GRADE 8 HISTORY

Term 1
 Industrial Revolution
UNITS to be covered
• UNIT 1: Changes during the Industrial Revolution in Britain
• UNIT 2: Southern Africa by 1860
• UNIT 3: Diamond mining in Kimberley 1867

ASSESSMENT: Control Test

• SECTION A - Source-Based: 30 marks
• SECTION B - Essay: 20 marks
Definitions of Industrial Revolution and Industrialization

• Industrial Revolution: a period of increased output of goods made by machines

and new inventions; a series of dramatic changes in the way work was done

• Industrialization: the process of developing machine production of goods that

led to a better quality of life for people and also caused immense suffering
UNIT 1: Changes during the Industrial Revolution in Britain
• Life in England Before the Industrial Revolution?

• 8 out of 10 worked in countryside

• Subsistence farming (what is this?)

• Cottage industries -factories rarely employed more than 50 people

• Handmade –buttons, needles, cloth, bricks, pottery, bread etc.

• Developing towns –Liverpool,

• Birmingham, Glasgow, Welsh

Enclosure Movement:
•Wealthy landlords fenced in common pastures and experimented with new farming technology
•Villages lost common lands and political power, peasants became poorer
Crop Rotation:
•Fields depleted of nutrients by one crop replenished by planting different crops
•Fields not left inefficiently fallow.
Other Discoveries:
• Seed drill planted seeds efficiently
•New crops: Corn and potato
•This new animal feed produced larger quantities of better tasting meat and milk.
Results of the Agricultural Revolution:
•More food available
•Population increased
The First Seed Drill
Merchant’s Role in Cottage Industry:

•Supplied materials- wool and cotton- to cottages to be carded and spun

•Took supplies from spinning cottage to weaving cottage to dying cottage to sell finished cloth

•Merchants sell product for mote than material and labor costs= profit +larger investment= higher profit.

Capitalism:

•An economic system based on private ownership, free competition, and profit

•Cottage industry is an example of early capitalism.

Effects of the Cottage Industry:

•Big profits for new class of merchants

•Alternative source of income for peasants

Shift from Cottage Industry to Factory Work

Illustration of scavengers and piecers at work

Additional Machines
Horse-drawn cultivator – Jethro Tull
Cast-iron plow (1797) – American Charles Newbold
Reaper – Englishman Joseph Boyce (1799) and American Cyrus McCormic (1834)
Self-cleaning steel plow – John Deere(1837)
Thresher – separated grain from stalk
Harvester – cut and bind grain
Combine - cut, thresh, and sack grain
Tractor – pulled equipment through the field
Corn planter
Potato digger
Electric milker
Cotton picker
 SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALISM
Nation Arrival Impact
Great The Industrial Revolution -Great Britain became an industrial powerhouse in the 18th century, which
Britain (aka began here because of the kept them in the lead for world power.
England) availability of natural -Though Britain tried to keep a monopoly on industry, inventors and
resources, cheap labor, and innovators took their ideas elsewhere...where they sold their ideas for
markets for selling goods. money

United Samuel Slater slipped out of -In 1814 Lowell opened a textile mill in Massachusetts
States Britain in 1789. He took his -The factory system spread to New England
knowledge of spinning to -The North industrialized; the South relied on cotton sales to mills in
Rhode Island. New England and Great Britain.
Germany Germans bought British -In 1839 Germany used British capital ($) to build its 1st major railroad.
machines in the early 1800s -Coal, iron, and textile industries emerged in the mid-1800s
-By 1870 Germany, Great Britain, and the US were the world’s 3 most
industrialized nations
Japan Commodore Matthew Perry -Late 1800s, Meiji leaders pushed for industrialization
arrived in 1853 with a fleet of -Japan built its first railroad in 1872
steam-powered warships, By 1914, Japan was one of the world’s leading industrial powers.
Results of the Industrial Revolution
• Expansion of world trade
• Factory system
Economic • Mass production of goods
Changes •
•
Industrial capitalism
Increased standard of living
• Unemployment

• Decline of landed aristocracy

Political • Growth and expansion of democracy
• Increased government involvement in society
Changes • Increased power of industrialized nations
• Nationalism and imperialism stimulated
• Rise to power of business people

• Development and growth of cities

• Improved status and earning power of women
Social • Increase in leisure time
• Population increases
Changes • Problems – economic insecurity, increased deadliness of war, urban slums, etc.
• Science and research stimulated
The Industrial Revolution
Economic Effects Social Effects Political Effects
• New inventions and • Long hours worked • Child labor laws to
development of by children in end abuses
factories factories
• Reformers urging
• Rapidly growing • Increase in
equal distribution of
industry in the 1800s population of cities
wealth (i.e. Karl Marx)
• Increased production • Poor city planning
• Loss of family • Trade unions
and higher demand for
raw materials stability • Social reform
• Growth of worldwide • Expansion of middle movements, such as
class utilitarianism,
trade
• Harsh conditions for utopianism, socialism,
• Population explosion laborers and Marxism
and a large labor force
• Workers’ progress • Reform bills in
• Exploitation of mineral vs. laissez-faire Parliament
resources economic attitudes
• Highly developed • Improved standard of
banking and investment living
system • Creation of new jobs
• Advances in • Encouragement of
transportation, technological
agriculture, and progress
communication
 Industrialization Changes Life
• Industrialization had positive and negative effects on the
lives of Britain’s citizens
• Positive Effects-
• Most peoples quality of life improved
• There was a plentiful supply of jobs
• Negative Effects-
• Change to machine production initially caused human suffering
• Working conditions were often unhealthy
• Rising class tensions
Industrialization Changes Life
• Urbanization- The
building of new cities
and the movement of
people to these cities
• Between 1800 and 1850
the number of cities with
more than 100,000
inhabitants grew from 22
to 47,
Industrialization Changes Life
• Living Conditions-
• Due to the rapid growth of
English cities they had several
problems
• No development plan
• No sanitary codes
• No building codes
• They also lacked adequate
• Education
• Housing
• Police Protection
Industrialization Changes Life
• Typical living conditions-
• People lived in dark, dirty
houses, with one family in a
room
• Diseases like cholera was
common due to poor removal
of excrement
• A British study estimated a life
span of factory workers to be
17 years compared to 38 years
for those living in rural areas
Industrialization Changes Life
• Working Conditions-
• In order to be a productive as possible
companies often had their employees
work 14 hour shifts, 6 days a week
• Other Issues-
• Dark and dirty factories
• Boilers might explode or limbs could get
caught in machines
• No workman’s comp if you were injured on the
job
• Mines were the most dangerous
• Miners lived 10 years less than anyone else
It was Worse for Women

• Factory owners preferred to higher women because

they thought they would adapt easier to machinery
and were easier to boss around.
• They also could pay women half of what they would
pay men
• Women still had the home life to worry about.
But what about the children?
• First of all, almost none of you would be in this classroom right
now.
• Children started working around 7-8
• They would change spools in textile mills
• Crawl under and repair machines
• Open and close air vents in coal mines
• Haul coal carts
• These children were expected to work the hardest jobs, longest
hours, and therefore toughest days…
• So there was pressure for change.
 RESISTANCE to working conditions
Swing Riots: • Luddites: • GNU:
• Due to enclosure system • Workers made redundant due • High standard of living and
to mechanical frames poor working conditions led
• Paid low wages to trade union being formed.
• High skilled labours replaced
• Faced land with unskilled labourers. • Aim to protect rights
dispossession/greater • Went about destroying • 500 000 members
unemployment machines • Lasted a year
• Destroyed threshing machines • Frame breaking act
• Promise not kept implemented
• Whig government formed • Led to Six Acts legislation

• Reform act implemented

Indentured labour from India
• Indians arrived from 1860 onwards
• Worked on sugar plantations in Natal
• Weekly Wages, returned after contract was completed.

• British traders formed the EAST INDIA COMPANY in 1600 to trade

with India.
• Disorganised kingdoms in India faught amongst one another, British
took advantage
 Textbook page 60 - 65
Unit 2 – Southern Africa

Powerpoint presentation created by:

Mr L Taute
[email protected]
 1. Political settlement in S.A.
• In 1860 the country S.A. did not exist.
• The British had occupied the Cape.
Declared as a British colony.
• In 1853 the Cape Colony extended and
included the Eastern Cape.
• Xhosas, after the cattle killing in 1857
were dispossessed of their land.
• The British also annexed Natal in 1843.
• The Zulu kingdom under King Mpande
kaSenzangakhone was still independent.

25
 1. Political settlement in S.A. (continues)
•In the interior of the country: Boers, who left the Cape in
1838 on The Great Trek.
• Boers were looking for land where they could live free
from British control.

•In the early 1850’s, other groups of Boers formed two

Boer republics, the Orange Free State and the Transvaal.
• Transvaal became the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (South
African Republic) in 1856.

• The relationships changed dramatically between blacks

and whites and the Boers and the British during the
remainder of the 19th century. 26
26
27
2. Indentured labour from India
• Indians arrived in S.A. from 1860.
• The first 342 Indians arrived on board the Truro from
Madras, followed by the Belvedere from Kalkutta.
They were transported as indentured labourers to
work on the sugar plantations of the Natal colony.

28
 2. Indentured labour from India (continues)
• At the end of their 3 year contract:
1) Free passage back to India.
2) Agricultural land equivalent to the value of
a passage back to India.
3) Some also worked as coal miners and
railway construction workers.

29
Self-study
•Textbook
page 62 - 65
(only read
through)
30
Homework

31
 Textbook page 60 - 65
Unit 2 – Southern Africa

Powerpoint presentation created by:

Mr L Taute
[email protected]
Unit 3: Textbook page 66 - 73
Diamond mining in Kimberley 1867 onwards

Powerpoint presentation created by:

Mr L Taute 33
[email protected]
1. Why diamonds are valuable:
• Hardest & most brilliant of all natural substances = durable and
beautiful.
• Hardness valuable for use in industrial cutting, drilling, etc.
• The shape, clarity, color, carat, etc.. determine the value.
• Rare and represents exclusivity and wealth.

34
2. British takeover of Griqualand West
• In early 1870’s
rich diamond
fields were
discovered in
the area.
• Bordered the
Z.A.R. & Cape
Colony.

Map on
p.66 in
textbook
35
3. Development of a diamond mining
monopoly
• Up to the discovery of
diamonds, southern
Africa’s economy was
mainly based on
agriculture.

• The discovery of diamonds and the

development of a diamond-mining
monopoly, started the Industrial Revolution
in S.A.
36
Self-study
•Textbook
page 67 - 69
(only read
through)
37 37
THE DISCOVERY OF DIAMONDS
IN SOUTH AFRICA
Hopetown
• Hopetown lies at the edge of the Great Karoo. It is situated on an arid
slope leading down to the Orange River.
• Hopetown was a quiet farming area until several large diamonds were
discovered there between 1867 and 1869.
Eureka Diamond
• The Eureka Diamond was discovered
by Erasmus Jacobs, 24, on a farm on
the Orange River. He was resting
under a tree when he saw the stone
shining in the sun. Erasmus used the
stone in a game of ‘marbles’ until his
mother noticed it.
• She mentioned it to a neighbour,
Schalk van Niekerk, who offered to
buy it but Mrs Jacobs gave it to him
for free saying, "You can keep the
stone, if you want it".
• He sold it for £500 (which is the
equivalent of R900,000 today)
Star of South Africa
• The Star of South Africa is a 47.69-
carat white diamond found by a
Griqua shepherd boy in 1869 on the
banks of the Orange River.
• He sold the stone for 500 sheep, 10
cows and a horse to Schalk van
Niekerk, a local farmer famous for
having acquired the Eureka Diamond
in 1866.
• He sold it for £11,200 (the
equivalent of R19 million today).
• The discovery caused many
prospectors to rush to this new
diamond field known as New Rush
(later known as Kimberley).
Why didn’t they recognise its value?

An ugly stone …
… gets cleaned …
… polished and cut …
… and made into jewellery!
Open-pit Mining
• Open-pit mining is a surface mining technique of extracting rock or
minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit.
• This form of mining differs from extractive methods that require
tunneling into the earth, such as long wall mining.
Kimberley
Unit 3: Textbook page 66 - 73
Diamond mining in Kimberley 1867 onwards

Powerpoint presentation created by:

Mr L Taute 52
[email protected]