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Cross Sectional Elements PDF

Highway cross sections include elements like the carriageway, shoulders, medians, and kerbs. The carriageway typically has a camber or cross-slope to drain water off the road surface. Common camber profiles are parabolic or straight slopes between 1.7-2%. Kerbs indicate boundaries between lanes and shoulders. Travel lanes are the portions for vehicle travel, typically 9-12 feet wide. Shoulders provide recovery areas and support for pavement. Medians separate opposing traffic on divided highways.

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267 views23 pages

Cross Sectional Elements PDF

Highway cross sections include elements like the carriageway, shoulders, medians, and kerbs. The carriageway typically has a camber or cross-slope to drain water off the road surface. Common camber profiles are parabolic or straight slopes between 1.7-2%. Kerbs indicate boundaries between lanes and shoulders. Travel lanes are the portions for vehicle travel, typically 9-12 feet wide. Shoulders provide recovery areas and support for pavement. Medians separate opposing traffic on divided highways.

Uploaded by

muzamil
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Highway cross section elements

Highway cross section elements

1. Cross slope or camber


2. Kerbs
3. Carriage way/Travelled way
4. Right of ways
Camber (Side Slope)

 Camber or cant or cross slope is the cross slope provided to


raise middle of the road surface in the transverse direction to
drain off rain water from road surface

 The common types of camber are parabolic, straight, or


combination of them
Camber (Side Slope)

◉ Usually camber is provided on straight roads by raising the centre of the


carriage way with respect to the edges, forming a crown (or) highest
point on the center line.
 The rate of camber (or) cross slope is usually represented by 1 in n which
means that the transverse slope is in ratio 1 vertical to n horizontal.
 A flat camber of 1.7% to 2% is sufficient on relatively impervious
pavement surface like cement concrete (or) bituminous concrete.

 Too steep cross slope is not desirable, because it will cause discomfort
to the driver.
Camber (Side Slope)
Camber(Side Slope)
The objectives of providing camber are:

◉ Surface protection especially for gravel and bituminous roads


◉ Sub-grade protection by proper drainage
◉ Quick drying of pavement which in turn increases safety
Cross slope on divided highways

◉ The cross slope shall be uniform across the pavement section, from the
high point to the edge of line.

◉ On divided highways, each one-way pavement may be crowded


separately, on two-lane highways, or

◉ It may have a unidirectional slope cross the entire width of pavement,


which is almost downward to the outer edge.
Roadways that slope in only one direction

◉ Roadways that slope in only one direction, are more comfortable to drivers
because vehicles tend to be pulled in the same direction when changing
lanes.

◉ Roadways having a unidirectional slope may Drain away from or Toward


the median

◉ Drainage away from the median may affect a savings in drainage


structures
Roadways that slope in only one direction

◉ Advantage of drainage toward the median are an economical drainage


system, in that all surface runoff is collected into a single conduit.

◉ A major disadvantage of this section is that all the pavement drainage


must pass over the inner, higher speed lanes.
Kerbs

Kerbs indicate the boundary


between the carriage way and the
shoulder or islands or footpaths.

Different types of kerbs are shown


in the figure below.
Cross section elements(with travel lane,
shoulders, medians)
◉ Cross section elements are part of highway engineering, motorways
and all other types of roads

◉ It consists of :
◉ Travel lane
◉ Shoulders
◉ Medians
Travel lane:

◉ The portion of road on which vehicle can travel from one destination to an
other is called travel lane.

◉ Width of travel lane vary from 9 to 12 ft.

◉ In two-lane two-way road, 10 to 11ft road width may be used .


Travel lane
Shoulders:

The shoulders of pavement cross section is always contiguous with


travel lane so as to provide an area along the highway for vehicle to
stop where necessary.
Functions:

1. It should be used for bicycles as travel lane.


2. It can be used as recovery area.
3. It provides stopping area in emergency.
4. It provides path for pedestrians.
5. It provides lateral support to pavement structures.
Width of shoulders:

1. 2 ft on minor roads
2. 12 ft on major arterials
3. 4 ft when pedestrian & bicyclists are permitted
4. Usable shoulder width on heavy traffic highway is 10 ft.

Slope of shoulders:
1. 2 to 6% for bituminous & concrete surface shoulders.
2. 4 to 6% for gravel or crushed rock shoulders.
Median:
1. A section of a divided highway that separates lane in opposite
direction.
2. The width of median is distance between the edge of inside lane
including median shoulders.
Functions:
1. Provides recovery area for out of control vehicles.
2. Separating opposing traffic.
3. Provide stopping area during emergencies.
4. Provide refuge for pedestrians.
5. Reduce effect of head lights glow.
6. Provide temporary lane and cross over during maintenance
operations.
Width of median:
1. Median width vary from 4 to 80 ft depending upon type and operation
of road.
2. For 4-lane urban free way 10 ft
3. For 6 or more lane free way 22 ft
4. For urban collator streets vary from 2 to 40 ft
5. For narrow raised curb area 2 to 6 ft is required
6. For carb section 6 to 40 ft width required
7. The larger width of median is required for curb section because it can
be used for land-slope treatments

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