result of a new source or sink of heat suddenly introduced
within an object, causing temperatures near the source or sink to change in time.
When a new perturbation of temperature of this type happens, temperatures within the system change
in time toward a new equilibrium with the new conditions, provided that these do not change. After
equilibrium, heat flow into the system once again equals the heat flow out, and temperatures at each
point inside the system no longer change. Once this happens, transient conduction is ended, although
steady-state conduction may continue if heat flow continues.
If changes in external temperatures or internal heat generation changes are too rapid for the
equilibrium of temperatures in space to take place, then the system never reaches a state of
unchanging temperature distribution in time, and the system remains in a transient state.
An example of a new source of heat "turning on" within an object, causing transient conduction, is an
engine starting in an automobile. In this case, the transient thermal conduction phase for the entire
machine is over, and the steady-state phase appears, as soon as the engine reaches steady-state
operating temperature. In this state of steady-state equilibrium, temperatures vary greatly from the
engine cylinders to other parts of the automobile, but at no point in space within the automobile does
temperature increase or decrease. After establishing this state, the transient conduction phase of heat
transfer is over.
b) A steel ingot (large in size) heated uniformly to 745 0C is hardened by quenching it in an oil bath
maintained at 20 0C. Determine the length of time required for the temperature to reach 595 0C at a
depth of 12 mm. The ingot may be approximated as a flat plate. For steel ingot take α(thermal
diffusivity) = 1.2x10-5 m2/s.
9 a) Sketch various types of fins. Give examples of use of fins in various engineering applications
In many engineering situation, means are often sought to improve heat dissipation from a surface to its
surrounding . Whenever the available surface is found inadequate transfer the required quantity of
heat with available temperature drop and convective heat transfer coefficient, extended surfaces or
fins are used.
Course Code: 20ME0315 R20
• In many engineering application, large quantities of heat have to be dissipated from small
areas.
• The fins increases the effective area of the surface thereby increasing the heat transfer by
convection.
• In other words, the shape of fins must be optimized such that the heat transfer density is
maximized when the space and the materials used for the finned surfaces are constraints.
• By increasing the surface area in contact with air or providing fins.
• By increasing the heat transfer coefficient for the surface.
• By increasing the temp of the hot surface or by increasing the temperature difference between
hot and cold bodies.
• The fins are designed and manufactured in many shapes and forms.
• They manufactured in different geometries, depending upon the practical applications.
• The ribs attached along the length of a tubes are called longitudinal fins.
• The concentric annular disc around a tube are termed as circular or annular fins
• Pin fins or spines are rods protrading from a surface.
Common applications of finned surfaces:
• Cooling of electronics components
• Condensers and economizers of thermal power plants
• Dry type cooling towers
• Air cooled cylinders of compressors, IC engines
• Evaporators and condensers of refrigeration and air conditioning system.
• Electric motor and transformers,
b) Calculate the amount of energy required to solder together two very long pieces of bare copper wire
1.5 mm diameter with solder that melts at 190 0C. The wires are positioned vertically in air at 20 0C.
Assume that the heat transfer coefficient on the wire surface is 20 W/m 2 0C and thermal
conductivity of wire alloy is 330 W/m 0C
Course Code: 20ME0315 R20
10 a) Explain the fin effectiveness and fin efficiency
Course Code: 20ME0315 R20
b) A longitudinal copper fin (k = 380 W/m 0C) 600 mm long and 5 mm diameter is exposed to air
stream at 20 0C. The convective heat transfer coefficient is 20 W/ m 2 0C. If the fin base temperature
is 150 0C, determine
i. The heat transferred, and
ii. The efficiency of the fin
